Conservation Index Research Articles

Workplace energy conservation index (WECI): A tool for attaining energy conservation at workplace

Workplace energy consumption exceeds household usage, due to which, even small changes in workplace energy behaviour can minimise emissions associated with energy consumption. Despite global workplace energy conservation efforts, measuring progress is impeded due to the involved complexity. Building on this gap, this study developed Workplace energy conservation index (WECI), that can assist a company in measuring the attainment of energy conservation with respective to the benchmarking company. The proposed index is built by considering individual and organizational enablers. A total of 20 enablers identified through extensive literature review complemented with the outcomes of focus group discussions are the components of developed index. For demonstration of the proposed WECI, a target company and a benchmarking company from the automobile sector have been selected and the involved computations are expounded. Findings suggest that the attainment of target company is 46 % indicating the scope of improvement. Detailed evaluation of WECI guides the stakeholders to identify the thrust area that can improve the attainment of energy conservation at the workplace. The proposed framework can be extended to companies in other sectors where the relevant enablers can be added in the phase of focus group discussions.

Firecracker (Sutli Bomb) explosion in hand and Diwali celebration: A unique case

This case report focuses on the management and treatment of a ten-year-old boy who suffered extensive hand injuries from a live firecracker explosion during Diwali celebrations. The purpose of the report is to highlight the importance of caution when handling fireworks and to present the approach taken in managing the patient's injuries.The patient underwent a comprehensive assessment, and a treatment plan was formulated. The plan included exploration and debridement, conservative management, thumb and index finger fixation, posterior interosseous flap surgery, and wrist stabilization with JESS. Additionally, a contracture release procedure was performed to address finger contracture. The patient received physical rehabilitation for hand functionality restoration.The case report emphasizes the significance of handling fireworks with care and the need for immediate medical attention in the event of injuries. The successful outcome achieved through the implemented treatment plan underscores the importance of prompt and appropriate management in fireworks-related accidents.

Bringing to light a new energy path: the case of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

In Brazil, more than 55% of the energy comes from hydroelectricity, making the system highly vulnerable in the context of global climate change, with precipitation and temperature shifts over the years. Characterised by its multiple opportunities in sources and conversion technologies for energy, biomass has a high potential to become responsible for a relevant share of the renewable energy supply. Previous studies on biomass energy production in Brazil confirm promising results. This paper highlights possibilities for biomass power generation in Minas Gerais State. To estimate energy productivity, a Sustainable Technical Coefficient was adopted: a conservative index that considers the portion of residues that could be used to maintain the integrity of the soil. This index was applied with the data on silviculture and selected crop yields. The local energy demand was also calculated and compared to the potential energy production. Results show that 78% of the municipalities could have their basic energy needs and 18% of the demand for productive uses met by crop residues and silviculture production. For the state of Minas Gerais, with its tradition of agriculture, biomass residual energy is viable and should be considered by policymakers.

Spatial-temporal variation characteristics and coupling coordination of the “water resources – water environment – water ecology” carrying capacity in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The coordinated control and management of water resources, the water environment, and water ecology are essential for optimizing the management of water resources, improving the water environment, rehabilitating water ecosystems, and achieving sustainable development. Most studies conducted to investigate the water carrying capacity have focused primarily on water resources or water environment. However, it is challenging to conduct such research in areas where the interactions between water resources, the environment, and ecology are intricate. In this study, an evaluation indicator system for the water resources - water environment - water ecology carrying capacity (WCC) was constructed, and a coupling coordination model and GeoDetector were employed to systematically analyze the coupling coordination indices (CCI) among the water resource carrying capacity (WRECC), water environment carrying capacity (WENCC), and water ecology carrying capacity (WECCC), as well as the main influencing factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) from 2005 to 2018. The results showed that the numbers of counties and districts with a high CCI class gradually increased over this period. The percentage of Class V fluctuated from 0% to 7.7%, and the stability of the water system steadily increased. Spatially, the overall distribution pattern gradually increased from southwest to northeast, and both the single and interactive effects of anthropogenic factors on water systems gradually increased. The CCI was predominantly affected by factors such as the amount of surface water resources per capita, indices of water conservation, forest coverage, discharge of domestic sewage per capita, and water replenishment of the ecosystem. These results show that coordination between the WCC components should be strengthened to further improve water use and domestic water treatment efficiency. To achieve superior-class, effective, and environmentally friendly scientific governance, the productivity of water resources should be increased in areas where the disparity between water availability and the demand for socioeconomic development is severe, and sewage treatment processes should be closely regulated. It is also important to combine resource development and utilization with water ecological protection and management.

Population structure and genetic diversity of Boer goat breed in Brazil

Information about population structure of domestic breeds is essential to provide effective guidelines in order to increase productivity based on genetic improvement programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of Boer goat breed in Brazil. A pedigree data from 22,650 individuals born between 1980 and 2019 and recorded by the Brazilian Association of Goat Breeders was analyzed in terms of completeness, average generation interval, gene origin probability, average kinship coefficient, inbreeding coefficient, and genetic conservation index, using the software ENDOG 4.8. The ancestry was known for 84.06 %, 77.38 %, 72.43 %, 68.00 % and 59.34 % of samples in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth parentage, respectively. The average number of complete, equivalent and maximum generations over a 40-year period was equal to 2.79, 4.86 and 8.22, respectively. The mean interval between generations was 3.27 (+/−2.13). A total of 2013 founders and 1881 ancestors was determined, while the effective number of founders and ancestors were established in 262 and 68, respectively. The 44 main ancestors were responsible for 50.02 % of the total genetic variance in Boer breed. The average relationship coefficient was determined in 1.61 % while the average inbreeding coefficient was equal to 3.41 %. Both parameters were higher (2.09 and 4.96, respectively) in populations composed of two or more complete generations. The average genetic conservation index was 22.90, including seven animals with values above 100. The high quantity (75.31) of inbred individuals from two or more generations requires particular attention. On the other hand, the identification of animals that descend from a high quantity of founders in their pedigree indicate they can be used to keep or increase the genetic diversity in further generations.

Beach Conditions for Guiding the Sandy Beach Management in Phuket, Thailand

Thailand’s current beach management strategies lack integration across sectors, resulting in conflicts of interest and insufficient consideration of diverse beach uses. The complexity of environmental, socio-economic, and coastal disasters challenge policymakers to describe the conditions of sandy beaches, and the most effective coastal management adaptation measures. This study suggests an integrated approach to evaluate beach conditions by incorporating the Urbanization Index, Conservation Index, and Recreation Index. Furthermore, the assessment of beach conditions will include the Threat Index, which consists of erosion rates and shoreline recession caused by sea level rise. The trends index will prioritize beach conditions for appropriate management actions. The study suggests management strategies that aim to preserve the physical and environmental aspects of the beach, while restoring its functionality for ecosystem services by applying engineering structures with beach nourishment. The main purpose of this study is to develop a beach condition that can be used as a guideline for sandy beach management in Thailand. It provides insights and recommendations to policymakers for enhancing the sustainability and resilience of Thailand’s coastal areas in the face of urbanization and climate change.

Empirical mode decomposition of local field potential data from optogenetic experiments.

This study investigated the effects of cocaine administration and parvalbumin-type interneuron stimulation on local field potentials (LFPs) recorded in vivo from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of six mice using optogenetic tools. The local network was subject to a brief 10 ms laser pulse, and the response was recorded for 2 s over 100 trials for each of the six subjects who showed stable coupling between the mPFC and the optrode. Due to the strong non-stationary and nonlinearity of the LFP, we used the adaptive, data-driven, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method to decompose the signal into orthogonal Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). Through trial and error, we found that seven is the optimum number of orthogonal IMFs that overlaps with known frequency bands of brain activity. We found that the Index of Orthogonality (IO) of IMF amplitudes was close to zero. The Index of Energy Conservation (IEC) for each decomposition was close to unity, as expected for orthogonal decompositions. We found that the power density distribution vs. frequency follows a power law with an average scaling exponent of ~1.4 over the entire range of IMF frequencies 2-2,000 Hz. The scaling exponent is slightly smaller for cocaine than the control, suggesting that neural activity avalanches under cocaine have longer life spans and sizes.

Biodegradable film mulching reduces the climate cost of saving water without yield penalty in dryland rice production

Global resource shortage and climate change are the grandest challenges facing traditional flooded rice cultivation. In this study, different rice production patterns were examined to quantify the effects on crop production, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and synchronization index of water conservation and GHG mitigation. The results indicated that rice direct dryland seeding with biodegradable mulching showed the best performance in maintaining yield (7,802 kg ha−1), saving irrigation water (67%), increasing net profit (619 CNY ha−1), reducing CH4 emissions (73%), global warming potential (69%) and GHG intensity (69%), although it increased N2O emissions (59%), compared with continuous flooding. Rice direct dryland seeding without mulching showed similar water savings and GHG mitigation with mulching, but it caused yield and net profit reductions by 20% and 40%, and synchronization index increment by 127%. These findings can guide the implementation of dryland rice production in priority areas, contributing to high-efficiency, eco-friendly agricultural cultivation.

Static and dynamic source identification of trace elements in river and soil environments under anthropogenic activities in the Haraz plain, Northern Iran

Unsustainable human activities have disrupted the natural cycle of trace elements, causing the accumulation of chemical pollutants and making it challenging to determine their sources due to interwoven natural and human-induced processes. A novel approach was introduced for identifying the sources and for quantifying the contribution of trace elements discharge from rivers to soils. We integrated fingerprinting techniques, soil and sediment geochemical data, geographically weighted regression model (GWR) and soil quality indices. The FingerPro package and the state-of-the-art tracer selection techniques including the conservative index (CI) and consensus ranking (CR) were used to quantify the relative contribution of different upland sub-watersheds in trace element discharge soil. Our analysis revealed that off-site sources (upland watersheds) and in-site sources (land use) both play an important role in transferring trace elements to the Haraz plain (northern Iran). The unmixing model's results suggest that the Haraz sub-watersheds exhibit a higher contribution to trace elements transfer in the Haraz plain, and therefore, require greater attention in terms of implementing soil and water conservation strategies. However, it is noteworthy that the Babolroud (adjacent to Haraz) exhibited a better performance of the model. A spatial correlation between certain heavy metals, such as As and Cu, and rice cultivation existed. Additionally, we found a significant spatial correlation between Pb and residential areas, particularly in the Amol region. Our result highlights the importance of using advanced spatial statistical techniques, such as GWR, to identify subtle but critical associations between environmental variables and sources of pollution. The methodology used comprehensively identifies dynamic trace element sourcing at the watershed scale, allowing for pollutant source identification and practical strategies for soil and water quality control. Tracer selection techniques (CI and CR) based on conservatives and consensus improve unmixing model accuracy and flexibility for precise fingerprinting.

Life-cycle environmental burdens of ethylene production in the context of China's chemical feedstock transition from naphtha to coal and shale gas by-product of ethane

China is experiencing an ethylene-feedstock transition from naphtha to cheap coal and ethane by-product of shale gas. This transition leads to the variation in the environmental burdens of ethylene production. Here, we compared the life-cycle environmental loads of ethylene, produced by four typical routes—naphtha to ethylene (OTE), ethane to ethylene (ETE), coal-based methanol to ethylene (CMTE), and bioethanol to ethylene (BETE). Global midpoint environmental impacts (with 12 indicators) and China-contextualized Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction (ECER) index were used. We found that the trade-off across the 12 environmental dimensions impedes directly comparing the environmental sustainability of the four ethylene routes. The emerging ethane-fed ETE route, as an example, generates low climate change loads (GWP) but high abiotic resource depletion potentials (ADP). China's indigenous ECER index, addressing this trading-off issue, shows the highest environmental burdens of the coal-fed CMTE route, followed by the BETE, ETE, and OTE routes. Raw material consumption dominates 58–85% environmental burdens of the four ethylene routes. Referring to the 2018 baseline, replacing the coal-fed CMTE route with the ethane-fed ETE would reduce the environmental load per tonne of ethylene product by 2–25% in 2030 and 6–42% in 2050. However, the total environmental loads of China's ethylene sector would still increase by 1–44% and 6–68% due to the continued industrial expansion. Given ethylene as the primary chemical material, our findings provide policymakers with reference to promote the environmental sustainability of chemical manufacturing sector.

Leveraging species richness and ecological condition indices to guide systematic conservation planning

The global crises of biodiversity loss and climate change are interconnected in root cause and solutions. Targeted land conservation has emerged as a leading strategy to protect vulnerable species and buffer climate impacts, however, consistent methods to assess biodiversity and prioritize areas for protection have not yet been established. Recent landscape-scale planning initiatives in California present an opportunity to conserve biodiversity, but to enhance their effectiveness, assessment approaches should move beyond commonly used measures of terrestrial species richness. In this study, we compile publicly available datasets and explore how distinct biodiversity conservation indices - including indicators of terrestrial and aquatic species richness and of biotic and physical ecosystem condition - are represented in watersheds of the northern Sierra Nevada mountain region of California (n = 253). We also evaluate the extent to which the existing protected area network covers watersheds that support high species richness and intact ecosystems. Terrestrial and aquatic species richness showed unique spatial patterns (Spearman R = 0.27), with highest richness of aquatic species in the low-elevation watersheds of the study area and highest richness of terrestrial species in mid- and high-elevation watersheds. Watersheds with the highest ecosystem condition were concentrated in upper-elevations and were poorly correlated with those with the highest species richness (Spearman R = −0.34). We found that 28% of watersheds in the study area are conserved by the existing protected area network. Protected watersheds had higher ecosystem condition (mean rank-normalized score = 0.71) than unprotected areas (0.42), but species richness was generally lower (0.33 in protected versus 0.57 in unprotected watersheds). We illustrate how the complementary measures of species richness and ecosystem condition can be used to guide strategies for landscape-scale ecosystem management, including prioritization of watersheds for targeted protection, restoration, monitoring, and multi-benefit management. Though designed for California, application of these indices to guide conservation planning, design monitoring networks, and implement landscape-scale management interventions provides a model for other regions of the world.

Content Validation of the Athletic Training Milestones: A Report from the Association for Athletic Training Education Research Network.

The Athletic Training Milestones were developed as a comprehensive framework to assess athletic trainers' knowledge, skill, and behavior acquisition across the continuum of athletic training practice. However, without established content validity, it is unclear whether the Athletic Training Milestones can be used effectively as a clinical evaluation and research tool to evaluate competence and performance across multiple users and sites. We conducted a highly conservative content validity index (CVI) with data from 12 content experts. Our findings revealed an extremely high overall scale CVI of 0.99, and CVI scores of the 28 individual subcompetency items assessed ranged from 0.83 to 1.00. For the athletic training profession to truly embrace competency-based evaluation and performance assessments, we need a highly valid and comprehensive instrument, such as the Athletic Training Milestones.

Peer Verbal Encouragement Enhances Offensive Performance Indicators in Handball Small-Sided Games

This study aimed at assessing the effects of two verbal encouragement modalities on the different offensive and defensive performance indicators in handball small-sided games practiced in physical education settings. A total of 14 untrained secondary school male students, aged 17 to 18, took part in a three-session practical intervention. Students were divided into two teams of seven players (four field players, a goalkeeper, and two substitutes). During each experimental session, each team played one 8 min period under teacher verbal encouragement (TeacherEN) and another under peer verbal encouragement (PeerEN). All sessions were videotaped for later analysis using a specific grid focusing on the balls played, balls won, balls lost, shots on goal, goals scored, as well as the ball conservation index (BCI), and the defensive efficiency index (DEI). The findings showed no significant differences in favor of TeacherEN in all the performance indicators that were measured, whereas significant differences in favor of PeerEN were observed in balls played and shots on goal. When implemented in handball small-sided games, peer verbal encouragement can produce greater positive effects than teacher verbal encouragement in terms of offensive performance.

Capabilities Analysis of Electricity Energy Conservation and Carbon Emissions Reduction in Multi-Level Battery Electric Passenger Vehicle in China

The battery electric passenger vehicle (BEPV) has the potential to conserve electric energy and reduce carbon emissions, making it an effective tool for achieving low-carbon development in the road transport industry by replacing the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Several factors, such as comprehensive electricity power generation efficiency, proportion of thermal power, vehicle technical performance, regional mileage credibility and low temperature, affect the BEPV’s electricity energy consumption and carbon emissions. In this study, an electricity conservation index model and a carbon emission reduction index model for multilevel BEPVs are established to evaluate their capabilities of electricity energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction, considering the electricity supply chain, including the generation and transmission of electricity. The research shows that the electricity energy conservation ability of BEPVs is not outstanding, but their carbon emissions reduction ability is strong. When the composition of energy for electricity generation is transformed from 2025 to 2035, with a 10% increase in comprehensive electricity generation efficiency, all levels of BEPVs show fruitful electricity energy conservation ability. When the proportion of thermal power decreases to 10%, the carbon emissions reduction is exponentially reduced to 1/25 to 1/30 of ICEV’s total carbon emissions. However, the regional mileage credibility weakens the BEPVs’ ability to save energy and reduce emissions in most Chinese provinces except for the southwest and the south regional provinces, where the regional mileage credibility parameter can increase the energy conservation and carbon emission reduction performance of A00+A0 level BEPV. Low temperatures make BEPV models lose their electricity energy conservation advantage, but most models still have the characteristic of carbon emissions reduction. On this basis, the electricity energy consumption and carbon emissions of all BEPV models are higher than those of ICEVs when the low temperature endurance mileage accuracy is added.

Surf Conservation Index: Mapping priority zones for surf protected areas in Mexico

A set of indicators was applied to 173 surf breaks in Mexico to help identify priority subregions for surf conservation. The surf conservation index developed consists of pressure, state, and response subindexes, with four scores ranging from very low priority to high priority. Priority surf breaks were defined as the surf breaks where high biodiversity overlaps with high-quality waves, reliance on tourism for income/ economic activity, and low environmental pressure. The highest priority surf breaks for conservation were found in the Gulf of California, followed by the Central-South Pacific coast. Pressure values show that a majority of surf breaks in Mexico are still in an area with low pressure or low population. Most surf breaks have relatively little coastal development and harbors or big cities. The biodiversity subindex, which considers both marine and adjacent terrestrial areas, shows that the highest biodiversity values are found in only 11% of all surf breaks, although 42% of surf breaks have at least half of their marine or terrestrial buffer in biodiversity conservation priority zones, showing a non-negligible presence in critical ecosystems. Overall, the surf break subindex values were generally high and stable, while a majority of surf breaks stand out for having a relatively important proportion of workers employed in tourism. Response analysis shows that only 3.5% of the total listed surf breaks in Mexico are already under a legal protected area framework. A strategy is needed to ensure that surfing, as a recreational activity, and surf breaks, as a natural resource, are considered in present and future management plans. Mexico finds itself at a crossroads as it aims to strengthen surf conservation efforts and preserve these unique coastal socio-ecosystems while also contributing to the sustainable development of local coastal communities.

Network Construction for Overall Protection and Utilization of Cultural Heritage Space in Dunhuang City, China

An important recent issue in research is the effective protection and rational utilization of cultural heritage. In particular, the regional protection and utilization network of heritage space is the overall requirement for promoting cultural protection and high-quality development of its industry. Using Dunhuang city, Gansu Province, China, as a case study, it is argued here that the cultural heritage space is a living unit that is composed of not only cultural heritage but also its overall environment. By identifying the key historical factors of Dunhuang’s regional cultural heritage space, this paper explores the conservation factors and utilization factors. The suitability of the conservation factors and utilization factors is assessed through a two-way index of conservation and utilization. In addition, using a field strength model that considered various factors, the suitability characteristics of conservation and utilization were summarized. It was found that the conservation and utilization space of Dunhuang’s cultural heritage had three network features: same level overlap, primary and secondary combination, and significant differentiation. At the same time, these formed an organization network of “patch collage and corridor concatenation” and the network of “mine field pattern and branch extension”. From this, the sustainable development of the Dunhuang cultural space network can be realized through the combinations of site protection and ecological protection and environmental utilization and ecological restoration.

Macroinvertebrate metric indicators should be juxtaposed with the community conservation index as ecological tools for conservation evaluation of pristine freshwater ecosystems

Macroinvertebrate metric indicators should be juxtaposed with the community conservation index as ecological tools for conservation evaluation of pristine freshwater ecosystems

Waterbirds in the Wetlands of Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines

The wetlands of Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines are primarily the source of livelihood for most of the coastal communities of the area. However, this also serves as a feeding ground for many of the migratory and resident waterbirds. There are waterbird species occurring in the area that need protection but only a few studies of these species exist. This study was conducted from February to March 2019 to census and identify the water birds present in the study site, determine the conservation status and index of abundance of identified waterbirds, and describe their habitat association. Based on the result, 18 waterbird species in five families were present in the area. Family Ardeidae had six representative species, Family Charadriidae had five representative species, Family Scolopacidae had five representative species while only one species represents the Family Anatidae and Family Rallidae. Two waterbird species observed (Anas luzonica and Egretta eulophotes) were listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as vulnerable and another species (Numerius madagascariensis) was listed as endangered. In terms of abundance, Intermediate Egret (Egretta intermedia) was revealed as the most abundant (94.68%) among waterbirds. Different waterbird species prefer specific habitats. Some usually frequent freshwater and saltwater habitats, including mangroves, open sea, and watercourses inside forests while some were observed in mudflats, and rice fields during the survey.

Effects of forest management on the conservation of bird communities in eastern North America: A meta‐analysis

AbstractForest management affects conditions for both early‐ and late‐seral organisms, and managers and conservationists require information for balancing the ostensibly opposing habitat needs of both these guilds. We conducted meta‐analyses that examined silvicultural systems with a range of postharvest retention and their impacts on mature‐forest and shrubland bird species densities in eastern North America during the breeding season. Densities of mature‐forest bird species generally declined as canopy tree retention and basal area decreased, although some mature‐forest species had similar densities among unharvested and partially harvested (e.g., first‐entry shelterwood) stands, and others had their highest densities in shelterwoods. We conducted a previous meta‐analysis study, which showed most shrubland bird species in the region increase with harvest intensity, but some shrubland species had similar densities in clearcuts and shelterwoods. Given the contrasting effects of harvest intensity on the two avian guilds, we used Partners‐in‐Flight conservation values to generate objective community‐wide conservation indices relative to postharvest tree retention. Clearcuts and shelterwoods typically had the highest conservation values, and unharvested and lightly thinned stands (70%–100% tree retention) had the lowest conservation scores. Many declining shrubland bird species of conservation concern are abundant in low‐retention stands, thus elevating the conservation value of these stands. Additionally, high conservation values of harvested stands with 40%–70% tree retention represent the presence of both shrubland and mature‐forest species; the latter are potentially responding to enhanced understory structure needed for avian nesting or foraging. In contrast, contemporary closed‐canopy forests in eastern North America are generally characterized by low structural diversity and are mid‐seral stands due to historical patterns of land use and tree harvesting. Although avian community conservation values were lowest in high‐retention stands and many other threatened, non‐avian taxa depend on open‐canopy, managed forests, managers should note that late‐seral, unharvested stands can provide important habitat for old‐growth‐dependent taxa and any intensive forestry should also take into account other factors. Considering the growing interest in using postharvest retention of canopy trees to meet ecological objectives, our novel synthesis can assist managers in assessing species‐specific and community‐wide avian responses to tree retention levels along the entire gradient of canopy treatments.

Exploring the demography and conservation needs of hawksbill sea turtles Eretmochelys imbricata in north-west Mexico

AbstractThe hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and its population has declined by over 80% in the last century. The Eastern Pacific population is one of the most threatened hawksbill populations globally. Western Mexico is the northern distribution limit for hawksbill sea turtles in the Eastern Pacific and recent research indicates that the Mexican Pacific portion of the population is a separate management unit because of the restricted movements of these turtles. Here we use the most complete database of sighting records in the north-west Pacific of Mexico to identify sites where hawksbill turtles are present. We also develop a conservation index to determine the conservation status of hawksbill turtle sites. Our results demonstrate the importance of this region for juveniles and the relevance of rocky reefs and mangrove estuaries as habitats for hawksbill turtles. We identified 52 sites with records of hawksbill turtles. Most of these sites (71%) are not protected; however, sites with high conservation value included islands and coastal sites along the Baja California peninsula that are established as marine protected areas. Reefs and mangrove estuaries relevant for hawksbill turtles are probably also significant fish nursery areas that are important for local fishing communities, creating opportunities for conservation strategies that combine science, local engagement and policy to benefit both local fishing communities and hawksbill sea turtle conservation.