Indigenous Development Research Articles

Mistik Management Ltd.: clearing the way for economic reconciliation

Theoretical basis To ensure that students are well prepared to successfully analyze this case, they should be familiar with the following concepts, theories and principles: ▪ Stakeholder theory ▪ Concept of duty to consult and accommodate ▪ Concept of social license to operate (SLO) ▪ Concept of indigenous economic self-determination ▪ Indigenous world view ▪ Seventh generation principle ▪ Cree principles ▪ Dene principles Research methodology The information provided in this case was gathered by the authors through face-to-face interviews, phone interviews, e-mail exchanges and secondary research. Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC) separates business operations from council operations through use of corporate entities (as shown in Exhibit 1 of the case). Meadow Lake Tribal Council II (MLTCII) is the corporate entity that oversees two companies referenced in the case: Mistik Management and NorSask Forest Products LP. Interviews were conducted with the General Manager at Mistik Management, Certification Coordinator at Mistik Management, Chief of Buffalo River Dene Nation, Chief of Waterhen Lake First Nation, MLTC Vice-Chief, Board Member and Advisor to MLTCII, President and CEO of MLTCII, MLTCII Business Development Consultant and a former consultant with MLTC, NorSask Forest Products and Mistik Management. Case overview/synopsis Mistik Management Ltd., a forestry management company co-owned by the nine First Nations of MLTC, was a leader in economic reconciliation in 2022. However, the company had dealt with significant challenges not long after it was established in 1989. Richard Gladue, former Chief of the one of MLTCs Member First Nations and a leader in economic development at MLTC, had been actively involved in establishing the organization. Gladue loved the life and vitality of the boreal forest in the Meadow Lake region and felt a sense of responsibility to take care of the forest and the land for generations to come. This responsibility was balanced with the acknowledgement that the forest also provided vast economic development, employment and wealth generation opportunities for MLTC and its Member First Nations. In the early 1990s, MLTC and Mistik Management dealt with a year-long blockade by a group of protesters that included members of Canoe Lake Cree First Nation, one of the Member First Nations of MLTC. They had not been consulted on Mistik’s processes and policies, and the company’s clear-cut logging had affected their ability to continue their traditional way of life and practices on the land. After the incident, Mistik Management moved more quickly to invest in a co-management process that they were still refining and using in 2022 when consulting with Indigenous groups and communities. A natural resource economy brings together Indigenous peoples, industry and government. In this case, students will learn about the important role that relationships play and how decisions are made when balancing complex legal, environmental and economic interests. Students will learn about the history of duty to consult and accommodate in Canada; conduct a stakeholder analysis and reflect on how decisions affect stakeholder interests; and make recommendations for meaningful Indigenous engagement strategies using the concept of social license and indigenous principles. Complexity academic level This case is suitable for use in undergraduate courses on indigenous business, ethical decision-making, public policy and/or natural resource development. There may also be applications in other fields of study, including anthropology, economics and political science. If the case is used in an indigenous business course, it would be best positioned in the last third of the class, after topics such as duty to consult and accommodate, social license and meaningful engagement with indigenous communities have been covered. If used in an ethical decision-making course, it would be best used when discussing stakeholder theory and engaging in stakeholder analysis. If used in a public policy course, the case could be used to start a discussion around the duty to consult and accommodate indigenous communities in Canada. If used in a natural resource development course, the case would be best used as an example of indigenous economic development.

Design and analysis of cooling jacket developed for vacuum power tubes by multiphase cooling

The vacuum tubes are used extensively in electronic industries. The MW level of vacuum tube are used in RF amplifiers and microwave sources in different sectors like defence, nuclear energy, satellites and medical diagnostics. The first step in the indigenous development of MW level of vacuum tube is the design of its cooling jacket. The cooling jacket of vacuum tubes use hypervapotron (HV) fins which are known for providing efficient cooling in compact space. The key objectives of this paper are to finalize the jacket’s construction material, evaluate the cooling jacket’s heat transfer performance at the MW level of RF (radiofrequency) power, and forecast safe operating conditions for given conditions of high heat flux and water flow rates. In this design, the vacuum tubes’ external dimensions are taken into consideration when designing the cooling jacket. ETP copper (Electrolytic Tough Pitch copper) and copper-chromium-zirconium (CuCrZr) are likely materials for the jacket’s construction. For the aforementioned design of the cooling jacket, FEA (Finite Element Analysis) simulations using a steady-state thermal module and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using an ANSYS CFX module are described for flow rates of 15, 30, and 60 lpm (liters per minute) and the heat flux 1, 2, 4, and 6 MW m−2. The results of CFD and FEA simulations are found to be in close agreement. A small deviation in results is seen after the start of nucleate boiling. 30 and 60 lpm are desirable flow rates for high heat flux values greater than 2 MW m−2. CuCrZr is the ideal material for a cooling jacket’s construction as it has safe working temperature limit of 350 °C at high heat flux values. Also, 15 lpm flow rate should be avoided while using this cooling jacket at heat flux values greater than or equal to 6 MW m−2.

Spatial distribution of indigenous climate indicator development for rural smallholder farmers in Nkomazi local municipality, South Africa

This study aimed at smallholder farmers to use their indigenous knowledge in combination with modern climate indicators when making farming decisions in Nkomazi Local Municipality, South Africa. Twelve villages were sampled in Nkomazi municipality based on their use of IKS with 100 participants applying both qualitative and quantitative research methods. ArcMap v10.7.1 software was used to map the distribution of indigenous climate indicators in these villages, and SPSS v25.0 software was used to analyse the quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed through thematic analysis which is used to interpret patterns of meaning within qualitative data. The most used indicators smallholder farmers relied on for weather predictions included animals (31%) followed by plants (26%). The Poynton model predicted negative results with a 50C temperature increase, meaning that if the hot temperatures continue rising, the farmers' indigenous indicators will decline or disappear, making it difficult for rural smallholder farmers to make informed farm-level decisions. Therefore, the study suggests an integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and local knowledge to adapt to climate change, have access to updated agricultural information and ability to make informed farm-level decisions.

Light Weight Propulsion System Development for UAVS

UAV has established itself as one of the major force multipliers for many applications of various armies throughout the world. These UAVs employ different kinds of machines as propulsion systems. Both the Reciprocating and Rotary engines are the leading contenders amongst these machines. Performance parameters like power to weight ratio, specific fuel consumption and the limited number of requirement of UAV engines call for a development methodology very specific to these engines. Related aspects of development methodology and proving of a modular series of single, twin and four cylinder two-stroke engines indigenously developed for UAV are reported in the paper. Technologies so developed for said series of UAV engines are presented in this paper. Endurance tests as well as limited trials conducted with airframe are also included. Grey areas as foreseen in the indigenous development technologies of rotary engines have been brought out.

Case Study on Habitat, Heritage, and Handicrafts for Indigenous Tourism Development in the Kuala Kangsar District, Malaysia

Case Study on Habitat, Heritage, and Handicrafts for Indigenous Tourism Development in the Kuala Kangsar District, Malaysia

Indene, indane and naphthalene in a mixture with BTEX affect aerobic compound biodegradation kinetics and indigenous microbial community development

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) are common pollutants often found in former gasworks sites together with some other contaminants like indene, indane and naphthalene (Ie, Ia, N). This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory or stimulative substrate interactions between BTEX, and Ie, Ia, N during aerobic biodegradation. For this, batch bottles, containing originally anaerobic subsurface sediments, groundwater and indigenous microorganisms from a contaminated former gasworks site, were spiked with various substrate combinations (BTEX, BTEXIe, BTEXIa, BTEXN, BTEXIeIa, BTEXIeN, BTEXIaN, BTEXIeIaN). Subsequently concentrations were monitored over time. For the BTEXIeIaN mixture, initial concentrations were between 1 and 5 mg L-1, and all compounds were completely degraded by the microbial consortia within 39 days of incubation. The experimental data were fitted to a first order kinetic degradation model for interpretation of inhibition/stimulation between the compounds. Results showed that indene, indane, and naphthalene inhibited the degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, with benzene being the most affected. M/p-xylene is the only compound whose biodegradation is stimulated by the presence of indene and indane (individually or mixed) but inhibited by the presence of naphthalene. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed differentiation in the microbial communities within the batches with different substrate mixtures, especially within the two microbial groups Micrococcaceae and Commamonaceae. Indene had more effect on the BTEX microbial community than indane or naphthalene and the presence of indene increased the relative abundance of Micrococcaceae family. In conclusion, co-presence of various pollutants leads to differentiation in degradation processes as well as in microbial community development. This sheds some light on the underlying reasons for that organic compounds present in mixtures in the subsurface of former gasworks sites are either recalcitrant or subjective towards biodegradation, and this understanding helps to further improve the bioremediation of such sites.

Toward an Indigenous development sociology methodology: social reality and change in the Palestinian context

This article discusses findings from a dissertation research project in the Palestinian village of Ni’lin in relation to the synthesis of an actor-oriented methodological approach with Indigenous theory. Through this synthesis, the article proposes a theoretical and methodological approach for studying settler colonialism and social transformations in Palestinian contexts. It also adapts the methodology, allowing enriching development theory to account for settler colonial settings and the case of Palestine. It shows the value of critical events, as sites to study historicity, violence, and resistance, highlighting the important interaction of individual and collective actors with culture and larger frames of meaning in relation to Indigenous resurgence.

Indigenous Development of Epoxy Resin System for Cryogenic Services and Fusion Application

An epoxy resin system is used in a superconducting tokamak to insulate the conducting components, such as superconducting windings, cooling pipes, metal electrodes, and bonding and sealing of dissimilar material joints at cryogenic temperature. The main aim is to develop and fabricate the dissimilar material joints of metal and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) polymer in the form of cryogenic components for the superconducting fusion magnet. To bond and fabricate the dissimilar joints, the epoxy resin needs to have low viscosity, good adhesion, resistance to moisture, long usable life, and high toughness at low temperatures. A two-component-modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy resin was formulated with a modified polyamine-based hardener. To increase the toughness and minimize the induced thermal stress at low temperatures, a silane coupling agent, gamma-aminopropyltrithoxysilane, was used for its superior bonding and fast curing process. The tensile strength examination test results were found to 85 MPa, as per the International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 527-2, and an interlaminar shear strength of 12 MPa was found, as per the American Society for Testing and Materials standard ASTM D5868 at 77 K, respectively. The mechanical performance enhancements at 77 K overcome the issue of cracks and helium leaks that develop at cryogenic temperatures, as reported. The dissimilar material joints fabricated using the epoxy resin in the form of a cryo component have been validated in machine with an acceptable helium leak tightness of 1.0E-08 mbar-l/s. In this work, we report on the development, mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance tests, the testing and failures of various epoxy resins systems used, and the cryo components at 300 and 77 K.

Qualification of Compressor Impeller for Aero-Engine Application

This paper presents the approach for qualification of indigenously developed compressor impeller for aero engine application. Indigenisation is understood to be the most important tool for effective technical empowerment of a developing nation. Indigenisation philosophy is adopted by several countries in various fields such as power, infrastructure, aerospace, military equipments and etc. Indigenous development fills the technical, financial and time frame gap between imports and ab-initio design and development. Hence, for a healthy technical growth of any developing nation, Indigenous development activities should go along with ab-initio design activities. Indigenous development has become an integral process of activities of Defence sectors due to its potential benefits. Indian defence imports stands at staggering 65 % of the total defence acquisition. In order to make the best use of indigenization opportunities in the defence sector, conservative figures would suggest an amount more than 100,000 crores. This gives an indication of the potential and benefits of indigenous development in defence sectors.
 In this paper a methodology for indigenous development of a military turboshaft engine compressor impeller is discussed. This activity has enabled uninterrupted supply of the component and a substantial Foreign Exchange savings. This paper specifies the various tests conducted over the forging. It also brings out the results of cyclic spin test on the component for 22500 cycles as life substantiation, 15% and 22% over speed test as structural integrity substantiation and 150 hours type test on engine for quality and assembly substantiation.
 This indigenous development procedure described in this paper can be readily extended to suitable critical aero engine component.

Indigenous Development of a High Force Rating Electrodynamic Shaker System

In launch vehicles, all systems are subjected to vibration environment during flight. Vibration tests are performed to find out structural integrity and performance of the system for the intended use in a launch vehicle, under vibration environment. The vibration tests are carried out by employing suitable shaker as stand alone unit or with combination of slip table, depending upon the type of vibration levels and axis of vibration. Out of different types of shakers, electrodynamic shakers have wide frequency range so that the sine, shock and random tests are possible.
 The force requirement of a shaker is dictated by the mass of the systems to be tested and the test levels. ISRO’ future vehicle sub assemblies, demand nearly 250 kN force capacity for the shaker. Indigenous development of such a high capacity system was initiated first time in the country, for self reliance in designing and realizing such high capacity test systems and to meet the schedule critical launch vehicle sub assembly test activities. This paper describes the challenges in the development of such a high capacity system in Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Trivandrum.

Expertise as a Response to Limited Multilateralism: The Case of South Korea's Vaccine Procurement Task Force for COVID-19 Vaccines amid Unequal Access via the COVAX Facility

This study investigates South Korea's trials and errors in procuring COVID-19 vaccines from abroad, amid the limitations of a multilateral scheme for global provision through the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) program via the World Health Organization (WHO) and the discussions on COVID-19 vaccine patent waivers at the World Trade Organization. Using the framework of “self-help” in the international system and country categorization to explicate country behaviors by state-business relations and expertise to explain South Korea's COVID-19 vaccine procurement process, this study argues that in the absence of a global mechanism that guarantees adequate and timely vaccine provision, countries are left to the sole option of depending on their own capabilities: expertise, budget, and policy planning by consolidating public and private capacities to acquire vaccines for the public. To support the argument, an in-depth case investigation of South Korea's Vaccine Procurement Task Force is presented. The case study focuses on the policy assessment of critical elements in South Korea's vaccine procurement and rollout on facing obstacles to sufficient procurement through COVAX: decision-making impacting the timing and dosage of procurement, diplomatic and business channels to sign bilateral contracts, setup of a smart-factory vaccination hub, and indigenous vaccine development for WHO approval.

Development of Indigenous Helicopters in India - Historical Perspective, Challenges and Future Potential

In independent India, design and manufacturing of aircrafts is intricately linked to Government labs and Defence Public Sectors. In case of fixed wing aircrafts, there are more than one design agencies in addition to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), such as ADA, DRDO and NAL. However, in case of rotary wing aircrafts, HAL is the only company involved in the design and development of helicopters.This paper is an attempt to chronicle the journey of HAL, from a licence producer of helicopters starting in 1964 to becoming a key player in design and production of indigenous helicopters. The journey had its ups and downs, trials and tribulations, leading to success. The paper addresses the Design and manufacturing challenges faced during the development.
 That HAL rolled out its 300th production helicopter of Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) in September 2020, bears testimony of its perseverance. Presently, HAL has come a long way and has emerged as a major company in India which is capable of design, development, testing, integration and certification of indigenous helicopters and augmented with capability in production, maintenance, repair and overhaul of helicopters. The experience reveals that indigenous design and development has its own share of uncertainties and risks and hence will suffer from time over run due to inexperience, design iterations, performance issues, lack of manufacturing capabilities and limitations in eco-system etc. while bringing out first product. However, things improve with consecutive products. The hard truth is that the only path left to the developing countries, is to start the design (if required with design consultancy from abroad), make sincere efforts to learn through mistakes, sweat it out and improve the product.

Indigenous Development of Titanium Compressor Blade For Turbofan Engine

The Indigenous development of titanium compressor blade was taken up for turbofan engine for aeronautical applications. This titanium compressor blade is classified as flight safety critical part due to its rotating nature in dynamic load conditions. This blade is made from precision forging in titanium material with strength class of 880-1130 MPa. The material produced in accordance with this specification is melted by the triple VAR process or the cold hearth plus VAR process. The material specification calls for compliance on requirements on a forging lot/heat-treat lot/ingot for metallurgical defects like High Interstitial Defects (HID) "Type I" alpha defects, High-Density Inclusions (HDI), High-alpha defects ("Type II" alpha defect), Beta flecks, Clean shrinkage porosity and Strain-induced porosity. The forging required for compressor blade was developed as per approved test schedule, machined for finished dimensions and assembled and type tested in turbofan engine for its qualification. The titanium compressor blade was cleared for production after successfully completing stipulated qualification requirements. This paper covers the approach toward indigenous development of aero-engine titanium compressor blade forging, machining, assembly and its qualification testing in details

Need Analysis in Aspect of Akhlak for Indigenous Muallaf Development Module

Need Analysis in Aspect of Akhlak for Indigenous Muallaf Development Module

The Pre-Aksumite Period: indigenous origins and development in the Horn of Africa

ABSTRACT The Pre-Aksumite Period (mid-second to late first millennia BC) witnessed the rise of complex societies in the Horn of Africa. Archaeological survey and excavations in the Gulo Makeda region of Eastern Tigrai by the Eastern Tigrai Archaeological Project (ETAP) have produced new data and insights into this critical juncture in the cultural history of the region. Based on data from Mezber and other archaeological sites, we present a new Pre-Aksumite chronology and discuss the material culture, settlement, political organisation, economy, agricultural history and regional interactions of this period. We recommend the use of the term ‘Pre-Aksumite Period’ to encompass this time when the earliest polities developed in the region. Mezber provides us with a glimpse into the lifeways of indigenous peoples inhabiting the northern Horn of Africa who encountered South Arabian visitors to the region during the early first millennium BC. Data from Mezber shift our focus from external influences to considering the culture and development of autochthonous peoples of the Ethiopian/Eritrean highlands who had an active role in negotiating cultural contacts. This perspective constitutes a missing piece of the puzzle needed to better understand the broader socio-economic, political and cultural dynamics of the Pre-Aksumite Period.

Folklore narratives on the toponymy of the Russian Far North (Based on the Yukaghir, Even, and Yakut languages)

ABSTRACT We examine the historical toponymic system of the Russian Far North in the context of folklore traditions of Indigenous peoples of the North. Our methodology is narrative analysis, aimed at identifying the semantic features of toponyms, whose origins lie in traditional legends and tales. We treat toponyms as geocultural codes, which provide not only ethnocultural data but also geographic and spatial information. We present shared patterns in the naming practices of geo-objects among the Yukaghirs, Evens, and Yakuts (Sakha), and the ways that these practices are rooted in folklore. We also examine ethno-cultural differences in toponym naming among these three groups. We identify four broad strategies in the naming of geo-objects in northern regions: anthroponymic, commemoration of events, after sacred concepts, and after common household objects and concepts. In addition to linguistic information encoded by toponyms, it is also possible to establish extralinguistic information about the historical settlement of different peoples, contact among them, and their societal values. Such anthropological studies are relevant for onomastics and linguistic typology. Through the present study, we are able to gain a better understanding of Indigenous cultural development in the Russian Far North and the nature of inter-ethnic relations before written history.

Integrating Indigenous Game-Based Activity in Promoting Interactive Learning Development among Grade 10 Students

Achieving quality education in the Philippines remains a knotty long-term task and continues to baffle all sectors of our society. Thus, this study determined the relationship between integration of indigenous game-based activity and interactive learning development among grade 10 students. This study employed random sampling technique in choosing the required number of respondents. They were surveyed on their profile and their level of perception in indigenous game-based activities and development in interactive learning. This study implied a questionnaire as a main tool for data collection. The gathered data obtained from their responses to the administered survey questionnaire underwent statistically treated with frequency and percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r. The study revealed that the respondents are mostly 15 years old, 52.7% of the respondents are female, most of the respondents has 3 siblings, 40% of them are first child and 75.5% of the respondents are Roman Catholic. The study found that the relationship between game-based activities and interactive Learning among 10th -grade students varied depending on the specific learning scenario. While there was no significant relationship in group work, there was significant positive relationships in small group and think-pair-share activities. Integration of Indigenous Games is highly recommended to contribute to our understanding of how game-based activities can be used to enhance interactive Learning in educational settings, and provide important insights for educators and designers looking to incorporate games into their teaching practices.

Indigenous Cattle (A2 Cattle) Conservation and Development- A Crucial Socioeconomic Component: A Review

In the current assessment, an effort was made to examine Indigenous cattle, significant milch, drought-resistant and dual-purpose breeds for genetic advancement, conservation and future research. The flat forehead, drooping ears, fatty hump on the shoulders, and huge dewlap are traits of indigenous cattle. Along with producing A2 milk, they are renowned for withstanding heat, illness resistance, immunity to ticks and parasites and low maintenance requirements. The main causes of the extinction of indigenous cow breeds are crossbreeding with alien breeds, economic viability issues, marketing issues, low milk output, low milk fat percentage, utility loss, decrease in herd size and extensive mechanisation of agricultural operations. By raising public awareness of the benefits of the Indigenous cow breed and conducting research on them, indigenous cattle can be preserved. The term “conservation” refers to the preservation of genetic potential as well as its improvement and maintenance of a breed for use in the future. In the future, genetic advancement and conservation should be combined. The regional gene banks creation and inclusion of breeder communities, Gaushalas, NGOs and other pertinent parties in conservation initiatives.

Indigenous legal forms and governance structures in renewable energy: Assessing the role and perspectives of First Nations economic development corporations

In the literature on community energy, there has been little exploration of how legal forms affect the governance structures employed and resulting impacts to communities. In a settler colonial context like Canada, renewable energy transitions and projects will take place on or near Indigenous traditional territories. In the emerging body of knowledge around Indigenous community involvement in renewable energy the role of the Indigenous economic development corporation (EDCs), a uniquely Indigenous legal form has had little attention. Although a range of governance structures that could support renewable energy projects exist; what has not been explored are which legal forms tend to employ specific governance structures. Employing a national dataset, surveys and interviews, this study assesses the experience and involvement of Indigenous EDCs as a legal form in renewable energy projects, the governance structures EDCs employ, and how these governance structures respond to the needs for self-determination and decision-making power of Indigenous communities. The findings show that at least 26 EDCs are involved in renewable energy projects, that EDCs tend to use economic instruments, while political organizations, (e.g., Band Council), tend to use political instruments, such as impact and benefit agreements (IBAs). Interviewed and surveyed EDCs agreed that ownership of a project is more beneficial than IBAs that tend to be short lived. Although full ownership denotes control over a project, which aligns with UNDRIP, the desired level of ownership varies depending on a variety of factors, such as comfort with risk and how provincial context affects preferred ownership structures.

Native American youth finding self through digital story telling

AbstractThis holistic single‐case study aimed to understand the impact of digital story telling (DST) on the identity expressions of Native American youth. The question that guided the study asks, ‘How do Native American adolescents in a rural, tribal‐run after‐school programme for Indigenous youth explore and express who they are through digital story telling?’ Five Indigenous youth enrolled in a tribal‐run after‐school programme participated in the study and completed a digital story telling project that contained multiple components and interviews. Data sources included funds of knowledge maps, shields, story scripts, storyboards, interview transcripts, and digital videos. Thematic analysis was the overarching method used to identify themes. The researchers also conducted constant comparison, content analysis, and/or intertextual transcription to analyse specific data types. Findings indicate the youth enjoyed the DST process, explored and solidified their personal identities, and discovered personal strength. The findings also suggest that DST enabled the youth to draw upon cultural knowledges, literacies, and personal experiences to establish their identities and make sense of the world around them. Furthermore, findings reveal the continued presence of racism in society and schools and the need to transform schools into sites that embrace and support Indigenous knowledges, languages, literacies, and identity development of Indigenous students.