Indigenous Peoples In Canada Research Articles

Exploring facial gestures and visual speech articulation cues during the production of Canadian English voiced stops

Decades of research on visual information for speech has demonstrated the informativeness of visual cues to enhance (Cho et al., 2020; Kawase et al., 2014) and influence (MacDonald and McGurk, 1978) speech perception. However, it is unclear which specific visual cues are spatially and temporally correlated to certain features of speech segments. This study explored visual cues of voicing during the production of Canadian English stops using facial recognition technology (Baltrušaitis et al., 2018) and manual coding (using ELAN 2022). We recorded the audio along with two videos, capturing both front and side views simultaneously, from six native Canadian English speakers. We paid special attention to the throat (larynx), chin, and neck areas which have been understudied by the previous literature. Preliminary data shows expanding movement in the submental triangle and throat during the production of voiced stops compared to voiceless stops. This finding supports tongue body lowering and larynx lowering found in the production of English voiced stops (Westbury, 1983). The comparison between utterance initial stops with post-vocalic stops shows that certain visual cues may be related to phonological voicing categorization irrespective of actual voicing during closure, while others reflect phonetic voicing reality.

Do individual differences correlate across speech perception tasks?

Speech perception requires listeners to take into account acoustic cues as well as lexical context and phonetic (coarticulatory) context. Individuals have been shown to vary in how they integrate these factors. To better understand the sources of these differences, we conducted three phoneme categorization tasks on speech continua with 82 native Canadian English speakers. Task 1 (lexical + coartic) embedded a /s-ʃ/ continuum in lexically biasing contexts (e.g., a(s)ume, a(ʃ)ure) followed by different coarticulatory contexts (rounded or unrounded vowels). Task 2 (lexical) had only lexical context cues for /ɛ/-/ɪ/ vowel continua (e.g., v(ɛ)st, k(ɪ)t). In task 3 (coartic), a /d/-/g/ stop continuum in nonsense syllables followed different coarticulatory contexts (/ar/ or /al/). We found those who used lexical context more used coarticulatory context less in task 1, consistent with prior research. However, this correlation disappears when examined across tasks 2 and 3. We also found no correlation between individual use of lexical and coarticulatory context across tasks, suggesting task dependency. Participants’ use of acoustic continua was positively correlated across tasks, indicating an individual trait for utilizing acoustic cues.

Hunting can increase physical activity of Indigenous peoples in Canada: pixem re yecwme'nstut.

This study examined whether Indigenous peoples could achieve the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines (CPAG) for adults while engaging in the cultural practice of hunting. It was hypothesized that Indigenous hunters would achieve or surpass the physical activity (PA) thresholds set forth by the CPAG on days spent hunting. Step count and heart rate were recorded from six male participants during mule deer hunts and days spent on-reserve. Step count was not statistically different between days spent hunting (28 803±10 657 steps) and on-reserve (15 086±7536 steps) (p=0.10). Time spent in light (257±45 min; p=0.04), moderate (118±71 min; p=0.03), and vigorous (45±42 min; p=0.04) activities while hunting was greater than on-reserve (light, 180±86; moderate, 71±73; vigorous, 7±10 min). The duration of moderate-to-vigorous PA (119±95 min) for an average day hunting nearly meets the weekly CPAG recommendation of 150 min per week and is 1.8× greater than on-reserve (67±80 min). Data suggest that hunting is probably a viable mode of PA for Indigenous adults to achieve health benefits. A strength of this study is the 10 h of daily recording which includes vehicular transportation to remote hunting areas. The duration of very light/sedentary PA did not differ between hunting (233±211 min) and on-reserve (327±164 min; p=0.10), and highlights the importance of modernized vehicles in traditional Indigenous activities. A larger sample size would facilitate greater exploration of transportation, as well as success of the hunt on PA. These data suggest that health researchers and clinicians should consider traditional activities such as hunting as a means for Indigenous adults to increase participation in sufficiently vigorous PA to incur health benefits.

A163 CATCHING CANCERS EARLY? AGE AND STAGE AT DIAGNOSIS OF COLORECTAL CANCER IN FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE IN ONTARIO COMARED TO OTHER ONTARIANS

Abstract Background Historically, Indigenous peoples in Canada were at lower risk for cancer compared to non-Indigenous people. Data from prior to 2010 suggested that First Nations in Ontario had higher incidence & poorer survival from colorectal cancer (CRC). The current project arose from concerns raised by Indigenous partners about community members being diagnosed with colorectal cancer before screening age-eligibility. Aims To examine the age & stage at CRC diagnosis among First Nations people in Ontario (FN) compared to other Ontarians (ON). Methods With Indigenous partner support, approvals were obtained to link health administrative datasets at ICES & Ontario Health. Among others, these datasets included the Ontario Cancer Registry & the Indian Register System, a registry of FN with status, meaning they are on the official record of persons registered under section 6 of Canada’s Indian Act. We created cohorts of FN & ON aged 18-85 from 2000 to 2018, matched 1:5 on sex, age at & year of inception. For the primary analysis, we performed survival analysis, accounting for the competing event of death & using attained age as a time scale. The primary outcome was CRC diagnosis, the primary exposure was FN vs ON & we adjusted for regular screening test use, comorbidity, remoteness & having a regular primary care provider. Similarly, we examined stage at diagnosis, restricting the cohort to 2007+ due to limitations in the stage data. Results Baseline demographics for the 153,300 FN & 766,500 ON included are in the Table. Median (IQR) follow-up was 17 (8-20) & 18 (I8-20) years for FN & ON, respectively (p ampersand:003C0.001). There were 1,156 (0.8%) & 4,249 (0.6%) CRCs diagnosed in FN & ON, respectively (p ampersand:003C0.001). 11,213 (7.3%) FN & 25,732 (3.4%) ON died from other causes (p ampersand:003C0.001). After accounting for the competing event of death, FN were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with CRC at a younger age (HR 1.42, 95%CI: 1.32-1.53) (see Figure) & later stage (HR 1.53, 95%CI: 1.34-1.75) than ON. Conclusions FN with CRC were younger & presented at a later stage compared to ON with CRC. These findings have important implications for CRC screening recommendations for First Nations people in Ontario. Baseline characteristics at cohorts inception IQR, interquartile range A. Cumulative incidence of colorectal cancer (primary event) & death (competing event), comparing First Nations (FN) and other Ontarians (ON). B. Focus on cumulative incidence of colorectal cancer (death as competing event, not shown), comparing FN and ON. Funding Agencies CIHR

A scoping review of Indigenous community-specific physical activity measures developed with and for Indigenous Peoples in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Historical factors including colonization and ongoing socioeconomic inequities impact Indigenous Peoples' ability to mitigate chronic disease risks such as achieving recommended physical activity (PA) levels. Reliably assessing, reflecting, and promoting PA participation among Indigenous Peoples may be impacted by a lack of culturally appropriate assessment methods and meaningful engagement with Indigenous communities throughout the research process. The objectives of this scoping review were to examine: (1) How PA research with Indigenous Peoples used community-specific PA measures developed with and/or for Indigenous Peoples in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand; and (2) How the studies utilized community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles to engage communities. A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases (Web of Science, Medline, University of Saskatchewan Indigenous Portal, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global). Thirty-one (n=31) articles were identified and data extracted for narrative synthesis. Studies using community-specific PA measures have been increasing over time. Adapting questionnaires to traditional Indigenous activities such as cultural dances, ceremonies, and food-gathering activities were the most frequent adjustments undertaken to use community-specific measures. There are, however, gaps in research partnering with communities with only 6% of studies including all eight CBPR principles. Practical ways researchers can engage Indigenous communities and build capacity such as training and employing community members were highlighted. More needs to be done to facilitate community self-determination and develop long-term sustainable initiatives. Using culturally appropriate and relevant methodologies including partnering with Indigenous communities may help identification and implementation of culturally relevant and sustainable health-promoting initiatives.

Food insecurity and its association with multiple health outcomes among Indigenous peoples in Canada: the buffering role of culture-based resources

ABSTRACT Objectives Despite growing interest in the health disparities associated with food insecurity, research focusing on Indigenous peoples has been limited, especially in studies using nationally representative samples. This study investigates the association between food insecurity and various health outcomes – self-rated general and mental health, chronic health conditions, suicidal ideation, and obesity – among Indigenous peoples in Canada. It also explores the potential moderating effects of culture-based resources, which include cultural identity affect, cultural group belonging, cultural engagement, and cultural exploration. Design The study utilized data from the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, a nationally representative sample of First Nations individuals living off-reserve, Métis, and Inuit across Canada (N = 15,533). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Results Food insecurity was negatively associated with all examined health outcomes. Culture-based resources demonstrated a mixture of anticipated and unexpected effects on these relationships. Consistent with the stress process model, cultural group belonging mitigated the negative impact of food insecurity on all health outcomes. A similar pattern was observed for cultural engagement. However, contrary to expectations from the stress-buffering perspective, little evidence was found to support the moderating effects of cultural identity affect and cultural exploration. Conclusion The results underscore the detrimental effects of food insecurity on the health of Indigenous peoples in Canada and suggest that culture-based resources, particularly cultural group belonging, play a crucial role in mitigating health disparities.

Conducting research with Indigenous Peoples in Canada: ethical and policy considerations.

The international context of Indigenous mental health and wellbeing has been shaped by a number of key works recognizing Indigenous rights. Despite international recognitions, the mental health and wellness of Indigenous Peoples continues to be negatively affected by policies that ignore Indigenous rights, that frame colonization as historical rather than ongoing, or that minimize the impact of assimilation. Research institutions have a responsibility to conduct ethical research; yet institutional guidelines, principles, and policies often serve Indigenous Peoples poorly by enveloping them into Western knowledge production. To counter epistemological domination, Indigenous Peoples assert their research sovereignty, which for the purposes of this paper we define as autonomous control over research conducted on Indigenous territory or involving Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous sovereignty might also be applied to research impacting the landscape and the web of animal and spiritual lives evoked in a phrase such as "all my relations." This narrative review of material developed in the Canadian context examines the alignment with similar work in the international context to offer suggestions and a practice-based implementation tool to support Indigenous sovereignty in research related to wellness, mental health, and substance use. The compilation of key guidelines and principles in this article is only a start; addressing deeper issues requires a research paradigm shift.

Ethnofederalism and Indigenous self-determination in Northern Canada and the Russian Federation

ABSTRACT This article explores the impacts of ethnofederalism on the efforts of Indigenous peoples in Canada and the Russian Federation to self-determine in regional contexts that are politically dominated by ethnic groups who constitute national minorities. We compare the evolution of Indigenous governance institutions in Quebec and Sakha (Yakutia), asking whether Indigenous peoples in these jurisdictions have benefitted from the efforts of the titular nationalities (the Quebecois and Sakha) to enhance their own autonomy within their respective federations. We consider whether these constituent units’ governments, as representatives of larger ethnic minorities who have struggled to assert autonomy within a federal system, are more sympathetic to the territorial and political aspirations of smaller Indigenous groups. The article contributes to a dearth of scholarship comparing the efforts of Indigenous peoples in Canada and Russia to achieve greater self-determination. We conclude that while the Inuit of Nunavik in northern Quebec have made significant progress in realizing autonomy, they have been constrained by the political environment in the province. Indigenous peoples in Sakha (Yakutia) have made less progress in terms of securing political autonomy but have benefitted from an alliance with the Sakha in the face of centralizing tendencies at the federal level.

Long Shadows of Racism and Genocide: Learning from Erich Fromm’s Social Psychoanalysis

ABSTRACT As a psychoanalyst, Fromm felt compelled to speak to the social and political crises of his time. Fromm’s social psychoanalysis was a radical departure from the Freudian mainstream and has important implications for how psychoanalysis can address social and political forces today. What is less known and often neglected is the way in which Fromm was himself shaped by the traumatic events of racial discrimination and genocide that marked the twentieth century, particularly the rise of Nazism, virulent anti-Semitism and the Holocaust. This article will weave together Fromm’s life-experience, and that of his family, with his development of key ideas relating to the threat of authoritarianism and racial narcissism. To illustrate the relevance of Fromm’s work in the present moment, I consider the reality of systemic racism and the long shadow of genocide. Drawing on my work as practicing psychoanalyst, I address the racial discrimination experienced by Indigenous peoples in Canada. In the process, I examine how the psychoanalysis and the therapeutic setting is embedded in society and inevitably implicated in the structures of systemic racism.

Edukacja jako narzędzie sprawowania władzy

This article discusses the role of education in the creation of modern society. Drawing upon her observations on the situation of indigenous peoples in Canada and the colonisation processes carried out through education, such as depicted in Joanna Gierak-Onoszko’s reportage 27 śmierci Toby’ego Obeda [The 27 deaths of Toby Obed], the author analyses Natalia Rolleczek’s Drewniany różaniec [The wooden rosary] and Alicja Iwańska’s Baśń amerykańska [The American fairy tale]. The contexts evoked allow for broader reflections on the transformations in education and their significance in contemporary society.

Native Canadian daily life in the Northwest Passage context

This article explores the connection between the indigenous populations of the North and the Canadian government regarding the Northwest Passage in the Arctic region. The significance of indigenous representation in managing the Northwest Passage is emphasized. The challenges faced by small indigenous groups of the Canadian Arctic are addressed, as well as possible solutions through series of mutually beneficial economic and political proposals. Inuit involvement in the management of marine ecosystem goes beyond Canada’s borders. The Arctic Council has demonstrated that permanent participants from Northern Indigenous communities can significantly influence government, especially on Arctic issues. The days when the Arctic was on the outskirts of global political affairs are gone, as are the days of Canada’s previous passive stance towards its assertions of historically internal waters within the Northwest Passage. Advancing the interests of Indigenous peoples of the North is a well-established Canadian position. The utilization of the Arctic territory by these peoples serves as the backbone of Canada’s Arctic State Policy, consistently articulated by the Government of Canada.

Problems Faced by Duty to Consult and the Protection of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada

This paper attempts to analyze the problems faced by the duty to consult doctrine. As an implementation of Section 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982, the duty to consult was first used by the Supreme Court of Canada in the case of Haida Nation in 2004. This doctrine was employed five times by the Supreme Court between 2004 and 2010 to resolve disputes on land and its uses between indigenous people and the Canadian government. In 2018, in the case of Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Governor General in Council), the Supreme Court determined that this doctrine does not apply to the legislature. While welcomed by indigenous people and those fighting for indigenous people's rights, the duty to consult also raises other problems, namely the application of this doctrine and the legal certainty it creates, especially for businesses related to the use of natural resources.

“The Scream”: Using the Visual Critical Pedagogy of Subversive Indigenous Art in the Elementary Classroom to Discomfort the Comforted and Activate the Empathic, Ethical, and Relational Dimensions of Reconciliation

This paper uncovers my journey as K-12 practitioner in British Columbia towards exploring the use of “subversive art” as a “visual critical pedagogy” (Gil-Glazier,2015; Naidus,2005; Peters, 2016; Zorilla & Tisdell, 2016) to advance my students and myself towards reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples in Canada. I use the powerfully unsettling painting done by Cree artist, Kent Monkman, titled “The Scream”, as a springboard for this inquiry. “The Scream” provides an Indigenous counternarrative to the colonial versions of residential school histories and has the potential to progress practitioners and students towards actionable reconciliation by activating their empathic and ethical consciousness. I attempt in this essay to weave together a cluster of concepts, as I explore: (a) the nature and evolution of truth in BC’s elementary school curriculum (Andersen, 2017); (b) the historical establishment of the curriculum in a positivist modality (Gadamer, 2013; Greene, 1975; Marker 2004); (c) Greene’s (1995) argument that aesthetic education can help students and practitioners to engage meaningfully with difficult knowledge; (d) Greene’s (1977, 1995) philosophy of wide-awakeness, through which students and practitioners can activate the power of difficult knowledge; (e) Gadamer’s (2013) “fusion of horizons” as a means by which wide-awakeness can function in this context; (f) “subversive art” as a form of “visual critical pedagogy” (Gil-Glazer, 2015); (g) and the critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire. I braid these concepts together using the scholarship of Indigenous scholar, Michael Marker (1951-2021) to provide the pedagogical rationale for my determination to establish the visual critical pedagogy of “subversive art” in my classroom.
 
 Key Words
 Subversive art, Visual critical pedagogy, Reconciliation, K-12 education, Practitioner inquiry

Contaminated sites and Indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States: A scoping review.

Indigenous communities are disproportionately exposed to contaminated sites, and this poses unique challenges as many Indigenous peoples consider land as an integral part of their culture and economy. This scoping review aimed to identify and map information on contaminated sites and Indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States, namely (1) the relationship between contaminated sites and Indigenous peoplesand their land and food systems; (2) strategies, challenges, and successes for contaminated sites assessment and management on Indigenous land; and (3) Indigenous leadership and inclusion in contaminated site assessment and management. We followed a PRISMA-ScR (Transparent Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist to collect data that could be categorized into these three objectives. Between October 2021 and July 2023, information from three data streams was retrieved: a systematic literature search; a grey literature search; and federal site data retrieval (Canada's Federal Contaminated Sites Inventory, USEPA's contaminated sites databases, including Superfund). This search yielded 51 peer-reviewed articles, 21 grey literature articles, and 11 404 federal site records, evidencing the contamination of the lands of 875 Indigenous communities and the presence of 440 different contaminants or contaminant groups. The body of information was categorized into three themes within the above objectives: Objective 1: Indigenous communities and geographic patterns; Contaminated sites, sources, and media; Contaminated sites and Indigenous lands; Contaminated sites and Indigenous food systems; Contaminated sites and the health of Indigenous peoples; Objective 2: Site management and classification processes; Health risk assessment; Risk management; Long-term management; and Objective 3: Collaborative research, Collaborative site management; Traditional knowledge and contaminated sites. Results highlighted a need to prioritize holism, efficiency, and Indigenous leadership in site assessment, management, and research, including a focus on community-specific approaches to site assessment and management; a reconceptualization of risks that privileges Indigenous epistemologies; and greater collaboration between stakeholder networks. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1306-1329. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

Non-Indigenous and Indigenous food-related interactions: How does the transmission of a normativity perpetuate colonialism?

Type 2 diabetes has been considered an epidemic among Indigenous Peoples in Canada. They also suffer more from obesity than non-Indigenous people in the country, a condition that is considered an epidemic worldwide. Various public health and social services professionals are working in Indigenous communities across the country to raise awareness about certain lifestyle habits. The main objective of this article is to analyze the food normativity transmitted to an Indigenous population and to examine its reception. More specifically, the aim is to understand the opportunities of transmission (content and format) and the relational dynamics that these encounters between mostly non-Indigenous professionals and Indigenous Peoples imply. The analysis is based on an ethnographic fieldwork in the Anicinabe community of Lac Simon (Abitibi, Quebec). Conducted with a relational approach, interviews and participant observation were carried out. It appears that the Anicinabek have a great knowledge of the "good" eating habits as defined by a biomedical food normativity. A reflexive analysis of my presence in the community as a non-Indigenous anthropologist and an analysis of the Anicinabek's responses to food recommendations lead me to argue that a form of food colonialism, inscribed in welfare (assistance) colonialism, persists while food surveillance seems to be integrated by the Anicinabek. This food normativity is the bearer of a biomedical conception of food and the colonial history of the country colours its transmission to Indigenous Peoples. Greater autonomy, namely Indigenous food sovereignty, seems necessary to deconstruct this food assistance structure.

Entrepreneurship by indigenous people in Canada and Australia: diverse modes and community implications

PurposeEntrepreneurship by Indigenous people in Canada and Australia, while historically connected to the ancestral lands and traditional practices of Indigenous people, has been evolving and expanding in scope and nature. In this article, the authors aim to offer an integrative framework for capturing the contemporary dynamics and outcomes of entrepreneurship by Indigenous people as they pursue venture creation as part of their broader development aspirations.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on literature from place-based views of entrepreneurship and social identity theory, the authors develop a typology to account for four modes of entrepreneurship by Indigenous people along two contextual dimensions – Indigenous territory and Indigenous marker.FindingsIndigenous practicing entrepreneurship may choose to conduct business within or outside of traditional lands and demonstrate more or less indigeneity in their business activities as they marshal resources and seek opportunities. The authors identify how these diverse Indigenous businesses contribute to the economic development among Indigenous communities as part of their ongoing struggle to rebuild their “nations” using business.Originality/valueThis article contributes by differentiating sociocultural vs economic resources in noneconomic contexts to develop a theoretical typology of Indigenous entrepreneurship. By detailing the relations between Indigenous territories and Indigenous lands and between Indigenous identity and Indigenous markers, the authors contribute to a more nuanced and practical conceptualization of Indigenous entrepreneurship.

Indigenous Support Services: A National Survey of Canadian Cardiac Centres.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined in Canada due to lifestyle improvements and medical advancements. However, Indigenous CVD morbidity and mortality rates have increased (1). Indigenous patient support services facilitate healthcare access and improve CVD management. We assessed whether services are being accessed appropriately by surveying physicians' self-reported experiences with their centre's Indigenous support services as outcomes. Evidently, Indigenous patient support services exist, but gaps in consistently accessing culturally specific services are evident. Recognition of protective factors such as culturally specific support services are crucial to address disparities and provide competent CVD care for Indigenous people in Canada (Supplementary Material 1).

Food insecurity as a mediator and moderator in the association between residential mobility and suicidal ideation among Indigenous adults in Canada.

Despite a growing body of literature on the link between residential mobility and suicidal ideation, research into potential mediating or moderating factors, especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, is sparse. This study explores the mediating and moderating roles of food insecurity in the relationship between residential mobility and suicidal ideation in Indigenous Canadian adults. Data from the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, which represent a national sample of off-reserve First Nations peoples, Métis, and Inuit in Canada (N = 16,214), were analyzed using logistic regression models. Food insecurity partially mediated the association between residential mobility in the past 5years and increased suicidal ideation risk among Indigenous adults. Moreover, food insecurity intensified the adverse link between residential mobility during this same timeframe and suicidal ideation. Yet, while food insecurity did mediate the adverse relationship between residential mobility in the past year and suicidal ideation, it did not function as a moderator. The results emphasize that food insecurity, as a systemic challenge, acts as both a partial mediator and, in some circumstances, an amplifier of the detrimental impacts of residential mobility on suicidal ideation.

Cash Economy and Store-Bought Food Biases in Food Security Assessments of Inuit Nunangat

Researchers, community organisations, and Inuit leaders increasingly question the suitability of methods to assess the prevalence of food insecurity in Inuit Nunangat (the Inuit homeland in Canada). Of particular contention is the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM), applied in modified form as part of Health Canada’s nationwide Canadian Community Health (CCHS) and Aboriginal Peoples Surveys. The 18-question HFSSM is the primary survey tool used by the Government of Canada to assess food security prevalence, yet the Module asks only about the affordability of store-bought foods (also termed ‘market foods’ elsewhere in literature) when collecting data to designate food security status. This is despite communities in Inuit Nunangat having complex ‘dual’ or ‘mixed’ food systems and foodways: relying on foods harvested from ancestral lands (country foods) in combination with store-bought foods to sustain mixed cash-subsistence economies and diets. Sourcing country foods requires money for the purchase of equipment and machinery. However, they also have numerous access and availability criteria dictated by non-financial factors. In this paper, we explore the problem of the monetary bias (the focus on an individual or household’s ability to purchase foods) in the HFSSM and discuss the knock-on effects of using monetary metrics as the sole means of measuring and monitoring food security in dual food environments. We contend that relying on monetary access as a measure presents an incomplete picture of the reality of food insecurity in Inuit Nunangat. Presently, there is little consideration of the nuance of social norms and cultural values that govern dual food systems or the importance of less tangible non-financial factors that might affect food access (e.g. knowledge of where and how to harvest and maintain machinery, suitable environmental conditions for travel, conducive harvest regulations, social relationships, and ecological stability). Ultimately, this contributes to restricted policy-level understandings of what it means to ensure stable, culturally adequate, and just food systems, and limits self-determination in northern food environments.

The Human Toll of Collective Trauma: The Ravages of War and Persecution

This paper explores the concept of historical trauma (HT) as an extension of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), expanding the definition to encompass the accumulated emotional and psychological trauma across generations and lifespans. Coined by Lakota social work professor Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart, HT refers to the enduring impact of abuse and displacement on marginalized groups, such as enslaved African Blacks, Native Americans, Indigenous people in Canada, and others globally. HT becomes ingrained in cultural memory, impacting individuals with symptoms including depression, survivor guilt, anger, substance abuse, hypervigilance, and more.Examining the distinction between history and collective memory, the paper delves into the effects of persecution and oppression on specific groups, emphasizing chronic and severe stress. The focus extends to genocides worldwide, exploring maternal stress's impact on fetal development, drawing insights from events like the Ice Storm in Quebec, the Leningrad siege, and the Dutch famine. The paper concludes by questioning whether interventions can mitigate the maternal/paternal transmission of stress-induced pathologies, providing avenues for further research and potential solutions to alleviate the enduring effects of historical trauma.