Indigestible Foreign Bodies Research Articles

PREVALENCE OF INDIGESTIBLE FOREIGN BODIES (IFBs) IN RUMINANTS SLAUGHTERED IN GOMBE METROPOLITAN ABATTOIR

The study was conducted in Gombe Metropolitan abattoir to assess the prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies (IFBs) and to determine the association of prevalence with predisposing factors in slaughtered ruminants. The study was laid in a completely randomized design. Sampling of animals was carried out using systematic random sampling. The prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies was computed and analyzed using Chi Square (χ2) test. Results indicated that out of 1,157 animals examined, 538 (46.50 %) were found to be positive. The prevalence was found to be significantly higher in Sheep (39.54%) than in cattle (15.92) and goats (34.53%). The results further relvealed that the prevalence of foreign bodies in female is higher than male with 38.97% and 20.46% respectively. Among the different age groups, a significantly (p< 0.05) higher prevalence was recorded in older animals than in younger animals. The indigestible foreign bodies (IFBs) observed were polythene bags, ropes, sack threads, rag, Fruit seeds, solid mass and plastic with polythene having higher prevalence of 30.70%. The prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in the study area is high and was influenced by several factors among which are specie, age and body condition score. The variation in IFB prevalence across species underscores the importance of species-specific management and prevention strategies.

Indigestible Foreign Bodies in cattle and goats: A veterinary surgical emergency and potential silent killer in South Sudan

In South Sudan, reckless littering and contamination of environment with all sorts of solid waste turned Indigestible Foreign Bodies (IFBs), poor knowledge of the public and farmers and the current animal husbandry system in practice constituted potential drivers for ruminant animals to inevitably ingest one or more of IFBs, that proved to be a potential, neglected non-infectious disease and a silent killer. The objective of this study was to identify the types and prevalence of IFBs in slaughtered cattle and goats. The research was carried out at two of the biggest slaughterhouses in the towns of Aweil and Wau. This study uses a cross section design in which animals prepared for slaughter were identified at antemortem and their rumen and reticulum were examined for the presence of foreign indigestible bodies. The results show that the overall prevalence of IFBs in both species in the two slaughterhouses was 32.55%, goats were more affected (34.41%) than cattle. Prevalence in aged goats (57.14%) were higher than younger ones. Middle-aged cattle succumbed more (36.11 %) than young ones. Females in both species were more affected (38.04%) than males. Prevalence of IFBs in Aweil municipal slaughterhouse (40.20%) was higher than in Wau slaughterhouse (29.78%). Most recovered types of IFB in cattle and goats were plastics (44.50%) followed by cloths (25.36%). However, mixed type of IFB was the most encountered in goats (68%) than in cattle (31.2%). The study concluded that IFBs ingestion by ruminant animals in South Sudan was widespread but not scientifically documented and disseminated and therefore, recommends extensive public and farmers awareness about solid waste management, type of biodegradables solid wastes and the policymakers to consider classification of IFBs ingestion by ruminant animals as potential non-infectious veterinary emergencies and a silent killer.

Effect of Coca-Cola on the Dissolution of Persimmon-Related Phytobezoar in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Introduction Bezoars, masses of indigestible foreign bodies formed in the gastrointestinal tract, pose challenges in their management.Phytobezoars are particularly problematic due to their difficult diagnosis and resilience towards treatment. Recently, Coca-Cola has emerged as a potential solution due to its acidic composition and mucolytic properties. However, existing evidence is limited, highlighting the need for comprehensive studies. This research explores the efficacy of Coca-Cola in dissolving persimmon-related phytobezoars, aiming to contribute valuable insights to non-invasive treatment options. Material and methods Conducted as a descriptive case series, this study employed gastric cola lavage using non-probability purposive sampling. Patients aged 18-70 with persimmon-related phytobezoars were included. Two nasogastric tubes were inserted for cola lavage over 12 hours, utilizing three liters of colauntil the disappearance of symptoms. When the bezoar disappeared, it was considered as complete success to the treatment. Results Out of 31 patients, 45.2% were male and 54.8% were female, with a mean age of 56.77 ± 9.01 years. Efficacy was noted in 54.8% of cases. Age less than 50 and no history of diabetes mellitus were associated with higher chances of treatment success (p-value ≤0.05). Conclusion Ingestion of Coca-Cola was highly effective, safe, and reliable for the dissolution of persimmon-related phytobezoars, as the frequency of efficacy was high in our study. Coca-Cola ingestion is a non-invasive and cost-effective mode of phytobezoar dissolution that should be taken as a first-line initial treatment option to attain desired outcomes.

Prevalence of Plastic and Hardware Foreign Bodies among Goats at Malawi Markets.

Smallholder goat production plays a major role in rural livelihoods and food security in Malawi, but suffers from drastic and unpredictable production losses. While goat production is closely linked to small-scale local markets for slaughter and butchering, the perspectives of butchers and their potential as a source of animal health information are largely untapped. Butchers can provide insights into goat health status at slaughter as well as issues that go unseen before slaughter, such as the presence of indigestible foreign bodies (IFBs). IFBs include solid materials such as plastics and hardware (metals, stones, and other hard objects) that cause foreign body syndrome and can lead to impaction, oedema, malnutrition, and death. To estimate the presence of IFBs, 150 market stand butchers were surveyed across five districts in Malawi, focusing on a distinction between hardware and single-use plastics, which are still widely present in Malawi despite bans on production. Most butchers found plastic IFBs (80.7%), with over half (56.7%) reporting plastic IFBs recently among the past five slaughters. Hardware IFBs were less common, reported by 45.3% of butchers. While some butchers commented on the impact of IFBs on meat quality metrics ex-post, the majority observed no differences. While butchers unanimously considered health to be an important characteristic when sourcing goats, 70.7% consider injury status to be less important or not important. Overall, this study highlights the issue of anthropogenic waste pollution on goat production in Malawi and demonstrates the potential for the surveillance of goat health at market.

Assessment on Indigestible Foreign Bodies of Cattle and Associated Risk Factors at Selected Slaughtere House of East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2023 to March 2024 with the aim of assessing the prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies and associated risk factors in cattle slaughtered at selected districts of east Ararghe municipal abattoirs. A total of 384 cattle were selected randomly and examined to check for the presence of indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of study animals. Among them, 109(28.39%) were found positive for the occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum. Age, body condition and origin of the animals were determined during ante mortem examination while animals were examined for indigestible foreign bodies during postmortem examination. Age, body condition score and origin of animals had significant (P<0.05) effect on the prevalence of foreign bodies. Foreign bodies were highest in cattle old age groups 58(36.71%) followed by young 28(23.53%) and adult 23(21.50%). The prevalence rate recorded in poor, medium, and good body condition of cattle were 62(68.89%), 34(32.69%) and 13(6.84%), respectively. The significantly (P=0.000) higher foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum were found in cattle originated from Babile 58(60.42%) followed by kombolcha 24(25.00%) and Girawa 17(17.71%) and the lower prevalence were observed in Gorogutu 10(10.42%). Out of 109 (28.39%) total positive cases of foreign bodies 56(14.58%), 35(9.11 %) and 18(4.69 %) prevalence rate of foreign bodies were observed in rumen, reticulum and both rumen and reticulum, respectively. Rumen harbored mostly non-metallic foreign materials while reticulum was the major site for the retention of metallic objects. Plastic 38(9.90%) were recovered as the most common foreign bodies followed by rope 16(4.17%), cloth and plastic 16(4.17%), Nail 13(3.39%), wire 12 (3.13%), cloth 7(1.82 %), and rope and plastic 7(1.82 %). Presence of the foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of the current study area was expose cattle to health associated problems and contribute for reduction in production. Consequently, appropriate solid waste disposal system need to implement in the study area to prevent health risk of ruminants and also to protect the environment.

Study on Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Rumen and Reticulum of Cattle Slaughtered at Selected Districts of East Ararge Zone Municipal Abattoirs

Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies by ruminants is becoming a common worldwide problem which is the associated with a shortage of feed as well as increased pollution of grazing lands with indigestible materials. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2023 to March 2024 with the aim of assessing the prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies and associated risk factors in cattle slaughtered at Selected districts of east Ararge municipal abattoirs. A total of 384 cattle were selected randomly and examined to check for the presence of indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of study animals. Among them, 109(28.39%) were found positive for the occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum. Age, body condition and origin of the animals were determined during ante mortem examination while animals were examined for indigestible foreign bodies during postmortem examination. Age, body condition score and origin of animals had significant (P<0.05) effect on the prevalence of foreign bodies. Foreign bodies were highest in cattle old age groups 58(36.71%) followed by young 28(23.53%) and adult 23(21.50%). The prevalence rate recorded in poor, medium, and good body condition of cattle were 62(68.89%), 34(32.69%) and 13(6.84%), respectively. The significantly (P=0.000) higher foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum were found in cattle originated from Babile 58(60.42%) followed by kombolcha 24(25.00%) and Girawa 17(17.71%) and the lower prevalence were observed in Gorogutu 10(10.42%). Out of 109 (28.39%) total positive cases of foreign bodies 56(14.58%), 35(9.11 %) and 18(4.69 %) prevalence rate of foreign bodies were observed in rumen, reticulum and both rumen and reticulum, respectively. Rumen harbored mostly non-metallic foreign materials while reticulum was the major site for the retention of metallic objects. Plastic 38(9.90%) were recovered as the most common foreign bodies followed by rope 16(4.17%), cloth and plastic 16(4.17%), Nail 13(3.39%), wire 12 (3.13%), cloth 7(1.82 %), and rope and plastic 7(1.82 %). Presence of the foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of the current study area was expose cattle to health associated problems and contribute for reduction in production. Consequently, appropriate solid waste disposal system need to implement in the study area to prevent health risk of ruminants and also to protect the environment.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Foreign Body in the Rumen and Reticulum of Small Ruminants Slaughtered at Mogadishu, Somalia

Background The majority of the sheep and goats that live in Somalia are among the continent’s largest animal populations. A significant portion of the Somali population relies on them as a means of sustenance and financial support. A small ruminant after eating foreign materials can have ruminal impaction, a condition in which indigestible foreign bodies accumulate in the rumen of ruminants, leading to ruminal impaction indigestion, recurrent tympany, and many other adverse health effects. Study A cross-sectional method was used to conduct this study. In the data gathering procedure, researchers did a sieve on random selection for the study in order to record the data. The data gathered were specifically tailored to the animal’s sex, age, species, body score, and origin. Foreign bodies were examined in the rumen and reticulum during the post-mortem examination of small ruminants at Kawaanbari slaughterhouse. Objectives The main objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of small ruminants and identify associated risk factors in Kawaanbari Slaughterhouse, Mogadishu, Somalia. Results The study’s results showed that of the 384 small ruminants examined for foreign bodies, 154 (40.1%) were found to have foreign bodies in their rumen or reticulum. Seventeen (4.4%) had foreign bodies located in the reticulum, while 137 (35.7%) animals were found to have foreign bodies present in the rumen of the 104 sheep examined; 52 (13.5%) had foreign bodies; and of the 280 goats examined, 102 (26.6%) tested positive for foreign bodies. It was found that the body condition score had a statistically significant association (p<0.05) with the presence of foreign bodies. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study found that approximately 40.1% of various types of undigested objects were present in the rumen and reticulum of sheep and goats from different areas in the Benadir and Shabelle regions, which were destined for slaughter at the Kawaanbari Abattoir on the outskirts of Mogadishu. The majority of these foreign bodies were found in animals that were in poor physical condition. Recommendation The study recommends that pastoralists and farmers ensure a consistent availability of feed for ruminants throughout all seasons as a preventive measure against the ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies.

Indigestible foreign bodies in the forestomach of slaughtered goats in Mogadishu, Somalia.

The primary domestic animal in Somali communities is the goat. Their main economic importance is as a food source and a main form of agriculture in the country. There has been a recent decline in the goat population in Somalia, which may be due to the shortage of feed and an increasingly contaminated environment that is affecting the population's food supply and nutritional status. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the factors associated with indigestible foreign bodies (IFBs) ingestion in goats in Mogadishu, Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Somalia Meat Company in Mogadishu, Somalia, in February 2022. A total of 250 goats were included in this study, and records were kept on age, sex, body condition, and location. Following the slaughter, goats were inspected for IFBs, and their stomach compartments were incised and examined. Indigestible foreign body classifications was noted and subjected to analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0. A total of 90/250 (36%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.1-42.3) goats presented IFBs, being 71/90 (79%; 95% CI: 69-87) in the rumen, 12/90 (13%; 95% CI: 7-22) in the reticulum, and seven/90 (8%; 95% CI: 3-15) on both. The most observed IFBs were plastic in 71/90 (79%; 95% CI: 69-87), followed by ropes in eight/90 (10%; 95% CI: 5-18). A high IFB prevalence was observed in goats aged >2-≤3 years (44%), followed by >3 years (36%). The lowest frequency was observed in goats aged <2 years (30%). Overall, there was an association between IFBs in goats and poor body conditions (χ2 = 47%, p < 0.04). The absence of a plastic waste disposal system in the area, and communal free-grazing of livestock in highly contaminated sites, appeared to be significant contributors to the high occurrence of IFBs in goats. Therefore, appropriate policies for solid waste management should be implemented.

Prevalence of Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Rumen and Reticulum of Cattle Slaughtered at Dire Dawa Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia

Prevalence of Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Rumen and Reticulum of Cattle Slaughtered at Dire Dawa Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia

Indigesible foreign bodies in feedfor livestock and preventive measures in farm conditions

In the modern conditions of dairy farming, the presence of indigestible foreign bodies in the stomachs of cattle is common, which is due to many factors. In 15 cows of the farm (6 % of the total number of animals in the herd), culled due to the pathology of the digestive organs, damage to the mesh and adjacent organs was diagnosed. The largest number of indigestible foreign bodies was metal objects, which were found in 8 cows; nylon ropes, kapron nets, polyethylene bags – for 4 cows; rags and leather items – from 2 cows; gravel and pieces of concrete were found in one animal. Consumption of indigestible foreign bodies is a common occurrence in farmed cattle, which can be a significant cause of loss of productivity, premature culling, and even animal death. Proper handling of indigestible foreign objects, plastic waste on the farm should be an integral part of preventive measures for animal disease, reduction of culling and improvement of animal welfare. Comprehensive dispensation must be carried out in the following areas: determination of herd syndromes, clinical studies of animals, laboratory studies of blood, milk, urine, analysis of feeding and keeping of animals. One of the main preventive measures is the regular probing of cows for metal-carrying objects with magnetic probes, the introduction of metal object catchers. Among the workers serving the livestock industry, carry out explanatory work on the danger of spreading various indigestible objects on the territory of fodder lands and livestock farms.

Study on Prevalence of Rumen and Reticulum Foreign Bodies in Cattle Slaughtered at Shashemene Municipal Abattoir, Oromia Region, West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

Across-sectional study was conducted on 384 cattle (375 male and 9 female) from November, 2015to April, 2016 at Shashemene Municipal Abattoir, Oromia Regional State, West Arsi Zone Ethiopia, with the objectives to assess the prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies, identifying types of foreign bodies and associated risk factors for the occurrences of foreign bodies. During ante mortem examinations detail information on individual animals were done for the assessment of age, sex, breed, body condition and their place of origin. Postmortem examination was employed for the recovery of foreign body from rumen and reticulum. From total of 384 cattle examined, 47/384 (12.24%) were found positive for the occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum. When the prevalence was compared between sex, among different age groups, among different body condition score and site of lodgment higher prevalence of foreign bodies 44.5%, 36%, 80% and 11% were observed in female, age older than 10 years, animal having poor body condition score and site of lodgment respectively. There was highly statistically significant difference in the prevalence among sex, age, body condition score and site (P&lt;0.05). Rumen harbored mostly plastic materials while reticulum was the major site for the retention of metallic objects. Plastics were recovered as the most common foreign bodies followed by clothes and leather. Therefore, continued awareness creation should be instituted in to the animal health care services to avoid the risk of foreign body ingestion by animals and appropriate solid waste disposal system need to implement in the study area to prevent health risk for ruminants and also to protect the environment.

Prevalence of Foreign Bodies in Cattle Rumen and Reticulum at Herat Slaughterhouse, Afghanistan

‌Background: Cattle in developing countries are at high risk of ingesting foreign objects due to inadequate feeding practices, improper waste disposal, nutritional deficiencies, and poor livestock management. This can cause serious gastrointestinal complications, including obstruction, infection, and perforation. To prevent these issues, livestock producers should focus on providing a balanced diet, improving waste management, enriching pastureland, enhancing supervision, and educating stakeholders. By addressing these factors, farmers can maintain the health and well-being of their cattle. Materials and Methods: A randomized research study was conducted in Herat, Afghanistan to assess the prevalence of indigestible materials in the fore-stomach (rumen and reticulum) of cattle. A total of 400 healthy cattle of local breeds were slaughtered from April to September 2017. The types of foreign bodies and their prevalence in the rumen and reticulum were determined using IBM Microsoft software SPSS version 26 for analysis. Findings: Of the 400 cattle randomly selected and examined, 24.25% (97 animals) were found to have indigestible foreign bodies in their forestomach (rumen and reticulum). These foreign bodies were primarily located in the rumen (71%), followed by the reticulum (19%), and both chambers (10%). The most common types of foreign bodies were plastic (78%), clothes (76%), thread (76%), leather (25.7%), metal (18.5%), bone (41.2%), wood (72.1%), and glasses (8.2%). The prevalence of foreign bodies was significantly higher in male cattle (24.56%) compared to female cattle (23.43%). Interestingly, the highest prevalence rate of foreign bodies (51.5%) was observed in cattle with poor body condition. Conclusion: Foreign body ingestion in cattle can cause serious health risks, including obstruction, infection, perforation, and death. To protect cattle health, clean feed, proper waste disposal, and foreign body removal are essential.

Prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies and its associated potential risk factors in rumen and reticulum of domestic ruminants at Bishoftu Elfora Export Abattoir.

Nowadays ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies poses serious economic loss to domestic ruminants, especially in a developing country. The study aims to determine the prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in the forestomach of domestic ruminants slaughtered at Bishoftu Elfora Export Abattoir and its associated potential risk factors and identify the location and type of these indigestible foreign bodies. On 384 domestic ruminants (171 goats, 125 sheep and 88 cattle) presented for slaughter from different zones of the region. Cross-sectional study design was conducted from May 2021 to September 2021. Each animal was subjected to ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection by providing a unique identification number. For post-mortem examination, the forestomach was carefully removed from the abdominal cavity. For the positives, the location was properly recorded, washed, identified and photographed. The overall prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in domestic ruminants was 30.73% (118/384). Of these, 32.75% (56/171), 28% (35/125) and 30.68% (27/88) were recorded in goats, sheep and cattle, respectively, without statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Aged domestic ruminants 39.3% (33/84) had poor body conditions 38.98% (23/59), originated from the Borena zone 42.11% (16/38) and were relatively recorded with higher prevalence. From the forestomach compartments, the indigestible foreign bodies were majorly found in rumen 86.43% (102/118) and reticulum 13.56% (16/118) with a statistical difference (p < 0.05). Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies mainly during the dry season due to shortage of forage, less biodegradable and negligent waste disposal like plastic bags attribute environmental and animal health problems and pose loss to the national economy.

Study on prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum of cattle slaughtered at Bedeno Woreda Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia

From October 2020 to April 2021, a cross-sectional study was undertaken at Bedeno Woreda Municipal Abattoir in Eastern Ethiopia with the goal of identifying and characterizing the prevalence of cattle indigestible rumen and reticulum foreign body, as well as its risk variables. This study included 384 cattle that were chosen at random. Prior to postmortem examination, an ante mortem examination was used to characterize a specific animal. A total of 154 (40.1%) of the 384 cattle evaluated were found to have indigestible foreign materials in their rumen and reticulum. Female cattle (54.4 percent) had a substantially greater prevalence of foreign bodies (2 = 25.817, p 0.05) than male cattle (29.0 percent). In terms of breed, the prevalence of foreign bodies was higher in cross breed (56.2 percent) animals than in local breed animals (38.6 percent). Poor (71.2 percent) had substantially more foreign bodies collected (2 = 69.138, p 0.05) than medium (52.9) and good (52.9). Score for bodily condition (18). The results showed that age has a significant connection (2 = 40.626, p 0.05) among different age groups of animals for foreign bodies (21.4 percent in young, 40.8 percent in adults, and 70.3 percent in old). The rumen was shown to have a higher percentage of foreign bodies (78.0%) than the reticulum (10.1%), with the remaining percent present in both the rumen and the reticulum. Plastic (53.4%) was the most commonly found foreign material in the rumen, while metallic material (35.3%) was found in the reticulum. The findings of this study revealed that improper solid waste garbage disposal in habitats poses a considerable danger of animal and environmental damage. As a result, the responsible government and community should focus their efforts on preventing the problem from worsening.

Indigestible Foreign Bodies in the Rumen-reticulum of Cattle Slaughtered at Batna Slaughterhouse, Algeria: A Postmortem Study

Background: To determine the prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen-reticulum of cattle. Identify the types and the common diseases associated with their occurrence. 289 cattle were examined at Batna (Algeria) municipal abattoir. Methods: About 289 cattle were examined immediately after slaughtering to determine the presence or absence of the foreign bodies in their rumen-reticulum and different lesions were recorded. Result: From total of 289 cattle examined 151 (52.24%) were found positive for various types of foreign bodies in their rumen and/or reticulum. From each 56 (19.37%) and 95 (52.24%) were positive for vulnerable bodies and non-vulnerable foreign bodies respectively. The types of foreign bodies detected were: wire segments, needles, nails, hair clips, coins, corks, ropes, cloth, pebbles, sand, glass pieces, trichobezoar, plastic bags. The plastics were the most common found in 61 (23.92%) males and 34 (79.06%) females. The most common lesions in rumen of cattle with Foreign bodies were traumatic reticuloperitonitis, perirecticular abscess, esophageal obstruction, non penetrating reticulum and/or ruminal foreign bodies were respectively 3.79%, 12.65%, 1.26% and 82.27%. The study revealed that the plastics in rumen my play an important role in the pathologenesis of cattle.

Pathological Changes of the Rumen in Small Ruminants Associated with Indigestible Foreign Objects

The use of agriculture by-products is highly demanded for livestock nutrition. However, the employment of certain non-degradable materials could potentially induce concretions and lesions in ruminants’ forestomach. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the morphological lesions showed in rumen containing indigestible foreign objects, named foreign bodies, in small ruminants. Twenty-two animals (12 goats and 10 ewes) presenting foreign bodies (2.750 ± 1.577 kg) were included in this study. Rumenotomies were performed to remove the foreign bodies, and rumen samples were taken for further morphological evaluations. Rumen samples from healthy small ruminants (n = 24) were also taken at slaughterhouses as controls. Morphologically, the rumen from affected animals showed a significant reduction of the ruminal papillae length (1.243 vs. 3.097), hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium, mononuclear infiltration in the subepithelial spaces and, less consistently, vacuolization of keratinocytes, presence of intraepithelial leukocytes and vascular changes of the lamina propria. It can be concluded that indigestible foreign bodies would cause ruminal lesions that would be able to trigger inflammatory and/or degenerative lesions. Our study demonstrates morphological lesions because of the presence of intraruminal foreign bodies, but further studies on the functional activity of the rumen in these cases are required. The avoidance of the presence of indigestible materials in agriculture exploitations is highly recommended in order to prevent the accumulation of indigestible foreign objects in small ruminants.

An unusual large polythene bezoar in the rumen of a fallow deer (Dama dama)

Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies in both domestic and wild ruminants are very common. Indigestible foreign materials can be ingested during free range grazing or under captivity in zoos or game parks. There are different types of bezoars in literature. The most common in animals are phytobezoars, trichobezoars, lactobezoars, phytotrichobezoars, lithobezoars or pharmacobezoars. This is a case study of an adult (4 years old), 40 kg body weight female Fallow Deer (Dama dama) which was reared with other four more Fallow Deer does at Riyadh Zoological Garden. The doe was found sluggish and weak. On presentation the veterinarian of the zoo noticed the anorexia, pale mucous membranes and dullness. There was Normocytic Normochromic anaemia, low RBCs and Haematocrit level, high neutrophil count and leucocytosis. The doe was subjected to medicinal and supportive therapy but she could not recover and found dead on very next day. On post-mortem examination, an unusual large polythene bezoar along with calcified stony mass recovered from the rumen. The results suggested that the rumen impaction in the Fallow Deer might be due scavenging on refused Plastic dumps in the premises left over by visitors to the zoo and that the blood biochemical alterations, alongside clinical signs, might be of some diagnostic assistance.

Study on Assessment of Foreign Body in Rumen and Reticulum of Cattle Come from Different Market Slaughtered at Holeta Municipal Abattoir

Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies by ruminants is becoming a common worldwide problem which is the associated with a shortage of feed as well as increased pollution of grazing lands with indigestible materials. Cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 on 384 ruminants slaughtered at Holeta municipal abattoir and Elfora export abattoir with the objective to determine the prevalence and type of indigestible foreign body in rumen and reticulum of ruminants in association with hypothetical risk factors. Simple random sampling technique was used for selecting the study animals which were ruminants brought from various localities to Holeta municipal abattoir and Elfora export abattoir. Out of 384 ruminants (cattle 128, goat 128, sheep 128) examined for the presence of indigestible foreign bodies, 81 (21.1%) animals were found positive for one or more indigestible foreign bodies in their rumen or reticulum or both . The prevalence of foreign bodies was insignificant between species (p&gt;0.05). Significantly highest prevalence was observed in adult and thin body condition of ruminants than young and medium and good body condition. Plastic material was the most commonly encountered (38.3%) foreign material in all study animals, followed by hair and hide, mixed, rope, clothes, wood strip and metals. In all species the proportion of indigestible foreign body in rumen (70.4%) were significantly higher than reticulum (18.52%) and both rumen and reticulum (11.11%). This study revealed ingestion of different types of indigestible foreign bodies by ruminants in the study area which may pose serious health problem for free grazing ruminant and negatively affect their overall productivity and production. This strongly calls for concerned stakeholders to design and implement appropriate waste disposal practice and thereby reduces the chance of ingesting foreign bodies. Keywords: Export Abattoir, Foreign Bodies, Municipal Abattoir, Reticulum, Rumen, Ruminants, DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-24-03 Publication date: December 31 st 2020

Fore-Stomach Foreign Bodies: prevalence, associated risk factors and types affecting cattle slaughtered at Gondar ELFORA abattoir, northwest Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, recurrent drought and feed shortage coupling with high level of environmental pollution predispose the animals to foreign body ingestion. A cross-sectional study with systematic random sampling approach was employed from November 2018 to April, 2019 with the objectives of estimating the prevalence; identify associated risk factors and to categorize the types of foreign body in cattle slaughtered at Gondar ELFORA Abattoir. Ante-mortem and postmortem examinations were used to collect the data. From the total of 384 animals examined, the overall prevalence of foreign body was 83(21.61%). Adult and old animals were 4.33 (95% CI=0.98, 19.00, p=0.052) and 4.54 (95% CI=1.03, 19.96, p=0.045) times more likely to have a chance of getting foreign body than young animals by keeping another factors constant, respectively. However, the difference is not statistically significant for adult cattle. Moreover, poor and medium body conditioned animals were 2.19 (95% CI=1.04, 4.56, p=0.037) and 1.51 (95% CI=0.72, 3.13, p=0.273) times more likely to acquire foreign bodies than good body conditioned animals by keeping another factors constant. In the positive cases (N=83), 41(49.40%), 34(40.96%), 8(9.64%) and 0(0%) of the foreign bodies were found in the rumen, reticulum, both rumen and reticulum, and omasum, respectively. Majority of foreign bodies identified (79.51%) were non-metallic in nature, including clothes, plastics, rope, sand and stone. Designing and implementation of appropriate solid waste disposal and management practices are strongly recommended to reduce the risk of ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies.&#x0D; Keyword: Abattoir; Cattle; Foreign body; Fore stomach; Prevalence

Postmortem study on indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum of cattle (case: Haramaya and Awaday municipal abattoirs, Eastern Ethiopia)

Postmortem study on indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum of cattle (case: Haramaya and Awaday municipal abattoirs, Eastern Ethiopia)