Indigenous Strains Research Articles

Optimized approach for naphthalene wastewater biodegradation by Enterobacter ludwigii NS12 isolated from petroleum industry sludge: Bioreactor study and kinetic investigation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution is a pressing concern in environments, primarily due to human activities. Limited research exists on the degradation of PAHs by indigenous bacterial strains compared to other degraders. This study focuses on naphthalene biodegradation by isolated bacterial strains from petroleum waste. Naphthalene poses significant threats to ecosystems, inducing genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. Bioremediation offers a safe and cost-effective solution by employing microbes to degrade naphthalene into non-toxic by-products. In this study, Enterobacter ludwigii NS12 found as the most efficient strain for naphthalene biodegradation. In the subsequent investigation the effect of key process parameters, including pH and temperature, on the biodegradation of naphthalene were studied. Under optimal conditions (pH 7.0 and temperature of 30 °C), Enterobacter ludwigii NS12 exhibited an 89.2 % removal efficiency in the bioreactor for naphthalene wastewater at a concentration of 300 mg/L. The confirmations of naphthalene biodegradation were investigated through residual analysis, revealing dibutyl phthalate and 1-octanol, 2-butyl as metabolites. Additionally, growth kinetic parameters μmax and Ks were evaluated, resulting in values of 0.2380 per day and 158.57 mg/L for Enterobacter ludwigii NS12, respectively. The findings of this study hold significant promise for the bioremediation of naphthalene contamination in the environment.

Оценка эффективности местных штаммов почвенных бактерий в отношении удаления тяжелых металлов

Significant quantities of toxic heavy metals are regularly deposited into soil environments every day as a result of industrial and human activities, as well as natural emissions. Today, biological methods for reducing heavy metal pollution are becoming increasingly common as an innovative approach to combating heavy metal pollution. The purpose of this study was to identify soil bacteria capable of removing heavy metals and to explore the potential of native bacteria in the bioremediation process. During this experiment, various soil samples were collected from several sites (river bank Rvs1, bus station Bt2, agricultural site Ag3, landfill Gr4 and construction site Cn5). Five bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples using a conventional serial plate dilution method. Morphologically distinct colonies were selected and purified during incubation. Pure cultures of bacterial colonies were established and maintained as slant cultures. Depending on preliminary physical, chemical and morphological characteristics, isolates RvsS1, Bt2, Ag3, Gr4 and Cn5 were compared with the bacterial species: “Proteus”, “Staphylococcus”, “Pseudomonas”, “Bacilli” and “Klebsiella” respectively. Bacterial isolates were examined for their uptake of Cu, Cd and Pb in flask bioreactors. Strains RV1, Bt2, Ag3 and Gr4 removed 48.7%, 25.6%, 59.8% and 23.5% of lead, respectively. The removal efficiency of isolate Cn5 was 35.68% for lead and 48.53% for copper. Thus, the data demonstrate that the use of indigenous bacteria is potentially effective in the bioremediation of heavy metals. Keywords: BIOREMEDIATION, MICROORGANISMS, HEAVY METALS, LOCAL BACTERIA, ISOLATES, STRAINS, ABSORPTION

Evaluating the efficiency of indigenous soil bacterial strains for heavy metal removal

Significant quantities of toxic heavy metals are regularly deposited into soil environments every day as a result of industrial and human activities, as well as natural emissions. Today, biological methods for reducing heavy metal pollution are becoming increasingly common as an innovative approach to combating heavy metal pollution. The purpose of this study was to identify soil bacteria capable of removing heavy metals and to explore the potential of native bacteria in the bioremediation process. During this experiment, various soil samples were collected from several sites (river bank Rvs1, bus station Bt2, agricultural site Ag3, landfill Gr4 and construction site Cn5). Five bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples using a conventional serial plate dilution method. Morphologically distinct colonies were selected and purified during incubation. Pure cultures of bacterial colonies were established and maintained as slant cultures. Depending on preliminary physical, chemical and morphological characteristics, isolates RvsS1, Bt2, Ag3, Gr4 and Cn5 were compared with the bacterial species: “Proteus”, “Staphylococcus”, “Pseudomonas”, “Bacilli” and “Klebsiella” respectively. Bacterial isolates were examined for their uptake of Cu, Cd and Pb in flask bioreactors. Strains RV1, Bt2, Ag3 and Gr4 removed 48.7%, 25.6%, 59.8% and 23.5% of lead, respectively. The removal efficiency of isolate Cn5 was 35.68% for lead and 48.53% for copper. Thus, the data demonstrate that the use of indigenous bacteria is potentially effective in the bioremediation of heavy metals. Keywords: BIOREMEDIATION, MICROORGANISMS, HEAVY METALS, LOCAL BACTERIA, ISOLATES, STRAINS, ABSORPTION

The Value of Indigenous <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Strains as Useful Enzymes Producers: A Systematic Review

This systematic review has focused on the selection and characterization of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for enzymes' production obtained from the fermentation process. The primary studies assessed have demonstrated that indigenous S. cerevisiae strains produce a wide range of enzymes during fermentation. These strains have shown different characteristics and were isolated from various locations, including those belonging to the main components of the wine production chain. The research methodology applied to find primary studies about the optimal conditions for enzyme production was effective and identified a wide range of enzyme classes. Cultivation media amended with natural or synthetic inducer substrates were found to be suitable carbon and/or nitrogen sources for producing enzymes of interest in plate-based screening. In submerged fermentation studies, the use of agro-industrial residues has been identified as a relevant carbon source for microbe development and metabolism. For the indigenous S. cerevisiae strains, the majority of the enzymes found belong to the glucosidases and hydrolases classes. Due to the activity of these enzymes, yeasts have been traditionally used in classic biotechnological applications, particularly in the process of alcoholic fermentations. Those enzymes are responsible for producing metabolites (such as aromatic compounds) that contribute to the desirable aroma and/or taste during the fermentation of wine, as well as other fermented or distilled beverages. The methods used for enzyme screening were of quantitative and/or qualitative nature and were carried out under acidic pH conditions (3.5-6.5) and at temperatures of 28-35 ℃. The results of this systematic review have shown that the enzymes from indigenous S. cerevisiae are highly relevant in various biotechnological applications, particularly in the food industry. Conclusions and future perspectives of our findings were discussed in terms of potential developments of novel application methods of the indigenous yeasts and their enzymes in agriculture and industry.

Biochemical Characterization of Microsymbionts Associated with Zornia gibbosa Span. in Central Aravalli Range

In current scenario, with increasing world population there is a strong demand to enhance crop productivity to feed the population. Characterization of indigenous rhizobia is very crucial for developing biofertilizers tailored to local climatic conditions, with the goal of increasing food production without excess use of chemical fertilizers. In the present investigation 44 root nodule bacterial strains or microsymbionts were isolated from root nodules of Zornia gibbosa growing in Central Aravalli region. These isolated RNB strains were examined for their phenotypic and biochemical activities such as salt tolerance, pH tolerance, bromo thymol blue (BTB) reaction, catalase activity, oxidase activity, cellulase activity, amylase production, indole production, citrate utilization and gelatin hydrolysis. All tested isolates showed significant diversity in their phenotypic and biochemical activities. The majority of the strains were limited to a tolerance of up to 3% NaCl concentration; however, strains Z2, Z13, Z14, Z15, Z21, and Z22 demonstrated tolerance up to a 5% NaCl concentration. A total of 29 isolates were able to grow within the pH range of 5-10. Few isolates showed positive results for citrate utilization (Z4, Z18, Z22, Z32 and Z44) and amylase production (Z4, Z6, Z21, Z25 and Z42). In this study only one isolate Z22 showed indole production. Conversely, when assessing various enzyme activities such as cellulase, catalase, protease, and gelatinase, all the isolates demonstrated considerable diversity. This type of study is essential for developing superior biofertilizers containing indigenous bacterial strains to enhance production.

Preparation of Plant Growth Enhancing Bioformulation from Agricultural Wastes by Solid State Fermentation

Preparation of organic waste based bioformulation through solid state fermentation technology for application in the field offers an ecofriendly and viable alternative to sustainable food production. The present study deals with the potential of seven agrowastes as substrate carriers for the growth of indigenous strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs) that stimulate plant growth. The cosubstrate (CS) with equal proportion of the seven agrowastes and both the bioinoculants (CSPfBs) proved as the best substrate carrier with highest population load of the bioinoculants at 45 days after storage (DAS). Thereafter the population declined steadily in all the bioformulations from 60 DAS to 90 DAS. However, CSPfBs gave the highest population load at 90 DAS. As individual substrate for both Pf and Bs, vermicompost performed best with a population load of 9.95 of Pf and 9.98 of Bs at 90 DAS. The bioformulations CSPfBs, VBs and VPf when applied in soil, gave the best yield in brinjal plants (Solanum melongena L. cv. Pusa Kranti) at 30 days after transplanting. Similar trends were also observed in the other yield parameters. The study indicates the scope of the prepared bioinoculant as a low cost eco friendly option for promotion of growth and yield of crops.

Selection of Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains to Enhance the Functional Properties of Fermented Opuntia sp. Fruit Juices

Selection of Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains to Enhance the Functional Properties of Fermented <i>Opuntia</i> sp. Fruit Juices

New Insights into the Production of Assyrtiko Wines from the Volcanic Terroir of Santorini Island Using Lachancea thermotolerans.

Assyrtiko is a rare ancient grape variety of Greece, which is known to produce Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Santorini white wines. Besides the famous character of the volcanic terroir, Assyrtiko of Santorini is also marked by a low pH value and sharp acidity. The aim of the present study was to apply a new inoculation procedure that modulates the fermentation process by maintaining the unique sensorial characteristics of Assyrtiko wines based on acidity. For this purpose, the Lachancea thermotolerans species, known for the formation of lactic acid, was tested in sequential fermentation with three different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. At the end of the fermentation process, implantation control for S. cerevisiae strains (interdelta sequence profile analysis) was performed, oenological parameters were determined according to the OIV protocols, and the volatile compounds produced were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Finally, all produced wines were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis by two groups of experts; the Greek team of oenologists from Santorini Island specialized in Assyrtiko wines, and the French team of oenologists specialized in wine from Bordeaux. As expected, the inoculated strain was the one that dominated the fermentation process, but nine S. cerevisiae indigenous strains were also identified in the produced wines. Lachancea thermotolerans produced 1 g/L of lactic and also modulated the volatile profile of the wines independently of the S. cerevisiae strain used. The origin of the panelists played an important role in bringing up sensorial traits, such as acidity. Our results led to a new interesting application of L. thermotolerans for white wine production adapted to climate change claims.

Establishment of an intragastric surgical model using C57BL/6 mice to study the vaccine efficacy of OMV-based immunogens against Helicobacter pylori.

Chronic gastritis is one of the major symptoms of gastro-duodenal disorders typically induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). To date, no suitable model is available to study pathophysiology and therapeutic measures accurately. Here, we have presented a successful surgical infection model of H. pylori-induced gastritis in C57BL/6 mice that resembles features similar to human infection. The proposed model does not require any preparatory treatment other than surgical intervention. C57BL/6 mice were injected with wild-type SS1 (Sydney strain 1, reference strain) directly into the stomach. Seven days post infection, infected animals showed alterations in cytokine responses along with inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, depicting a prominent inflammatory response due to infection. To understand the immunogenicity and protective efficacy, the mice were immunized with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) isolated from an indigenous strain with putative virulence factors of H. pylori [A61C (1), cag+/vacA s1m1]. In contrast to the non-immunized cohort, the OMV-immunized cohort showed a gradual increase in serum immunoglobulin(s) levels on the 35th day after the first immunization. This conferred protective immunity against subsequent challenge with the reference strain (SS1). Direct inoculation of H. pylori into the stomach influenced infection in a short time and, more importantly, in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the usefulness of the developed model for pathophysiology, therapeutic and prophylactic studies.

Impact of indigenous Oenococcus oeni and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum species co-culture on Cabernet Sauvignon wine malolactic fermentation: Kinetic parameters, color and aroma

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) is a crucial process to enhance wine quality, and the utilization of indigenous microorganisms has the potential to enhance wine characteristics distinct to a region. Here, the MLF performance of five indigenous Oenococcus oeni strains and six synthetic microbial communities (SynComs), were comparatively evaluated in Cabernet Sauvignon wine. In terms of malate metabolism rate and wine aroma diversity, the strain of O. oeni Oe114–46 demonstrated comparable MLF performance to the commercial strain of O. oeni Oe450 PreAc. Furthermore, the corresponding SynComs (Oe144–46/LpXJ25) exhibited improved fermentation properties, leading to increased viable cell counts of both species, more rapid and thorough MLF, and increased concentrations of important aroma compounds, such as linalool, 4-terpinenol, α-terpineol, diethyl succinate, and ethyl lactate. These findings highlight the remarkable MLF performance of indigenous O. oeni and O. oeni-L. plantarum microbial communities, emphasizing their immense potential in improving MLF efficiency and wine quality.

Improving dietary citric acid production by the wild-type Aspergillus niger ASP26 strain isolated from date by-product.

This research investigates citric acid (CA) synthesis using the indigenous strain Aspergillus niger ASP26, which was isolated from date by-products. The study initially involved isolating fungi capable of CA production and identifying the most potent strain based on its characteristic enzymatic activity. A. niger ASP26 was acknowledged in a previous study for its remarkable ability to produce extracellular enzymes, such as cellulase and amylase, which enable it to degrade organic materials effectively. After the identification phase, these isolates were screened for CA production using a modified Czapek-Dox medium. The research identified significant factors affecting CA production in submerged fermentation, including pH, carbon source, inoculum size, and fermentation time. Optimal conditions were determined for A. niger ASP26, resulting in a maximum CA yield of 16.89 g/L. These conditions included a 2.5% spore suspension at 2 × 107 spores/mL, an initial glucose concentration of 125 g/L, and incubation at 30°C for 144 h. Notably, A. niger ASP26 demonstrated the ability to produce CA under stress conditions as well. Citric acid is essential for various biological processes, such as cellular respiration, and is naturally present in citrus fruits. It also serves as a preservative and flavor enhancer in processed foods and beverages. The ability of A. niger ASP26 to produce CA from agricultural residues positions it as a viable candidate for sustainable CA production, harnessing the value from organic waste materials.

Unveiling the distribution characteristics of rpf-like genes and indigenous resuscitation promoting factor production in PCB-contaminated soils

Resuscitation promoting factors (Rpfs), known for their anti-dormancy cytokine properties, have been extensively investigated in the medical field. Although the Rpf from Micrococcus luteus has been successfully utilized to resuscitate and stimulate microbial populations for the degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the presence of indigenous Rpf homologs in PCB-contaminated soils has not been established. In this study, the distribution characteristics of rpf-like genes and indigenous strain capable of producing Rpf in PCB-contaminated soils were explored. The results revealed the widespread presence of Rpf-like domains and their associated genes, particularly in close association with heavy metals and PCBs. The rpf-like genes were predominantly found in Proteobacteria and displayed a positive correlation with genes involved in PCB degradation and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) formation. Notably, the recombinant Rpf-Ac protein derived from the indigenous strain Achromobacter sp. HR2 exhibited muralytic activity and demonstrated significant efficacy in resuscitating the growth of VBNC cells, while also stimulating the growth of normal cells. These findings shed light on the prevalent presence of Rpf homologs in PCB-contaminated soils and their potential to resuscitate functional populations in the VBNC state, thereby enhancing in situ bioremediation.

Preliminary Studies on the Screening of Substrates for Spawn Production and Cultivation of Indigenous Strain of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr.

Preliminary Studies on the Screening of Substrates for Spawn Production and Cultivation of Indigenous Strain of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr.

Can we manage alien invasive insects without altering native soil faunal communities? A field trial on Popillia japonica

Biological and integrated pest control are key assets to environmentally friendly management of cropland. Use of entomopathogens against target pests is common, yet the effects of such released organisms on native, non-target invertebrates are currently poorly known. This is particularly true for relatively inconspicuous components of agroecosystems such as soil biological biota. Popillia japonica, a polyphagous alien invasive scarab beetle native to Japan, is now present in Europe where huge efforts are being conducted to control the pest and slow its spread. In particular, entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi have been used for larval control. Here we test the effects of those agents on both P. japonica larvae and non-target soil biota by comparing soil arthropod assemblages before and after treatment of field plots in an irrigated perennial meadow.Application of an indigenous strain of the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora resulted in significant reduction in numbers of P. japonica larvae. In contrast, an indigenous strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii failed to provide significant control. We found no evident effect on non-target edaphic arthropods under either treatment in comparison to untreated control plots. Some taxa, namely Collembola and Acarina, showed a disproportionate increase in treated plots, suggesting that some changes may occur in the long term, at least in particular arthropod groups. Our results suggest the selected strain of H. bacteriophora is an excellent candidate for managing P. japonica larvae with minimal adverse impact on non-target species and ecosystem functioning.

Exploring indigenous fungal isolates for efficient dye degradation: A comprehensive study on sustainable bioremediation in the total environment

Synthetic dyes used in textile industries are hazardous and toxic to the environment, as some of the dyes used in these industries are non-biodegradable. Sustainable technologies using microbes are an eco-friendly and economical approach. Fungal decolorization processes are gaining much importance as biomass absorbs enzymes used in biodegradation. In the current study, six samples of dye wastewater were collected from different industries in the Faisalabad industrial area in Pakistan. The physiological characteristics of these samples were analyzed, and various parameters, including pH, temperature, BOD, COD, and electric conductivity, were investigated. Among six different (sample A-F) wastewater samples, the maximum reduction in BOD was observed in sample E, i.e.,1.3.In contrast, the maximum reduction in COD of sample C, i.e., 30, was observed. These samples' hydrogen ion concentration (pH) was mainly in an alkaline ratio, and a maximum electric conductivity of 8810 µS/cm of sample A was observed. In contrast, a minimum sample E (540 mg/L) was observed. Three indigenous fungal strains were screened and purified from dye wastewater for detoxification of dyes and were identified morphologically and on a molecular basis as Aspergillus iranicus, Penicillium crustosum, and Aspergillus terreus. A comparative analysis of two methods, the tube overlay method and the liquid medium method, were conducted to biodetoxification synthetic dyes, including malachite green, methylene blue, and nigrosine. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that indigenous fungal strains, i.e., Penicillium crustosum decolorizing methylene blue at about 93%, followed by Aspergillus iranicus decolorizing malachite green at about 80% and Aspergillus terreus decolorizing about 90% of malachite green have good potential for degradation of dyes. These strains can be a potential source for treating textile dye effluent.

Bacterial nanocellulose: A versatile biopolymer production using a cost-effective wooden disc based rotary reactor.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has various unique qualities, including high mechanical strength, crystallinity, and high water-holding capacity, which makes it appropriate for a wide range of industrial applications. But its lower yield coupled with its high production cost creates a barrier to its usage. In this study, we have demonstrated the better yield of BNC from an indigenous strain Komagataeibacter rhaeticus MCC-0157 using a rotary disc bioreactor (RDB) having a wooden disc. The RDB was optimized based on the type of disc material, distance between the disc, and rotation speed to get the highest yield of 13.0 g/L dry material using Hestrin-Schramm (H-S) medium. Further, the bioreactor was compared for the BNC production using reported medium, which is used for static condition; the RDB showed up to fivefold increase in comparison with the static condition reported. Komagataeibacter rhaeticus MCC-0157 was previously reported to be one of the highest BNC producing stains, with 8.37 g/L of dry yield in static condition in 15 days incubation. The designed RDB demonstrated 13.0 g/L dry yield of BNC in just 5 days. Other characteristics of BNC remain same as compared with static BNC production, although the difference in the crystallinity index was observed in RDB (84.44%) in comparison with static (89.74%). For the first time, wooden disc was used for rotary bioreactor approach, which demonstrated higher yield of BNC in lesser time and can be further used for sustainable production of BNC at the industrial level.

Research on enhancing sewage sludge lysis and bioreactor initiation through composite thermophilic strains

Returning lysed sludge to biochemical tanks to achieve in-situ sludge reduction is promising. A novel approach for regulating and initiating the sludge lysis process utilizing thermophilic strains is proposed. In this study, three strains were isolated from sludge, and sequencing of the 16 S rDNA amplicon revealed that the three thermophilic strains were the closest relatives to the genus Geobacillus, and they were designated as Geobacillus sp. DX5, Geobacillus sp. DX8 and Geobacillus sp. DX11. Sludge lysis experiments demonstrated that composite thermophilic strains (CTS) were dosed at 65°C, and the sludge VSS removal efficiency after 24 h was 37.8%, significantly surpassing individual strains. Moreover, 65.8% of proteins and 52.0% of polysaccharides in Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludge were degraded. Furthermore, Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy results revealed a substantial release of dissolved organic matter during sludge lysis. Inoculation of CTS under optimal conditions (65°C, pH 7, 4 × 1010cfu/L) resulted in VSS removal efficiency and protease activity of 42.7% and 2584 U/L, respectively. After 20 days of inoculation with CTS to initiate sludge lysis reactor, VSS removal efficiency reached 46%. Additionally, it stimulated the growth of the thermophilic bacterial community, engaging indigenous thermophilic strains in the sludge lysis process.

Gut microbiota in the combined treatment of colorectal cancer using autoprobiotics

Despite great advances in the treatment of oncological diseases, the development of medical technologies to prevent or reduce complications of therapy, in particular, those associated with surgery and the introduction of antibiotics, remains relevant. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of autoprobiotics based on indigenous non-pathogenic strains of Enterococcus faecium and E. hirae in the complex therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the early postoperative period. The use of autoprobiotics did not cause side effects and led to a decrease in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-18) in the blood serum. The features of the intestinal microbiome in patients with CRC were revealed, which are fundamentally different from those of other authors by an increase in alpha- biodiversity, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and its additional differences associated with the absence of non-pathogenic enterococci: a greater amount of Parvimonas micra, a smaller amount of Akkermansia spp., an increase in the content of Klebsiella sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium perfringens. The use of autoprobiotics led to the elimination of P. micra, a decrease in C. perfringens, which led to the normalization of the microbiota in most patients. The effectiveness of autoprobiotics in the treatment of CRC has been proven, which, apparently, is associated with a change in the composition of intestinal microbiocenosis.

Screening of azo dye biosorption efficacy of free, immobilized, indigenous bacterial strains associated with azo dye contaminated river water—An in vitro study

AbstractAzo dye degradation utilizing microorganisms has acquired significance over the last decades, owing to its beneficial properties such as rapid degradation, economic feasibility, and eco‐friendly. In this work, azo dyes (Methyl red and methylene blue) degradation efficacy using indigenous bacterial strains Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. as free and immobilized cells were investigated under in vitro batch decolorization setup was carried. Most importantly, the bacterial cells of both strains were immobilized with sodium alginate and the immobilized cells were evaluated for dye decolorization efficacy under laboratory conditions. An eco‐toxic assessment of the degraded products was done using in vitro phytotoxicity tests and in silico analyses. Among the free and immobilized cells, maximum decolorization efficacy was observed in the Pseudomonas sp. immobilized cells which exhibited 74.5% decolorization efficacy, and the maximum decolorization efficacy of free cells was 63% of was observed. Ecotoxicity of the dye‐degraded products was screened by determination of phytotoxicity. Seedlings emergence of groundnut seeds exposed to degraded dye products revealed phytotoxicity. Results indicated that degraded dye products of methyl red derived from Pseudomonas sp. showed 93.0% seedling emergence, and methylene blue‐degraded products Pseudomonas sp. degraded dye products supported 92.0% seedling emergence, respectively. Bacterial cells immobilized with biocompatible polymers can be effectively utilized in wastewater treatment without affecting the ecological components. The findings highlight the value of this work in contributing to the domain of sustainable and eco‐friendly wastewater treatment technology.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by indigenous Bacterium strain BS1727 as antifungal agents against Ganoderma boninense

Ganoderma boninense, the causative agent behind basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm, instigated a pressing need for innovative and ecologically sustainable strategies to counter its impact. Biological control strategies, particularly employing bio-fungicides, have emerged as environmentally friendly alternatives for managing oil palm plant diseases. This study delved into harnessing the biocontrol potential of Indigenous bacterial isolate by investigating and evaluating its bioactive compounds of ethyl acetate extract with the capacity to suppress G. boninense growth in oil palm plants. Molecular identification was utilized to identify of bacterial isolate using 16S rRNA primers (5′- AGA GTT TGA TCC TGG CTC AG– 3′) and (5′- GGA TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T– 3′). The agar well diffusion technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to assess the inhibitory effects of bacterial ethyl acetate extract against G. boninense. A comprehensive analysis of the bacterial ethyl acetate extracts was conducted by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Molecular identification confirmed that the bacterial isolate was Bacterium strain BS1727. By employing SEM, the ethyl acetate extracts had influenced on G. boninense mycelial architecture. The exposure to the bacterial ethyl acetate extracts induced degradation and morphological distortion of the mycelial structure, serving as an indicator of its impact on the mycelium's structural modulation. Noteworthy, the spectrum of bioactive compounds was a subset of aromatic hydrocarbons, encompassing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Based on GC–MS analysis, among the VOCs, acetic acid butyl ester and toluene showed the highest relative peak areas, 46.34 % for acetic acid butyl ester and 31.82 % for toluene, respectively. Ethylbenzene had a relative peak area of 5.4 %, 1,1,2-trichloroethane 4.41 %, and allyldimethyl (prop-1-ynyl) silane 3.17 %. The remaining compounds were 6-undecyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one, 3-decen-5-one, 2-methyl-, and o-cymene, with the relative peak areas were below 1 %. These findings explained the inherent capacity of antifungal compounds as a viable strategy in inhibiting the growth of G. boninense.