Indigenous Rice Research Articles

Traditional Farming and Its Lexicons as Indigenous Knowledge: The Context of Cervantes, Ilocos Sur

The Philippines has long been an agricultural country that uses indigenous farming knowledge before the advent of modern technology. Unfortunately, reviewed studies revealed that many approaches and indigenous rice farming knowledge around the world remain undocumented. In such context, this study was implemented to document the traditional rice farming practices and traditions and their lexicons in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. Through unstructured interviews and observations, the study identified 13 rice farming practices and nine (9) traditions (three rituals and six pammati or superstitious beliefs) of the farmers. The identified farming practices and traditions emerged from the pre-planting to post-harvest activities of the farmers. Hence, the traditional farming remains strong and is flourishing despite the emergence of modernization in agriculture.

Phenotypic performance of F3 progenies from crossbreeding of Sigupai and IRBB27

Sigupai is one of Aceh’s indigenous rice varieties originating from the Southwestern region of Aceh. This variety has advantages in the form of fluffier and good rice cooking performance and fragrant aroma, easy maintenance, and minimal fertilizer requirements. This variety has agronomic characteristics that need to be improved such as a harvesting age of up to six months with high plant stature that makes it easy to fall. A series of breeding processes and analyses have been conducted to improve the performance of this variety by crossing it with IRBB27. The phenotypic characters of the F3 progenies (genotypes T11, T22, and T25) were carried out. The purpose of this study was to identify the phenotypic character of the F3 progenies belonging to (genotypes T11, T22, and T25 ). These genotypes originated from the selected plant in F2 progenies by crossbreed between Sigupai and IRBB27. This research was carried out at the Experimental Farm and Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh, from December 2021 to June 2022. The planting medium used was a mixture of soil and manure with a ratio of 2:1. The seeds planted consisted of F3 progenies (genotype T11, T22, T25, as well as their parents Sigupai, and IRBB27. The results showed that there were 3 plants in the F3 Sg/IRBB27 prospective to be developed. These plants originated from genotype T11 (plant no. 6), genotype T22 (plant no. 6), and genotype T25 (plant no. 2). These prospective progenies have medium harvesting ages ranging from 122-132 DAS, and shorter plant heights compared to their mother parent ‘Sigupai’ (121-127 cm), with their products ranging from 5.13-7.40 tons ha−1.

Endangered indigenous rice varieties as a source of B vitamins for the undernourished population

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRice is a staple food for half of the world's population and plays an important role to deliver several micronutrients including B vitamins to humans. The present investigation was carried out to detect some B vitamins and estimate their concentrations in 309 traditional indica rice landraces, compared with three modern rice varieties predominantly available in the Indian market.FindingsLiquid chromatographic examination of the rice samples demonstrated that a large number of traditional rice landraces contained considerable amounts of different B vitamins. In the landraces examined, vitamin B1 (thiamine) was recorded to be present in the range of 0.01–10.55 mg/100 g, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 0.01–2.63 mg/100 g, vitamin B3 (niacin) 0.20–4.52 mg/100 g, vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) 0.01–18.55 mg/100 g, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 0.01–0.86 mg/100 g, and vitamin B7 (biotin) 0.01–5.90 mg/100 g in different rice landraces.ConclusionCompared with traditional rice, modern rice cultivars seem to have substantially lower B vitamin levels. It appears that these vitamin‐rich traditional rice landraces if incorporated into daily diet, may serve to attain nutritional security of the poor.Significance and NoveltyOur results show that many traditional rice landraces are nutritionally superior to any modern rice cultivar, even though traditional rice landraces are normally not in priority for agronomic research and development. This study shows how native rice landraces may be leveraged to constitute novel nutritious diet that could enhance human health.

Genetic variability and diversity of grain nutritional and quality traits of unexplored traditional rice landraces for developing biofortified varieties

Characterization of grain nutritional and quality traits was done in a total of 192 exotic and indigenous rice genotypes were genetically characterized for 16 grain nutritional and quality traits. Substantial genetic variability was observed for all the traits. The coefficient of variation was maximum for flavonoid content (87.10%) and minimum for kernel breadth (11.90%). The estimated coefficient of skewness and kurtosis indicated the presence of genetic interaction among the traits. Based on grain shape 4, 37, 31, 65 and 55 rice genotypes were classified as short slender, short bold, medium slender, long slender and long bold respectively. Further, kernel length was negatively associated with zinc, iron, phenolics and flavonoid contents. Amylose content was positively associated with protein, phenolics and flavonoid contents suggesting that such relationship could serve as grain indices for indirect selection of genotypes. Four genotypes- Oryza officinalis, Oryza latifolia, IC435559 and IC135877 were identified as donors for zinc and iron contents. The genotypes- IC74637, IC301547, IC301589 and IC301625 were identified as potential donors for both phenolics and flavonoid. Five genotypes viz., IC379109, IC331668, Mancha (M:1028), Dubraj (D:1251) and Laxmibhog (L:708) were identified for grain yield, quality and nutritional traits. The identified donors will be useful to develop nutrient dense biofortified varieties. Keywords: Rice landraces, diversity, variability, grain nutritional and quality traits, photochemical

Multivariate analysis for evaluation of indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions collected from Madhya Pradesh

Eighty indigenous rice genotypes were evaluated for twenty-nine quantitative and quality traits, planted in RCBD with three replications. The data on different characters were analyzed through Mahalanobis' generalized distance D2 (1936) and Principal Component Analysis for estimating genetic diversity and identification of superior rice genotypes. On the basis of genetic distance the 80 genotypes were grouped into 18 clusters following Tocher's method. Among them, five clusters contain more than one genotype, while thirteen clusters contain single genotype. The genotypes of cluster VIII and IX showed a higher (19816.1) inter cluster distance followed by cluster IV and VIII (12414.7). Cluster V has been discovered to have the largest intra-cluster distance. In order to increase the genetic diversity of rice, genotypes from these clusters may be crossed. On the basis of PCA findings, among all genotypes contributing their presence in more than one PC with high PC score only five genotypes viz., Biranjphool Shivram, Jeera Phool, Basmati Purani, Kardhana Baldev and Kailari Ram Madan confine with favourable yield as well as quality associated PCs, and had excellent remark for both the traits. These genotypes might be utilized in hybridization programme for the transfer of good yield as well as good quality traits in the recipient rice genotypes for the development of promising rice cultivars.

Mitochondrial markers differentiate two distinct phylogenetic groups in indigenous rice landraces of northeast India: an evolutionary insight

The inheritance of the mitochondria genome and its diversity is unique for genetic and evolutionary studies relative to nuclear genomes. Northeast India and Himalayan regions are considered as one of the centres of indica rice origin. Also, rice diversity in northeast India is very distinct and highly suited for evolutionary studies. Although reports are available on the genetic diversity of indigenous northeast rice landraces, its relationship with the wild relatives is not yet properly explored and understood. In an attempt, mitochondrial markers were used to study the evolutionary relationship between the 68 landraces of northeast India and wild relatives (O. rufipogon and O. nivara) along with IR64 (indica) and Nipponbare (japonica) were taken as reference cultivars. Phylogenetically, the findings include two distinct clusters in the indigenous northeast India landraces representing indica and japonica groups. Further, the wild relatives and ~60% of northeast India landraces were identified to be closely related to the Nipponbare cluster. Besides, landraces of northeast India grouping with the indica group (IR64) are characterized by the absence of wild relatives. This indicates that there are two distinct evolutionary paths in the origin of northeast Indian rice landraces based on mitochondrial markers diversity and it is proposed that the inheritance of mitochondria, mitonuclear genome interactions, and bottleneck events could have genetically separated these two phylogenetically unique groups of northeast rice landraces.

A Study of Technological Capability in Selected Rice Processing Firms in Nigeria

In the advent of processing indigenous rice production, there is need to encourage local technology. This study simply provides an insight into the intertwining capabilities. Mainly, a snowballing primary data technique was used to gather data across the thirty-five licensed rice processing firms in the four geopolitical zones of country using structured questionnaire. Data gathered was then analysed using the descriptive statistics- mean. The results showed that on a Likert rating scale of 5, acquisition capability and production capability were rated above average while creative, supportive and adaptive capabilities were rated low. This indicates that the firms have sufficient capability in the area of acquisition of resources and conversion of technologies while the capability to provide training and improvement of technologies is low. The study concluded that rice processing operations in Nigeria could be enhanced if all technological capabilities are adequately developed. Keywords: Technological capability; rice processing; operations; development; industry DOI: 10.7176/IKM/13-3-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

Genetic diversity and principal component analysis in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) varieties of Assam

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the pre-eminent cereal crop of Assam in term of production and cultivable area. The measurement of genetic diversity is crucial to pick up the appropriate genotypes in a crop improvement programme. Identification of traits contributing towards genetic diversity in a given population can help in formulating effective selection criteria. This study was carried out in 64 indigenous rice genotypes collected from North Bank Plains and Upper Brahmaputra valley zones of Assam during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2021 and 2022. Based on the yield attributing characters, the cultivars were categorized into 8 clusters. Cluster evaluation showed that cluster II and V had farthest distance from cluster V (431.18), followed by cluster I and II (377.62). The study on the Principal component analysis showed the traits, days to 50% flowering (DF), days to maturity (DM), filled grains per panicle (FG), biological yield (BY) and harvest index (HI) had maximum contribution towards the total variability. The genotypes from the diverse clusters having desirable per se performance could be selected for inclusion as parents in hybridization programme. Identification of component traits through the principal component analysis will help in formulating efficient selection criteria for further genetic improvement of rice.

A clinico epidemiological study of cut throat patients – An observational retrospective study at tertiary care hospital in Jharkhand, India

Background: Cut throat injury is an incised wound in the neck that may be superficial or deep and is usually caused by sharp objects. These wounds may be from homicide, suicide, or accidental. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess cut throat injury in terms of age, sex, site of injury, and triggering factors for suicidal cut throat injury. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the Department of ENT, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences. The study included 35 cut throat patients who were admitted and managed in the ENT department. Data were analyzed with detailed history as age, sex, cause, site of injury, sociodemographic pattern, and history of substance abuse, psychiatric problem, and duration of hospital stay. Results: Out of 35 patients, 32 were male and three were female. The majority of the patients 21 (60%) were young adults. Causes of cut throat were suicidal 77.14% followed by homicidal 20%. The majority of patients had Zone II injuries. In general, the patients belonged to the lower middle socioeconomic class. About 77.8% of patients with suicidal cases were found to be addicted to one more substance and 22.2% were having some psychiatric illness. The most common substance abuse was indigenous rice beer Hadia mahua. Conclusion: Young adults of the low socioeconomic class were most vulnerable to cut throat injury with a majority having zone II injury. Suicide was the most common cause with substance abuse proving to be a major provoking factor in addition to unemployment, illiteracy, and poverty.

Marker-assisted Breeding and F3 Progenies Characterization for Improving Local Rice Variety “Tinggong”

Background: Tinggong is an indigenous rice variety in Aceh Province known for its excellent cooking quality and tolerance to adverse climatic conditions such as drought. However, this local rice has a long lifespan ranging from 150-160 days and is susceptible to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB). Methods: To improve the performance of Tinggong, the variety was cross-breed with the isogenic line IRBB27 which confers Xa-27 and sd-1 genes. The inheritance of both of these genes and the changes in their agronomic character and the resistance to Xoo were analyzed in the F3 progenies to identify the presence of both Xa-27 and sd-1 genes in the F3 progenies and the implication of their phenotypic characters. Result: The results showed that 58.33% of progenies inherited both Xa-27 and sd-1 genes. Of these, 4 progenies consisting #T5, T6, T29 and T30 are the potential to develop as they show both genotypic and phenotypic improvement. The 4 progenies produce earlier (116-120 days after sowing) with plant height 109-128 cm and more resistance to Xoo (lesion length 2.08-2.42 cm), the weight of grains per hill reached 26.24-34.12 g or yield potential (10.40-43.55%) higher compared to their parent Tinggong.

Influence of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Callus Induction and Synthetic Cytokinins on Plant Regeneration of Three Phetchaburi Indigenous Rice Varieties

Influence of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Callus Induction and Synthetic Cytokinins on Plant Regeneration of Three Phetchaburi Indigenous Rice Varieties

Preferences on Indigenous and High Yielding Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Tribal and Non-Tribal farmers of Assam

Assam occupies a special place in the rice production and a home to many indigenous varieties of rice. The production and productivity of the Indigenous varieties are much less than the HYVs but some farmers still prefer growing indigenous rice along with HYVs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the distribution pattern of Indigenous and High Yielding varieties of rice and to enumerate the farmer’s preferences to Indigenous and High Yielding varieties of rice in Baksa district of Assam. A total of 160 numbers of both Tribal and Non-tribal farmers were selected for the study. The data were collected by means of personal interview schedule. Statistical tools employed to analyze the data included frequency, percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation. To know the distribution pattern of both Indigenous and High Yielding varieties of rice, two major areas viz. Area distribution and Varietal distribution were identifi ed. The fi ndings revealed that non-tribal farmers cultivated HYVs in 68.13 per cent area and tribal farmers cultivated in 31.87 per cent area. But in case of Indigenous varieties non-tribal farmers cultivated in 44.93 per cent and tribal farmers cultivated in 55.07 per cent area. The major HYV varieties grown by the non-tribal farmers were Masuri, Ranjit, Moniram and varieties grown by tribal are Ranjit, Bahadur and Masuri. The indigenous varieties grown by the non-tribal farmers mostly Nolbonni, Ballam Joha, Moinagiri and varieties grown by tribal are Phulpakhri, Tanagaguri, Parochokua bonni. Further, A comparative assessment of the preferences of both Indigenous and High yielding variety rice growers was performed and it was observed that tribal farmers preferred indigenous rice varieties because of their taste, cooking quality etc, and preferred HYVs because of yield, market demand etc. But nontribal farmers preferred indigenous varieties because of their traditional delicacies, taste etc, and showed preference to HYVs because of cooking quality, market demand etc.

A Comparative Study on Proximate and Micronutrient Composition of Various Varieties of Rice Produced in Punjab, Pakistan


 
 The present work aims to assess and compare the nutritional composition of the indigenously produced samples of Basmati Pak, Basmati KS 282, Super Basmati, Organic Brown Rice, 1121 Kainat Sella Rice (parboiled), Super Kernel (parboiled).The proximate analysis of macronutrients and micronutrients (Thiamine, Riboflavin Niacin, Fe, Ca, and Zn) was conducted according to AOAC, 2005 and AOAC, 2008 official methods respectively. The results showed that protein (N×5.7), crude fiber and ash contents were found to be highest in the Organic Brown rice, while the fat content was similar in all rice types. The highest moisture and protein content was found in Super Kernel Rice. Basmati Pak had the lowest percentage of moisture and ash, Super White Basmati had the least amount of protein and crude dietary fiber while the lowest percentage of fat was found in Basmati KS 282. In terms of micro-nutrients, Super Kernel Rice showed to have a higher content of Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Niacin as compared to the rest of the varieties. 1121 Kainat Sella Rice had the highest contents of Ca. Organic Brown Rice was found to have the highest level of Fe and Zn. The significantly lower levels of Thiamin and Riboflavin were found in Basmati Pak and lowest level of Niacin was found in Super Basmati. Similarly Basmati Pak had the lowest level of Ca and Zn while Kainat Sella Rice (parboiled) had the lowest levels of Fe content. The nutritional composition data suggests that some nutrients are present in one variety of rice while others are present in another variety. Basmati Pak variety had least amount of nutrients. The information obtained from this research may be of interest to food manufacturers and consumers for acknowledging the compositional variation in indigenous rice varieties.
 
 
 
 
 
 

SALT STRESS ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF INDIGENOUS AMAN RICE (Oryza sativa)

The factorial experiment was conducted during June ,2074 to March, 2015 which consists of rwo factors i.e. ten -;i'g;;r. Aman rice vadety urrdioor. salt. solutions (0, 5, 10 Td 1.5 dS mr)' fhe experime.rt *r, hia oi.t in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three teplications' Data were collected oo some ,.i".La prrr-"t.r, and statistical arrJysis was petformed by using MSTATi frogr"-. The interaction effeci beruzeen variety and salinity on germination and growth parameters of indigenous Aman dce varieties varied significantly G <ObS;' Al 1l.the germhation and seedling growth parameters of rndigenous Aman ricJ *"r" .iioifi.rntly p <0.05) affected by salt stess' All of dre getmination and ,""dting growth parametets -.-t" d..r.rr"d shaqply with increasing soil salinity' The rice variety named rily,i<iak.haf, Tal mugur, Harisankar, Bholanath and Swarna showed better germination perfotmance '^nd r ntolerate ,airrlty up to 10 - 15 ds m-1..The variety of Lily, Khakshail' Tal mugur, Swarna, Harisankar, and Bholanath ^ur".op..io. to others variety considering their g".*inrtio., and seedling Stowth atttibutes of indigenous rice'

Effect of Parboiling on the Physicochemical and Phytochemicals Characteristics of Traditional Rice Cultivars

Background: The indigenous rice varieties of India are cultivated and utilized by tribal peoples as well as people in the distant regions with traditional culture. The main aim of the research work was to explore the inherit beneficial characteristics of traditional rice cultivars over hybrid varieties. Methods: The research work was aimed to investiagate the physicochemical and phytochemicals characteristics in traditional red rice cultivars (Mapillai Samba and Karungkuruvai) and traditional white rice cultivars (IR 20 and Improved White Ponni). The different treatments used in the study were raw rice (unpolished, polished) and parboiled rice (unpolished, polished). The interaction between physicochemical characteristics and phytochemicals were evaluated using Pearson correlation and Principal component analysis. Result: The physicochemical characteristics were analyzed for all the rice cultivars. It was observed that parboiled-unpolished mapillai samba showed highest length, breadth, 1000 grain weight. The raw rice cultivars showed highest phytochemicals than parboiled rice. The total phenolic, total flavonoids and total anthocyanin contents were highest for the mapillai samba (raw rice-unpolished). Among different traditional rice cultivars, mapillai samba showed significantly higher antioxidant levels. The results of the study suggested that these traditional rice cultivars can be incorporated in value added products.

Design and Development of an Energy-efficient Audio-based Repellent System for Rice Fields

Bird infestation is one of the major limiting factors affecting the production of indigenous rice in Nigeria. Conventional audio-based systems used in repelling birds deteriorate in effectiveness, cause noise pollution and consume excess power. This research therefore, developed an energyefficient audio-based repellent system for rice fields incorporated with a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for bird detection. A CNN algorithm was developed using inception V3, built on transfer learning technique in google colab. The CNN model was trained with bird dataset of 275 bird species obtained from Kaggle database. The core of the system was the Raspberry pi 4, a low-powered microcomputer adopted to run the CNN model with information from a camera. The mechanical framework for the system was designed to support its sustainability in rice fields. The estimated coverage area was 42m2. The system used maximum power of 4.10W. The system supported multiple production of various sounds to prevent bird adaptability to fixed sounds, which could sustain its effectiveness. The incorporated camera aided in the detection of birds with consequent reduction in noise pollution inherent in conventional audio devices. The developed system used 53.52% of the average power reported for conventional audio systems. The developed audio-based repellent system is better in terms of bird detection, power consumption and less noise pollution. Further development on this system can be carried out with other detection algorithms which may require less power for processing. Keywords— Bird repellent system, convolutional neural network, audio repellent, rice field, energy-efficient

Study of Variability in Seed Morphology, Screening of Seed Borne Fungi and Uses of Rarely Cultivated Indigenous Rice Landraces (Oryza sativa L.) of Kerala, India

Background: Conservation is the key to sustainability. Kerala is known to be a host to number of traditional rice varieties, which are dying at a rapid pace. The first and foremost step in the conservation of traditional germplasm sources is to assess the various qualitative and quantitative features. Various scientists across the globe, have been studying the genetic diversity, morphological characteristics and fungal activities on rice since appreciable amount of time. This has proved to be helpful in sustenance and refinement of the rice varieties. Methods: Variability was accessed for quantitative and qualitative characters for 30 landraces. Notable variability was observed in the quantitative characters of the selected landraces. Highest variability was seen in ratio of length/breadth (l/b) without husk (25.55), followed by 50 kernel weight (25.51), kernel breadth without husk (21.21), ratio l/b with husk (19.19), kernel breadth with husk (17.90), kernel length without husk (16.58) and kernel length with husk (13.91). A dendrogram was generated by Ward’s method from the data acquired. Ten selected rice varieties were screened for seed borne fungi by standard blotter paper method. The percentage of disease incidence and percentage of frequency were calculated. Result: The rice varieties Choman and Ponnaryan showed highest percentage of disease incidence (100). Lowest percentage of disease incidence was seen in Kumkumashala and Gandhakashala. Highest frequency of occurrence was shown by Aspergillus sps. Other fungal species reported were Chaetomium sps., Curvularia sps., Helminthosporium sps., Unidentified sps. from Dematiaceae, Phoma sps. and Trichococcus sps.

Variation in the stored grain pest Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) infestation at low and high moisture storage conditions among some indigenous rice genotypes of West Bengal

The food security programme is negatively impacted by postharvest losses (PHLs). In terms of providing food for a nation, proper grain postharvest (PHV) storage is more crucial than intense and widespread farming. Reducing post-harvest losses of food crops is essential to raising agricultural production sustainably. Each year, insects and diseases destroy or harm a fifth or more of stored food grains in many regions of the world. The angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), is a major stored grain pest of rice. Control of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) is still much dependent on the use of toxic chemicals though there is a chance of residual toxicity to the non-target organism. Rice, wheat, and corn are just a few examples of grains that are crucial to the economic stability of many nations. Cereals like rice, wheat and corn play an important role in the economic stability of many countries. Some indigenous rice varieties of rice are reported to be tolerant of this pest. This study was undertaken to identify West Bengal indigenous rice varieties susceptible to the stored grain pest S. cerealella infestation at low and high moisture storage conditions.

Phenotypic Broad Spectrum of Bacterial Blight Disease Resistance from Thai Indigenous Upland Rice Germplasms Implies Novel Genetic Resource for Breeding Program

Bacterial blight (BB) disease, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide. Breeding for BB resistance has been utilized to overcome this constraint of rice production; however, limited genetic resources of BB resistance or non-desirable genetic linkage between BB disease resistance and agronomic traits have become major obstacles. Interestingly, indigenous upland rice cultivars cultivated across Thailand are considered to be novel genetic resources of BB resistance for rice cultivar improvement through breeding programs. In this study, we screened for BB disease resistance among 256 indigenous upland rice cultivars using individual inoculation of two virulent Xoo isolates; NY1-1 and MS1-2, under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that 19 indigenous rice cultivars demonstrated BB disease resistance abilities after inoculation. These 19 upland rice cultivars were further examined for broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) performance through five individual Xoo isolate inoculations, under greenhouse conditions. Moreover, a mixed five Xoo isolate inoculation, including NB7-8, CM3-1, CN2-1, MS1-2, and NY1-1, was conducted to assess the BSR for BB resistance of those 19 cultivars under field conditions. Simultaneously, independent plants of the 19 varieties were grown without inoculation in the field to observe the disease reactions from the natural infection caused by local Xoo isolates. The results of the three experiments herein showed that five indigenous upland rice cultivars—ULR024, ULR029, ULR172, ULR207, and ULR356—consistently expressed 100% BSR to BB disease, as well as the resistance check varieties, IRBB5. This further illustrated that ULR024, ULR029, ULR172, ULR207, and ULR356 upland rice cultivars were phenotypically resistant to five Xoo isolates, within those (a) inoculated with five individual isolates under greenhouse conditions or (b) inoculation with five mixed isolates under field conditions. Moreover, the ULR024, ULR029, ULR172, ULR207, and ULR356 revealed BB disease-resistance abilities to natural infection. These results present novel genetic resources from indigenous upland rice cultivars in further breeding program of BB resistance in varied rice cultivars.

Nutrient variability and food potential of indigenous rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) from Northeast India

Rice is major staple food of Nagaland, northeast India. A comprehensive nutrient assessment of 23 rice landraces from Nagaland (brown, ~5 % and ~10 % polished) was carried out. The mean nutrient content of brown rice was: protein 7.6 ± 0.5 %, fat 2.65 ± 0.39 %, total dietary fibre 5.24 ± 0.52 %, ash 1.28 ± 0.11 % and carbohydrate 69.84 ± 1.28 %. The range of water soluble-vitamin was thiamine 0.19–0.35, riboflavin 0.04–0.07, niacin 2.48–3.77, pyridoxine 0.43–2.39, and pantothenic acid 0.03–0.11 mg/100 g. A relatively large coefficient of variation was observed for iron (25 %), manganese (28 %), copper (32 %), calcium (13 %), and phosphorus (11 %) among 23 varieties of brown rice. Nutrient density score (NDS) was 16, 11, and 8 for brown rice, ~5 % and ~10 % milled rice, respectively. The NDS score identified eight rice landraces as superior. Nutrient losses due to milling ranged from 14 % to 69 %. By far, brown rice has the best potential for nutrient supply, but limiting milling to ~5 % can substantially improve rice grains' nutrient content. Rice exhibited the most crucial nutrient contributor to the RDA. Significantly higher TDF and lower phytate contents found in these rice landraces. The study highlights the importance of rice landraces to help select important traits and breed superior germplasm to improve rice grain nutrient considerably especially in the face of climate change.