Indigo Carmine Blue Dye Research Articles

Citric acid-cross linked with magnetic metal-organic framework composite sponge for superior adsorption of indigo carmine blue dye from aqueous solutions: Characterization and adsorption optimization via Box–Behnken design

A novel sponge composite (Fe3O4@Pd-MOF/CSC) capable of effectively eliminating indigo carmine blue (ICB) dye from water, was synthesized using an effective single-step hydrothermal method under acidic conditions, employing citrate crosslinking chitosan. The adsorbent was thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (BET) analysis. Our research indicated that the Fe3O4@Pd-MOF/CSC composite sponge possesses an impressive surface area of 1076.8 m2/g and the highest adsorption capacity (qmax) of 778.8 mg/g. The study delved into various factors influencing the adsorption process, including pH levels, indigo carmine blue concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Both the adsorption isotherm and kinetics were aligned with the Langmuir equation and the pseudo-second-order equation, respectively, for comprehensive analysis. The adsorption energy was determined to be 18.22 kJ/mol, indicating a chemisorption adsorption mechanism. According to adsorption thermodynamics, the process was observed to be both endothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, the material absorption increased with rising temperatures. Moreover, the Fe3O4@Pd-MOF/CSC composite sponge demonstrated magnetic properties, allowing for easy extraction from the solution after the adsorption process. The adsorbent displayed satisfactory efficiency even after being reused six times, demonstrating no alteration in chemical composition. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed consistent results before and after the reuse process. Electrostatic contact, π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, and pore filling were identified as the primary mechanisms through which the Fe3O4@Pd-MOF/CSC composite sponge interacted with ICB. The adsorption outcomes were optimized using Box–Behnken-design (BBD).

A green synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals biosorbent for remediation of wastewater containing industrial dye

A novel cellulose nanocrystals biosorbent (CNCs) that has been synthesized, characterized, and used to remove indigo carmine blue (ICB) dye from wastewater. The characteristics of the cellulose nanocrystals biosorbent were assessed using various methods, including N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SEM, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To examine the influence of various reaction parameters, for instance temperature, initial dye concentration, pH, and contact time, on the adsorption of the ICB, a comprehensive study was carried out. Under the ideal conditions, the highest adsorption capacity reached 746.24 mg/g, achieved after 100 min at pH 4. The Langmuir model was employed to describe the adsorption isotherm, and the pseudo-second-order model was applied to describe the kinetics of the adsorption process. The adsorption of ICB is more accurately represented by the Langmuir model rather than the Freundlich model, indicating the formation of a selective monolayer on the CNCs surface. Both film and intraparticle diffusion contribute to the adsorption of the dye. The adsorption process is characterized as chemisorption, with an adsorption energy of 17 kJ/mol. The values of enthalpy change (∆H°) and entropy change (∆S°), which are 86.55 kJ/mol and 303.69 J/mol/K, respectively, suggest that the removal process of ICB is endothermic. The interaction mechanism between ICB dye and CNCs biosorbent likely involves various forces, such as π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and pore filling. Furthermore, even after undergoing five consecutive cycles of reuse, the results consistently showed that the CNCs biosorbent maintained its effectiveness. These findings indicate that porous CNCs hold significant promise as an innovative biosorbent for the treatment of wastewater containing ICB.

Textile Dye Decolorization Ability of Decaying Hardwood Associated Fungi

Random disposal of synthetic textile dyes has created severe damage to the environment. These dye effluents, even at very low concentrations, can be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic to various organisms. Complex chemical structures enable the textile dyes to remain stable and inert towards degradation in soil and water. Therefore, textile dye decolorization has gained special attention in the recent past. Biological means of dye decolorization have become one of the attractive decolorization methods. Fungi show a great potency in decolorizing a wide variety of dyes by secreting highly oxidative and nonspecific ligninolytic enzymes such as laccases. The main aim of the current study was to evaluate the dye decolorization abilities of selected fungal isolates associated with decaying hardwoods in Sri Lanka. A total of 10 wood decay fungal isolates were screened for the laccase production and lignin degradation using guaiacol and lignin powder amended media respectively. Phlebiopsis flavidoalba, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, P. pseudomagnoliae and two Schizophyllum commune strains showed both laccase production as well as lignin degradation abilities. Although unable to produce laccases, Fusarium pseudensiforme and Aspergillus fischeri showed lignin degradation ability. Azo Disperse Rubine Red, Indigo Carmine Blue and Disperse Black were selected as textile dyes. Three replicates from each isolate were incubated for 21 days in potato dextrose broth amended with each dye in two concentrations, and percentage reduction in absorbance at 610 nm (for the Indigo Carmine Blue dye) and 400 nm (for Azo Disperse Rubine Red and Disperse Black) were estimated. Dye introduced potato dextrose broth, without fungal isolates were used as controls. P. flavidoalba was the best in decolorizing Azo Disperse Rubine Red (25 mg/L) and Disperse Black (50 mg/L) dyes showing the reduction of absorbance values by 89% and 81% respectively. For the Indigo Carmine Blue dye, F. pseudensiforme showed the highest percent decolorization of 85% at 0.1 ml/L concentration. This is the first report of these organism's ability to decolorize industrial dyes. Based on the results it was evident that some of the hardwood decay fungi have industrial dye decolorization abilities where they can be effectively utilized in dye decolorization and in future bioremediation research as well.
 Keywords: Dye decolorization, Laccase, Wood decay, Fungi, Lignin
 Acknowledgement: Authors acknowledge the TWAS Research Grant 18-020 RG/BIO/AS_I, NSF Sri Lanka RG/2019//BT/03 and ICGEB/CRP/LKA/18-3

Long-term results of fluorescence and indigo carmine blue dye-navigated sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is widely applied for the management of clinically node-negative breast cancer, and a radioisotope with a blue dye are most often used as tracers. Fluorescence of indocyanine green could also potentially be used as tracer. This study aimed to demonstrate the long-term survival results of fluorescence-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy. Patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer who underwent surgery as initial treatment were included in this study. Both fluorescence of indocyanine green and indigo carmine blue dye were used as tracers. Axillary lymph node dissection was omitted unless metastasis was pathologically proven in sentinel nodes. Breast cancer recurrence and death were recorded and prognostic factors were identified using disease-free survival and overall survival data. A total of 565 patients were analyzed. There were 14 (2.5%) patients whose sentinel nodes could not be identified, yielding an identification rate of 97.5%. Axillary dissection was performed in 90 patients. Forty-three recurrences including 6 ipsilateral axilla recurrence and 13 deaths were observed during the median 83months of follow-up period. Seven-year disease-free and overall survival were 92.4% and 97.3%, respectively. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that pre-menopausal status and invasive lobular carcinoma were significant unfavorable prognostic factors of disease-free survival. Half of ipsilateral axilla recurrences occurred within 5years after surgery and these recurrences were correlated with inappropriate adjuvant therapy. Fluorescence-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy demonstrated favorable prognostic results and could be alternative to the radioisotope for clinically node-negative breast cancer.

Comparison of the indocyanine green dye method versus the combined method of indigo carmine blue dye with indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast conservative therapy for stage \u2264IIA breast cancer

BackgroundFluorescence imaging (FI) is one of the methods to identify sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). However, the procedure is technically complicated and requires procedural skills, as SLN biopsy must be conducted in dim light conditions. As an improved version of this method, we introduced a combined method (Combined mixed dye and fluorescence; CMF) consisting of indigo carmine blue dye and FI. The direct visualization of SLNs under shadowless surgical light conditions is facilitated by the addition of the blue dye. We compared the SLN detection rates of CMF with that of the indocyanine green (ICG) dye method (ICG-D).MethodsA total of 202 patients with stage ≤IIA breast cancer who underwent breast conservative therapy with separate incision from January 2004 to February 2017 were reviewed. Details of the two methods are as follows: (1) ICG-D: 10 mg of ICG was used and the green-stained SLNs were resected via a 3-4 cm axillary incision; (2) CMF: A combination of 5 mg of ICG and 4-8 mg of indigo carmine was used. After a 1.5–2 cm incision was made near the point of disappearance of the fluorescence using Photodynamic Eye (PDE), the blue-stained SLNs were resected under shadowless surgical light conditions.ResultsThere were 92 ICG-D and 110 CMF cases. CMF resulted in a significantly higher SLN detection rate than ICG-D (96.4% vs. 83.7%; p = 0.003). This difference was particularly notable in those aged ≥60 years (98.3% vs. 74.3%) and individuals with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (90.3% vs. 58.3%).ConclusionCMF is an effective method to identify SLNs which is safe and efficient. CMF achieves a high SLN identification rate and most of this procedure is feasible under shadowless surgical light conditions. CMF can reliably perform SLN biopsy even in those aged ≥60 years and individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.

Abstract P5-22-15: Hormone receptor status is a predictive factor for axillary lymph node recurrence after sentinel lymph node biopsy

Abstract Background Axillary staging is important for predicting prognosis, and for local control in early breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a widely accepted method to avoid unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Since the ACOSOG Z0011 trial was published, we have refrained from ALND for selected patients with positive SLNB results. However, some cases have shown regional lymph node recurrences after SLNB without axillary dissection. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for recurrences, to ensure a safe axillary surgery. Methods A retrospective review of 1011 patientswho underwent SLNB without ALND between June 2004 and March 2017 was performed. Since October 2012, we have not performed ALND in patients (a) with 1 or 2 positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), (b) with positive SLNs that are unmatted or not gross extra nodal extension, (C) in whom clinical tumor size is <5 cm, and (d) who receive adjuvant endocrine therapy or chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cases of mastectomy, lumpectomy with a positive margin and additional resection or boost radiotherapy, and bilateral cancer were included. SLNs were identified using technetium sulfur colloid and indigo carmine blue dye, and were bisected in parallel to the long axis of the nodes. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Adjuvant systemic and/or radiation treatment was delivered as per the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the Japanese Breast Cancer Society clinical practice guidelines and was based on the patients' pathological and clinical traits. Results Of the 1011 patients, 969 had negative and 42 had positive SLNs. The median age of patients was 59 years (range 21-88). The median invasive breast tumor size was 15 mm (range 0.05-85), with 1.9% tumors being pathological T3 lesions; 127 patients (12.3%) developed lymphatic vessel invasion. SLNs identification rate was 99.4%. The median number of SLNs removed per patient was 2 (range 1-7). After follow-up of a median 78.5 months, 10 patients (1.0%) had an axillary recurrence and all of them had negative SLN metastasis. The median time to axillary recurrence was 26 months (range 9-94). The hormone receptor (HR) status was significantly related to axillary recurrence (p=0.008). While triple negativity had a tendency to relate (p=0.06), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status did not correlate with axillary recurrence (p=0.13). Tumor subtypes and axillary recurrence SLNB without ALND (n=1011)Axillary recurrenceP valueHR positive72650.009HR negative1615 HER2 positive12130.13HER2 negative7667 Triple Negative10030.06Not Triple Negative7877 DCIS1240 DCIS: Ductal carcinoma in situ Conclusions As reported previously, the axillary recurrence rate after SLNB was low. Our results show that HR negativity was a significant factor for axillary recurrence. Although the ACOSOG Z0011 trial criteria focused on ALNB positive cases, they do not mention the tumor subtypes. Our findings show that HR negative patients without ALND have to follow up carefully. Citation Format: Sekine C, Nakano S, Mibu A, Otsuka M, Oinuma T. Hormone receptor status is a predictive factor for axillary lymph node recurrence after sentinel lymph node biopsy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-22-15.

A prospective feasibility study of sentinel node biopsy by modified Indigocarmine blue dye methods after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer

BackgroundAlthough sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a standard staging method for assessing nodal status of breast cancer patients, SLNB after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to validate the practicality and accuracy of SLNB by our modified Indigocarmine blue dye methods following NAC. MethodsOne hundred consecutive cases with breast cancers treated by NAC were enrolled in this study. After NAC, all patients underwent SLNB performed by our modified Indigocarmine blue dye methods without radioisotope, followed by back-up axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). ResultsSentinel nodes (SNs) were identified in 94 cases (identification rate, 94%); the accuracy was 94.7% (89/94 cases); and the false negative rate (FNR) 13.5% (5/37 cases). For cases with vs. without clinically evident metastatic nodes before NAC, the identification rate was 92.4% (61/66 cases) vs. 97.1% (33/34 cases); the accuracy 91.8% (56/61 cases) vs. 97.0% (32/33 cases) and the FNR 16.1% (5/31 cases) vs. 0% (0/6 case), respectively. There were six patients without identified SNs, three of them had metastatic nodes. False negatives occurred in five cases; in four, fewer than two sentinel nodes had been removed. ConclusionFollowing NAC, the accuracy of SLNB by modified Indigocarmine blue dye methods is adequate compared with other tracers. In patients in whom no SNs have been identified, lymphatic metastasis is likely and therefore ALND is recommended. For patients with cN0 prior to NAC, SLNB by modified Indigocarmine blue dye methods is clinically feasible, though controversial for patients with positive nodes.

7P - Comparison of the Indocyanine Green Dye Method Versus the Combined Method of Indigo Carmine Blue Dye with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients with Stage I Or II Breast Cancer

Background: Fluorescence imaging (FI) has been proposed as an alternative to both dye and gamma probe-guided methods for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. However, this procedure is complicated and requires technical skills because the shadowless surgical lights must be turned off to visualize the fluorescence through a monitor. In 2011, we introduced a novel combined method (CM) consisting of the blue dye method and FI. The identification of SLNs under direct inspection is facilitated by the addition of the blue dye, and FI assists in the pre-operative identification of lymphatic channels, the decision for incision and intra-operative detection of non-stained SLNs.

Abstract P1-01-12: Intraoperative detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients using ultrasonography-guided direct indocyanine green dye-marking by real-time virtual sonography constructed with three-dimensional computed tomography-lymphography

Abstract Purpose: This study aims to determine the utility of ultrasonography (US)-guided direct dye-marking of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) by real-time virtual sonography (RVS) constructed with three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT)-lymphography (LG). Patients and Methods: We identified SLNs in 258 clinically node-negative breast cancer patients using an RVS system to display in real time a virtual multiplanar reconstruction CT image obtained from CT volume data corresponding to the same cross-sectional image from US. CT volume data were obtained using our original 3D CT-LG, which accurately detects SLNs in breast cancer. We then perform US-guided dye-marking close to SLNs using indocyanine green (ICG). Subsequently, indigo carmine blue dye was injected into the subareolar and peritumoral areas around each primary tumor. All patients underwent SLN biopsy and SLN metastases were examined pathologically. Results: In all 258 patients, we were able to detect the same SLNs visualized on 3DCT-LG, using the RVS system. We detected ICG close to SLNs in 257 of 258 patients (99.6%) during SLN biopsy. In 25 patients (9%), we failed to follow the blue lymphatic route stained by indigo carmine and SLNs were not stained by indigo carmine, but easily detected SLNs by ICG marking. Conclusion: US-guided direct ICG dye-marking of SLNs using this RVS system seems useful for the detection of SLNs, allowing easy detection of SLNs even when the stained lymphatic route is not followed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-01-12.

Axillary reverse mapping using fluorescence imaging is useful for identifying the risk group of postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel node biopsies

BackgroundAxillary reverse mapping (ARM) is a novel technique for preserving the upper extremity lymphatic pathways during axillary lymph node surgery. However, there is no evidence of the usefulness of ARM for patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB).MethodsBetween August 2009 and July 2012, 372 patients who underwent the SNB procedure for breast cancer were enrolled in this study. Using the indocyanine green fluorescence technique and indigocarmine blue dye method, we studied the relationship between the upper extremity lymphatic flow and breast sentinel node (SN). Our aim of this study was the probability of postoperative lymphedema with respect to whether the upper extremity lymphatics corresponded to the breast SN.ResultsAmong the 327 patients who underwent the SNB procedure, the upper extremity lymphatics drainage into the breast SN in 76 (23.2%; corresponding group), and only 5 patients in this group developed lymphedema. In contrast, none of the patients in the noncorresponding group developed lymphedema.ConclusionsARM during SN biopsy can identify the group of patients who are at high risk for developing lymphedema. More risk-focused guidance should be used for these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:612–615.

Intraoperative detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients using ultrasonography-guided direct indocyanine green dye-marking by real-time virtual sonography constructed with three-dimensional computed tomography-lymphography

PurposeThis study aims to determine the utility of ultrasonography (US)-guided direct dye-marking of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) by real-time virtual sonography (RVS) constructed with three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT)-lymphography (LG). Patients and methodsWe identified SLNs in 258 clinically node-negative breast cancer patients using an RVS system to display in real time a virtual multiplanar reconstruction CT image obtained from CT volume data corresponding to the same cross-sectional image from US. CT volume data were obtained using our original 3D CT-LG, which accurately detects SLNs in breast cancer. We then perform US-guided dye-marking close to SLNs using indocyanine green (ICG). Subsequently, indigo carmine blue dye was injected into the subareolar and peritumoral areas around each primary tumor. All patients underwent SLN biopsy and SLN metastases were examined pathologically. ResultsIn all 258 patients, we were able to detect the same SLNs visualized on 3D CT-LG, using the RVS system. We detected ICG close to SLNs in 257 of 258 patients (99.6%) during SLN biopsy. In 25 patients (9%), we failed to follow the blue lymphatic route stained by indigo carmine and SLNs were not stained by indigo carmine, but easily detected SLNs by ICG marking. ConclusionUS-guided direct ICG dye-marking of SLNs using this RVS system seems useful for the detection of SLNs, allowing easy detection of SLNs even when the stained lymphatic route is not followed.

Topical submucosal chromoendoscopy defines the level of resection in colonic EMR and may improve procedural safety (with video)

Blue dyes such as indigo carmine have become a frequent component of the submucosal injectate for EMR. Confirmation of the correct resection plane and assessment of the resection defect are facilitated by the selective staining of the submucosal layer. Nonstained areas are more difficult to evaluate and may contain inadvertent muscularis propria (MP) injury. The use of topical submucosal chromoendoscopy (TSC) may allow rapid and accurate assessment of these unstained areas and visual recognition of MP injury. To evaluate the utility of a novel technique in the assessment of nonstained areas within the post-EMR defect. Single-center prospective cohort study. Academic, tertiary care referral center. A total of 143 patients undergoing wide-field colonic EMR for sessile lesions 20 mm or larger. A standard inject-and-resect EMR technique was applied with indigo carmine blue dye in the injectate. Defects with areas of nonstaining were recorded and examined, and then irrigated with the submucosal injectate by using the blunt tip of the injection catheter. Detection of additional cases of MP injury by using TSC. A total of 147 EMRs were performed. Focal areas of defect nonstaining were seen in 25 of cases (17%), with no MP injury identified on initial examination. After TSC, 2 additional cases of MP injury were identified, and these were successfully managed endoscopically. Intraprocedural recognition of deep resection increased from 4 cases (2.8%) to 6 cases (4.1%), thereby avoiding potential delayed perforation in 2 patients. Single-center, nonrandomized study. TSC is simple and effective and rapidly confirms the plane of resection and may improve detection of intraprocedural perforation.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy using indigo carmine blue dye and the validity of ‘10% rule’ and ‘4 nodes rule’

This is the study which assessed sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) using indigo carmine blue dye and the validity of the ‘10% rule’ and ‘4 nodes rule’. Patients (302) were performed SNB using the combined radioisotope (RI)/indigo carmine dye method. Excised SLNs were confirmed whether they were stained and numbered in order of RI count and the percentage of radioactivity as compared to the hottest node was calculated. The relationship between histological diagnosis, dyeing and RI count was assessed. All the patients were detected SLN. Positive nodes were identified in 84 (27.8%) patients and were identified up to the third degree of hottest. All the hottest positive nodes were stained by indigo carmine. From the results, removing the three most radioactive SLNs identified all cases of nodal metastasis without complications. These stopping rules were valid and useful under indigo carmine use too.