Indigenous Agents Research Articles

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671

COLONIALISMO, CRISTÃOS E ESPORTE: A IGREJA CATÓLICA E O FUTEBOL EM GOA, 1883-1951

The chapter uses the development of football in Goa, the Portuguese colony in India until 1961, as a case study with which to critique existing histories of sport and colonialism. The start point of the article is that when taken together existing studies of football in particular, and to an extent sport in general, in colonial contexts bear a range of similarities. Broadly speaking a model can be drawn from them, one in which Christian missionary activity and colonial government projects act to introduce and encourage western sports among colonized populations who then eventually adopt and adapt the games. The Goa example offers a fresh perspective as it argues that while elements of the story of football there are familiar from these other studies, the role of indigenous agents in propagating the game at its earliest stages is crucial to understanding how the sport took off and became embedded in local society and culture.Keywords: History. Football. Colonialism.

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583-1671 (review)

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583-1671 (review)

:Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583-1671

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Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583-1671 (review)

Reviewed by: Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583-1671 Gonzalo Lamana Keywords John Charles, Gonzalo Lamana, Spanish colonialism, Colonial Peru, Andean Catholic Church, Andean Church Assistants, religious conversion, Literacy and Colonialism, Religious Syncretism, lettered city, Quechua Catechesis, Khipus, Idolatry in the Andes, Violence and Conversion, Extirpation of Idolatries, Legal Discourse, Dos Repúblicas Charles, John . Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583-1671. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 2010. xi + 283 pp. Allies at Odds fleshes out a largely understudied yet important group of indigenous agents which specialized scholars will have to address from now on: local native church assistants in the territory of the Archbishopric of Lima, Peru. It studies cases from ecclesiastic courts filed between 1583 and 1671—dates set, respectively, by the Third Lima Provincial Ecclesiastic Council and the end of the tenure of archbishop Pedro de Villagómez, a staunch supporter of the campaigns to extirpate idolatries from indigenous communities (the equivalent of inquisitorial processes for Indians). Although their existence was known to specialized scholars, the book is the only sustained attempt at fleshing out and shedding some light on this previously largely anonymous group that played the role of intermediaries between the Spanish clergy and native peoples. While Charles often uses the same sources that studies of resistance to Spanish colonialism and religious conversion do (extirpation records), he situates his analysis in contrast to those studies' well-known frame: Indians vs. Spaniards. He recognizes that in some "extreme cases" (8) such [End Page 153] a frame characterizes religious dynamics, but argues that most often conflicts were more complex, even heterogeneous: a number of indigenous and Spanish actors allied and confronted each other along lines other than ethnoracial ones. Drawing on studies that put forward the key role of mediators in the everyday works of Spanish colonialism,1 Charles calls for the need to adopt "a single framework of analysis" (10) that does away with the model of the two repúblicas that Spanish administrators strived to enforce and specialized scholars have, either explicitly or implicitly, often adopted. The trials, he claims, show that "shared religious interests and political commitments" created "elastic ties and discontinuities between all colonial participants" (194), which short-circuited colonial boundaries as they have so often been conceived. The material the book presents is also relevant beyond the field of Andean religious studies. It offers an almost unique window into the peers and contemporaries of some of the most well-known indigenous intellectuals in the Americas, like Guaman Poma de Ayala or Pachacute Yamqui Salcamaygua. These flesh-and-bone literate Indians found throughout the Andes are also relevant to scholarly debates about writing and colonialism. Their use of literacy and legal language against their masters' ends makes clear that there was no abyss separating indigenous peoples and the "lettered city," be it in terms of the medium of expression (the oral vs. written model) or in terms of the social milieu and concepts used. The structure of Allies at Odds resembles that of social history studies in two ways. First, the interpretive effort focuses on a "broader context" (12) that is always social; although several of the fascinating quotations immediately triggered memories of The Cheese and the Worms in this reader's mind, there is no in-depth cultural analysis. Second, the study cuts a large, synchronically constructed object into largely autonomous slices; there is neither an argument that unfolds throughout the text nor diachrony. The archival material is generously present in all chapters. Chapter one centers on literacy. It shows that local Andean intermediaries (alcaldes, alguaciles, sacristanes, cantores, maestrescuelas, etc.) were highly literate and connected individuals: they owned ink, books, even libraries, and shared books with priests, and/or circulated books among themselves. Although the degree of literacy was higher on the coast than in the sierra, the overall picture challenges the "tyranny of the alphabet" (15) argument posed, implicitly or explicitly, by many specialized studies. Chapter two focuses on the language proficiency of rural priests. Using debates among Spaniards regarding the best language for religious conversion to frame [End Page 154] indigenous complaints against rural priests, Charles suggests that the...

Comparative assessment of sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate dissolved in vinegar and hydrogen peroxide as bleaching agents to reduce intrinsic dental stains: In vitro study

Purpose : With the increasing concern for aesthetics, dentists are working hard to give their patient what is called the 'perfect smile'. Discolouration of teeth is an aesthetic problem, which requires effective treatment. Bleaching is the simplest, common most effective treatment to reduce the stains, but unfortunately which is not within the reach of all individuals. Hence an attempt has been made to evaluate the effectiveness of various indigenous agents like sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate dissolved in vinegar containing 4% acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, as bleaching agents to reduce intrinsic dental stains. Materials and Methods : Forty extracted premolars having mild degree of dental fluorosis were selected and thoroughly cleaned with pumice slurry. All the polished 40 teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups each containing 10 teeth. Bleaching was performed on ten teeth per group by immersing them in solutions containing either 1.5% hydrogen peroxide, 10% w/v of sodium chloride + vinegar containing 4% acetic acid, 10% w/v of sodium bicarbonate + vinegar containing 4% acetic acid or distilled water for 5 minutes each. The intrinsic colour of teeth was measured with a spectrophotometer using the standard L*a*b* colour scale and the shade was evaluated at day 0, 7, 14 and 21. Results: Compared to baseline tooth colour, hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride dissolved in vinegar were significantly effective in removing the intrinsic tooth stain ( P Conclusions: Sodium chloride dissolved in vinegar was more effective at reducing intrinsic tooth stain than sodium bicarbonate dissolved in vinegar.

From the Inca to the Bourbons: New writings on pre-colonial and colonial Peru

From the Inca to the Bourbons:New writings on pre-colonial and colonial Peru Jaymie Patricia Heilman Into the Archive: Writing and power in colonial Peru. By Kathryn Burns. Durham: Duke University Press, 2010. Allies at Odds: The Andean church and Its Indigenous agents, 1583-1671. By John Charles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. A Culture of Stone: Inka perspectives on rock. By Carolyn Dean. Durham: Duke University Press, 2010. Domination Without Dominance: Inca-Spanish encounters in early colonial Peru. By Gonzalo Lamana. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Medicine and Politics in Colonial Peru: Population growth and the Bourbon reforms. By Adam Warren. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010. Across the 1200 pages of his epic 1615 letter to the Spanish king, the Andean intellectual Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala chronicled the history of the Inca, the Spanish conquest, and the abuses of early colonialism. Guaman Poma described Inca beliefs and cultural practices, and he detailed the complex interactions between the Inca and the Spanish. He wrote of indios ladinos, indigenous men like himself who spoke Spanish and practiced Christianity, noting the derision that such men faced. He also wrote about diseases, medicinal treatments, and healers, and he described the greedy, cunning notaries who preyed upon indigenous peoples.1 These issues remain of concern and interest to historians writing four centuries later, as the works reviewed here demonstrate. Read together, these studies bring innovative new methods, questions, and interpretations to the field of colonial Peruvian—and colonial Latin American—history. Carolyn Dean's A Culture of Stone is a creative interpretation of pre-conquest Inca understandings and uses of rock. Through a consideration of Spanish colonial accounts, post-conquest indigenous chronicles, colonial Quechua-Spanish dictionaries, contemporary indigenous stories, and a close reading of the rocks themselves, Dean offers new ideas about Inca stones. While other scholars have considered Inca carvings and the making of grand Inca structures, Dean is the first scholar to fully consider the meanings of rocks to the Inca. Although Dean is an art historian, she stresses that her study does not treat Inca rocks as art. To do so would be to impose a decidedly non-Inca vision upon these stones. Through Dean's work, we come to see why the Inca treated some stones with such reverence, building with them, but also bringing them food and clothing, and talking to them. Some stones were waka: divine or sacred beings, things, or spirits. While not all waka were rocks—waka were also rivers, caves, mountains and mummies—the Spanish priest Cristóbal de Albornoz remarked that fully half of all Inca waka around Cuzco were stones. Other rocks were people: they were the petrified brothers of Inca rulers, warriors, or guardians of a given area. Even rocks destined for construction had emotions. The sayk'uska were rocks that had grown tired or weary as they were taken to their destination. Sometimes crying tears of blood, these recalcitrant rocks were spared further suffering as the Inca would leave them to rest permanently on roadsides. Dean excels in her explanations of essence over appearance. To the Inca, certain stones had an intrinsic sacredness, regardless of how those rocks actually looked. The challenge for the contemporary scholar, then, is to determine which stones mattered and which rocks were just rocks. Dean provides a method for such a determination; she shows how the Inca used techniques like framing stones in masonry, carving and contouring rocks, as well as setting important rocks at a distance from other rocks or buildings. Dean supplies beautiful photographic examples of these techniques, giving the reader a clear understanding of her explanations. Terraces and integrated outcrops—surface rock formations combined with structures—represented the conjunction of natural and built worlds, a conjunction that Dean argues communicated the Inca's belief in their own union with the earth. The basis for much of this argument, the heart of the book's second chapter, is a contemporary Quechua story, recorded in 1971. Such a methodology is controversial, as Dean herself notes, as it risks essentializing Quechua cultural beliefs through a failure to adequately recognize change over time. Dean's interpretations of that story, however, are more...

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. By John Charles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.2010. xi + 283 pp. $27.95 paper.

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. By John Charles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.2010. xi + 283 pp. $27.95 paper.

Book Review: Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671

Book Review: Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. By John Charles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. Pp. xi. 293. Map. Index. Bibliography.

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. By John Charles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. Pp. xi. 293. Map. Index. Bibliography.

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. By John Charles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. Pp. xi. 293. Map. Index. Bibliography.

Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. By John Charles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. Pp. xi. 293. Map. Index. Bibliography.

John Charles, Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671 (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2010), pp. xii+283, $27.95, pb.

John Charles, Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671 (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2010), pp. xii+283, $27.95, pb.

A FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES E A EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL E TECNOLÓGICA INDÍGENA: UMA BREVE LEITURA DA EXPERIÊNCIA ACREANA

The Professional Education and Technology to Integrated Indigenous Education is a new proposal, conducted by the National Program for Integration of Vocational Education Basic Education in the Mode of Education Youth and Adult - PROEJA (2007), which arose from a demand required by people their organizations. Among the many success stories can highlight the case of Indigenous Agents Agrofloretais. It read the Universidade da Floresta and its re-connection of knowledge with respect to the principles and rights of indigenous education translated into respect for social diversity and interculturalism, the citizen performance in the world of work, social and environmental sustainability and respect for diversity of subjects.

John Charles. Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. xi + 284 pp. index. illus. map. bibl. $27.95. ISBN: 978–0–8263–4831–9.

John Charles. Allies at Odds: The Andean Church and Its Indigenous Agents, 1583–1671. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. xi + 284 pp. index. illus. map. bibl. $27.95. ISBN: 978–0–8263–4831–9. - Volume 64 Issue 2

Periodontal status of an indigenous population at the Xingu Reserve

Aim: To describe the prevalence of periodontal disease in the indigenous population of the Middle and Lower Xingu compared to the non-indigenous Brazilian population. Methods: The evaluated indigenous population of the Xingu Reserve had oral and dental examinations performed by calibrated examiners assisted by Oral Health Indigenous Agents. From a sample of 2,299 indigenous subjects, epidemiological investigations were conducted in 1,911 individuals, using the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization. Comparative periodontal data from the nonindigenous population were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s national epidemiological survey on oral health conditions (“SB Brasil” project). The periodontal data of 508 indigenous individuals were presented by age intervals of 15-19 (n=219), 35-44 (n=128) and 65-74 (n=161) years. Results: In the non-indigenous population, the periodontally healthy individuals were 46.2%, 21.9% and 7.9% for each age group, respectively, and in the Xingu population they were 28.76%, 3.12% and 0% for each age group, respectively. The most frequent finding in the Xingu population was the presence of calculus in 62.55% of younger people, 82.03% of adults and 45.45% of the elderly. The analysis by sextants demonstrated the presence of calculus in 25.04%, 44.79% and 18.18% for young, adults and elderly respectively. Conclusions: Despite the higher prevalence of calculus, in all age groups of the indigenous population, tooth loss does not seem to follow the same pattern observed in the non-indigenous Brazilian population, suggesting differences in susceptibility, habits or conditions.

¿Colonialismo biomédico o autonomía de lo local? Sanadores tradicionales contra la tuberculosis

Analiza el papel de los agentes médicos autóctonos y sus conocimientos en las campañas antituberculosas contemporáneas en el África subsahariana. Sitúa la medicina contemporánea, llevada a cabo en África en la herencia cultural de la medicina colonial, para comprender el marco histórico en el que se desarrollaron, a partir de los años setenta del siglo XX, las estrategias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de promoción y desarrollo de las medicinas 'tradicionales'. En los proyectos sanitarios analizados, se evalúan las prácticas médicas locales y se entrenan a los agentes autóctonos para integrarlos en actividades estrictamente biomédicas: identificación de síntomas, remisión a hospitales o supervisión de tratamientos farmacológicos.

The Active Search for Respiratory Symptomatics for the Control of Tuberculosis in the Potiguara Indigenous Scenario, Paraiba, Brazil

This study sought to analyze the actions of an active search for respiratory symptomatics (RSs) in the control of tuberculosis (TB) in the Potiguara Special Indigenous Sanitary District, Paraiba, Brazil, between May and June 2007. After approval by the Research Ethics Committee, 23 professionals were grouped, including physicians, nurses, nurse technicians and indigenous health agents. The focus group technique was used as an instrument for data collection, based on the discourse analysis technique. Weaknesses of an operational nature that became apparent, related to the organization of local health service for the implementation of routines for diagnosing TB: absence of a systematic routine for searching for RSs, difficulties in organizing the material for bacteriological examination, inadequate approach to patient during sputum collection and inadequate professional training. It is deemed necessary to improve the organization of services for early detection of TB cases in the local indigenous scenario.

Formação técnica de agente comunitário indígena de saúde: uma experiência em construção no Rio Negro

Este relato descreve a experiência de formação técnica profissionalizante de 250 agentes comunitários indígenas de saúde vinculados ao Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena do Rio Negro, no estado do Amazonas. A iniciativa promove a elevação da escolaridade e o respeito às especificidades culturais dos alunos. Os eixos pedagógicos 'cultura', 'território', 'política', 'cuidado', 'informação', 'educação' e 'planejamento em saúde' estruturam uma matriz curricular operacionalizada por meio do ensino pela pesquisa, multilinguismo, multidisciplinaridade e intersetorialidade, em consonância com os princípios da educação escolar indígena, da atenção diferenciada à saúde dos povos indígenas e dos referenciais curriculares de formação técnica de agente comunitário de saúde. O processo pedagógico estimula a obtenção de habilidades e competências para diagnosticar e monitorar a situação de saúde e condições de risco e vulnerabilidade das populações indígenas rionegrinas, para subsidiar ações de prevenção, promoção, tratamento e reabilitação nas diversas fases da vida e desenvolver ação política e comunitária nas lutas pela melhoria da saúde. Resultados preliminares da experiência mostram o reconhecimento e fortalecimento do trabalho dos agentes indígenas de saúde, a melhoria da qualidade do trabalho em saúde na comunidade e a maior satisfação dos líderes do movimento indígena pela ampliação do acesso à educação qualificada e diferenciada.

Networks of Empire: Linkage and Reciprocity in Nineteenth‐Century Irish and Indian History

AbstractRecent debates surrounding Ireland's historical relationship with the British empire have focused almost exclusively upon its constitutional and political ties with Britain. The question of Ireland's colonial status continues to be heavily debated in Irish historiography and has been a contributing factor in obscuring our wider understanding of the complexity of Ireland's involvement in empire. For over 200 years, Ireland and India were joined together by an intricate series of networks that were borne out of direct Irish involvement in British imperialism overseas. Whether as migrants, soldiers, administrators, doctors, missionaries or educators, the Irish played an important role in administering, governing and populating vast areas of Britain's eastern empire. This article discusses new approaches to the study of Ireland's imperial past that allow us to move beyond the old ‘coloniser‐colonised’ debate, to address the key issue of whether Ireland or the varieties of Irishness of its imperial servants and settlers made a specific difference to the experience of empire. By highlighting the multiplicity of Irish connections within the context of the nineteenth‐century British empire in India, this article describes how imperial networks were used by contemporaries (settlers, migrants and indigenous agents) as mechanisms for the exchange of a whole set of ideas, practices and goods between Ireland and India during the colonial era.

‘New Age trippers’: Aboriginality and Australian New Age travel books

In the last two decades of the twentieth century Australia became an attractive travel destination for alienated middle-class Westerners in search of a spiritual utopia. In such texts Aboriginality is represented as a source of spiritual transcendence and as a remedy for the evils of modern consumerism and industrialisation. This article examines a number of books by white New Age spiritual travellers–James Cowan's Two Men Dreaming (1995), Marlo Morgan's Mutant Message Down Under (1994), and Harvey Arden's Dreamkeepers (1995)–that claim to (re)discover a lost, universal, sacred heritage within Aboriginal cosmologies. The discourses employed by recent Australian New Age travel texts are prima facie examples of postcolonial forms of cultural appropriation. Yet the involvement of indigenous agents in the production, promotion, and critique of such texts complicates the argument that these texts are simply new forms of cultural colonisation.