Indicators Of Social Status Research Articles

Losing the battle: Perceived status loss and contemplated or attempted suicide in older adults.

While loss of socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to suicidal behavior, it is unclear whether this experience is merely a downstream effect of psychopathology ("downward drift"), a sign of hardship, or an independent psychological contributor to suicide risk. We examined the association between the subjective experience of status loss and suicidal behavior and ideation in old age, while accounting for potential confounders. We were also interested in whether status loss was associated with mere thoughts of suicide vs. suicidal behavior. Fifty older (55+) depressed suicide attempters, 29 depressed suicide ideators with no history of attempted suicide, 38 nonsuicidal depressed participants, and 45 nonpsychiatric controls underwent detailed clinical characterization and reported their current and highest lifetime SES. Suicide attempters were more likely to report a decline in their SES compared to healthy controls and nonsuicidal depressed older adults, while not differing from suicide ideators. This difference was not explained by objective predictors of SES, including education, financial difficulties, and the presence of addiction. Interestingly, while the current SES of suicide attempters was much lower than that of comparison groups, their reported highest lifetime SES was just as high, despite the differences in education. In older adults, the experience of status loss is associated with contemplated and attempted suicide even after accounting for objective indicators of social status and psychopathology. It is possible that suicidal individuals retrospectively inflate their previous status, making their current standing appear even worse by comparison.

Boshanlu censers in China’s incense culture: Symbols and social functions

The paper is dedicated to the evolution of boshanlu censers (博山炉) within the context of China’s fragrance culture development. Having initially appeared in the burials of the Western Han dynasty nobility and surviving its heyday during the East Han, this kind of ritual vessel was commonplace up until the end of the Northern and Southern dynasties era (V-VI centuries). Over the course of almost 700 years, the boshanlu censer was commonly used not only as burial inventory, but also in various cult practices, palace ceremonials and for domestic, sanitary and medical purposes. Due to their external beauty and wide functionality, censers served as an indicator of high social status for the aristocracy. Symbolically, these censers reflect the Taoist ideas of the holy xian (仙) and the search for immortality. With the spread of Buddhism in China, boshanlu censers depicting Buddhist symbols acquired great importance in Buddhist ritual practices. Subsequently, boshanlu censers penetrated the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago, where at the beginning they were also used as a Buddhist item. However, unlike in Korea, they never attained great popularity in Japan. Despite their centuries-old existence in China as well as some use in Korea and Japan, boshanlu censers are most commonly associated with the Chinese Han dynasty. Nonetheless, they are not only masterpieces of decorative art and fragrance culture, but a certain cultural symbol, where the ideology of the early stages of the Chinese civilization is reflected in a concentrated form.

Secteurs d’activités et professions des gays et des lesbiennes en couple : des positions moins genrées

Malgré un essor des recherches sur les homosexualités ces dernières décennies, il demeure difficile de caractériser socialement les populations gaies et lesbiennes à partir d’enquêtes réalisées en population générale. Des effectifs suffisants, un échantillon représentatif de la population générale et des indicateurs d’homosexualité et de situations sociales adéquats sont des conditions rarement réunies pour permettre une telle analyse. L’article propose une approche inédite grâce à l’enquête Famille et logements, réalisée en 2011 par l’Insee qui permet, pour la première fois en France, de mettre en œuvre cette démarche à partir de l’étude des personnes qui déclarent « être en couple ». L’analyse met en évidence un niveau de diplôme élevé des femmes et des hommes qui sont en couple de même sexe, ainsi qu’une relative spécificité de leurs positions professionnelles. Plus présents dans les catégories supérieures de la nomenclature des PCS, les gays et les lesbiennes sont surreprésentés dans les secteurs et PCS mixtes et moins présents dans les catégories très ségréguées et dominées numériquement par leur sexe. De ce point de vue, les personnes en couple de même sexe sont plus distantes des normes de genre.

The impact of concomitant syndrome of somatopsychic dysfunction on the quality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease life

The aim – to estimate the quality of life (QOL) parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depending on the type and severity of concomitant clinically significant integrative syndrome of somatopsychic dysfunction (SPD). Materials and м ethods. 306 COPD patients (224 (73.2 %) men and 82 (26.8 %) women, average age (65.3 ± 0.6) years) were examined by conventional methods in pulmonology practice. Among them clinical group A had 38 (12.4 %) patients, group B – 122 (39.9 %), group C – 28 (9.2 %), and a clinical group D – 118 (38.5 %) patients. The control group consisted of 100 healthy individuals and was representative to the main by age and gender. Psychic status of respondents was determined by the complex of standardized questionnaire method. QOL was assessed using the International Ukrainian version of the QOL questionnaire MOS SF-36. Statistical analysis of the data was made using statistical software package SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Results. It has been established that the prevalence of clinically significant integrative syndrome of SPD in COPD patients was 68 (22.2 %) patients and in the group of healthy individuals – 2 (2.0 %) persons. It has been found that patients with COPD had statistically significantly lower mean scores on all QOL parameters compared with healthy individuals (p < 0.001). The average values of all QOL parameters in COPD patients with clinically significant syndrome of SPD were statistically significantly lower than those in patients with insignificant disorders and compared with the average values in the entire cohort of COPD patients (p < 0.001). It has been established that in COPD patients with the same severity of the disease course the mean values of the QOL parameters were significantly decreased in the presence of a clinically significant SPD syndrome (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Thus, patients with COPD in the presence of clinically significant SPD syndrome are characterized by significantly lower average values of QOL parameters by indicators of physical, mental and social status, and this demonstrates the presence of maladaptation to the society in these patients.

Visualisation of Written Culture with Digital Collage and Woman Representation: Visualisation of Woman Figure in the Mountain and Sea Themed Turkish Cypriot Legends

Abstract This study aimed to visualise the written versions of legends, which can transform the intangible culture as one of the significant parts of culture covering human facts and some habits like art, customs, traditions, into the tangible culture which is the other part of culture, through certain theme/s. Within this perspective, the study aimed to transform the women and discursive representation styles given in the Turkish Cypriot legends into visual representation in addition to creating an absolute language through the use of homogenous indicators. The study discussed the woman described with the ‘passive’, ‘oppressed’, ‘victim’ and ‘sinful’ features, in brief her marginalisation with the patriarchal legend structure through the use of semiotics. For the visualisation of legends, regardless the positive or negative consequence of woman, the ‘torn paper - collage with its popular name - texture was used to create a common language and the emotions to be reflected were symbolised with various colours. The content references of colours were taken into account; for instance, purple was used in the images that woman was downtrodden and blue in the images with the dominant male hegemony. Since the themes covered generally referred to the ‘mother nature’, the woman figures were illustrated as naked delivering the woman in her purest, simplest and most natural self without the social status indicators symbolised by the clothes. The main scene and woman figures, mountain and sea motifs in the selected legends were re-fictionalised in the digital environment and finalised with the illustration. As the effectiveness of pictorial elements in teaching and facilitating to remember the legends, as a cultural element within the main scope of this study is known, the legends were illustrated through the digital collage method. Therefore, the contribution was aimed to be reflected on the permanence and popularity of legends as a cultural product and verbal asset with the benefits of visual and artistic language.

Educational equalization stalled? Trends in inequality of educational opportunity between 1930 and 1980 across 26 European nations

ABSTRACTThis article assesses trends over time in the influence of social origins on educational attainment in 26 European countries. We use a cumulative dataset that merges the European Social Survey (waves 2002–2010), the International Social Survey Programme (1999, 2009) and the European Value Study (2008). Our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, we replicate as closely as possible the previous study by Breen et al. [(2009) ‘Nonpersistent in educational attainment: Evidence from eight European countries’, American Journal of Sociology 114: 1475–1521] and extend it to a larger set of countries and to more recent cohorts. Second, we reassess the argument that equalization does not involve Higher Education. Third, we consider whether our conclusions change if we use a more comprehensive measurement of social origins that jointly incorporates indicators of social class, social status and parental education. We detect a generalized reduction of educational inequalities in the post-war decades. When we focus on Higher Education, we still detect evidence of equalization, although to a lower extent. Our analyses do not support the claim that, when using a more comprehensive treatment of social origins, the patterns for different indicators evolve in opposite directions.

Insurance function of livestock, Farmers coping capacity with crop failure in southwestern Madagascar

Summary In semi-arid areas, pastoralism is attributed to an insurance function for smallholder farmers relying otherwise on rain-fed agriculture. In southwestern Madagascar, zebu cattle are the most prominent herded animal, and the heads a household owns is a strong indicator of both prestige and social status. Given the extreme socio-cultural value of zebu cattle in Malagasy culture, however, many authors question the economic rationale of zebu accumulation. Consequently, improved zebu herding has been widely ignored as a suitable target for development interventions. Empirical micro-level data on the role of livestock herding in terms of household economics is missing, though. With this contribution, we close this knowledge gap by analyzing the economic importance of zebu herding against (i) the general role of livestock husbandry and (ii) non-cattle-related livelihood and coping strategies to safeguard smallholders against crop failures. We conducted a longitudinal household and recall survey (n = 150 households, stratified random sampling, bi-weekly data acquisition) covering a year in which crop failure was widespread. Our study finds that households spent large shares of their total cash income on food purchases, whereas proceeds from the sale of livestock accounted for >56% of cash food expenditures. Remittances from out migrated household members were the 2nd most important income source. Similarly, the collection of wild foods and the reduction of food consumption were widespread coping strategies, as well as reliance on food aids from NGOs. The sale of zebu contributed a highly variable share to total income, depending on the livelihood strategy by households. However, while we can document an insurance function from zebu herding, small ruminants, i.e., goats and particularly sheep and chicken were more important for compensating food expenditures. Policy implications include a promotion of livestock diversification and poultry, systematic fodder forestation and improvements for the security of pastoralists in southern Madagascar.

Educational Attainment and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in the Slovak Republic

IntroductionGood health is a crucial resource for social and economic development in each country. The higher interest of a society in the protection and development of health, the people enjoy a larger number of healthy life years and contribute more to the social and economic welfare (Mladovsky et al., 2009).Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in other words diseases of the circulatory system, marked I00-I99 according to the International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 2010), are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, as well as in the European countries including the Slovak Republic. They perform the biggest part of noncommunicable diseases, namely 46.2% worldwide, which are defined as those diseases which are not transmissible or caused by injury (WHO, 2014).In 2013, recent data of CVD mortality account for 37.5% of all deaths in the European Union (28), while ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases are the leading causes of death among CVD (Eurostat, 2016; Gavurova & Vagasova, 2016). In the Slovak Republic, there were 51,346 deaths in 2014, of which the proportion of cardiovascular diseases accounted for 49% (NCZI, 2014).CVD mortality rates are influenced by many determinants, therefore they are challenging to examine. Some behavioural factors are completely modifiable, like alcohol and tobacco consumption, obesity, physical activity; partly modifiable are socioeconomic characteristics, e.g. family income, education, occupational status, marital status; conversely, others are non-modifiable, such as age, sex, ethnicity (Pol & Thomas, 2013). One of the many factors that may play a role is educational level which used to be marked as an indicator of social and economic status. This can cause a certain level of psychosocial stress leading to the greater expected CVD mortality rate (Schmidt et al., 2012).The main aim of this paper is to reveal the structure of mortality from cardiovascular diseases by educational level, age and sex in the Slovak Republic throughout the time period 1996-2014. We would like to know if there are some differences in CVD mortality among sexes, age categories of people, various types of cardiovascular diagnoses, and educational attainment of the Slovak population.The paper consists of four parts. The first one contains brief overview of CVD mortality research with emphasis on educational attainment. In the second part, there is a description of data used and methodology. The next part is dedicated firstly to a development analysis of CVD mortality rate by sex, age and leading causes of deaths, and secondly a CVD mortality structure by education, age, sex is presented during the period of 2011-2014. Finally, we conclude and evaluate research findings.1.Literature ReviewDifferences in socioeconomic status, mainly in income, education and occupation, are associated with disparities in health status of population. Education is the most commonly used measure of socioeconomic status in epidemiological studies (Berkman & Kawachi, 2000).Many researchers provide the evidence that the educational attainment strongly and negatively correlates with the all-cause mortality (Kibele, 2012; Hoffmann, 2008; Muller, 2002; Kunst & Mackenbach, 1994). A variety of recent epidemiology studies devote to the cardiovascular disease mortality reporting the negative influence of risk factors, for example, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, high cholesterol, etc. (Nichols et al., 2014; Protulipac et al., 2015; GBD, 2013; Kamensky & Murin, 2009; Bowry et al., 2015; Psota et al., 2013; Odden et al., 2014).There are some studies showing that men and women with low socio-economic status, defined also as low educational level, have an increased all-cause as well as CVD mortality risk (e.g. Stringhini et al., 2010; Albert et al., 2006; Strand & Kunst, 2007; Mackenbach et al. …

Fighting Nemo: Effect of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on aggressive behavior and social hierarchy of the false clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris

Aggressive behavior is crucial for maintaining social hierarchy in anemonefish. Endocrine disrupting chemicals such as EE2 may affect fish social hierarchy via disrupting their aggression. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on aggressive behavior and social hierarchy in the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). In the laboratory experiment, juvenile anemonefish were randomly distributed to separated tanks to form small colonies of three individuals and were fed with EE2-dosed diet (100ng/g food) or a control diet for 90d. Through the experiment, each tank was videotaped and behavioral indicators of social status, including aggressive behavior, submissive response, and shelter utilization, were quantitatively analyzed from the videos. The EE2 exposure caused a higher frequency of intra-colonial aggressive interactions and a less stable social hierarchy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the social behavior of coral reef fish.

Associação do status social subjetivo e indicadores sociodemográficos em atletas

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n5p591 Subjective social status comprises the perception of individuals about their social status. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between subjective social status and sociodemographic indicators (age, educational level, marital status and economic level) in athletes from Santa Catharina. A total of 593 athletes of both sexes and mean age of 21.18 (± 5.58) years, 371 men, randomly selected, practitioners of individual and collective sport modalities, federated in clubs in the western region of Santa Catarina participated in the study. Social status perception was assessed using the MacArthur scale version for young people adapted to the sports context. For the association between perceived status and sociodemographic indicators, the Chi-square and Multinomial Logistic Regression tests were used, stratified by gender and adjusted for age variables, educational level, marital status and socioeconomic status. Dissatisfaction with status was found in 85% of the sample. Moreover, 46.9% of participants perceived themselves with low family status and 46% perceived themselves with intermediate status in their clubs. The association between groups showed statistically significant differences according to sex, age, educational level and marital status. The association between sociodemographic variables and status according to sex indicated that younger men, with less education, and single were more likely to be dissatisfied with their status. There is need for greater attention by health professionals regarding younger male athletes, with lower education and single regarding their status perception.

The dynamics of dining out in the 21st century: Insights from organizational theory

AbstractThe world of restaurants—as organizations as well as indicators of social status and cultural tastes—has, thus far in the 21st century, become especially dynamic in the United States and elsewhere. Social scientists have begun to engage seriously with issues concerning germane shifts in the culinary profession and the emergence of new forms of cooking and dining out. For sociologists interested in consumption, organizations, and creative work, this offers a number of timely topics, such as restaurants' financing strategies and ownership models, the institutionalization of new culinary trends, the expanding roles of chefs, and the labor practices of upmarket restaurants. This article synthesizes recent scholarship on the modern culinary field in the United States, specifically examining three interrelated themes: tensions between concurrent demands for creativity and financial returns, new ways of catering to consumer desires for authenticity, and issues of inequality in professional kitchens. It concludes by discussing several issues facing the future of dining out, as forecast by field leaders themselves, which offer further opportunities for burgeoning sociological and organizational inquiry.

Indicators of subjective social status: Differential associations across race and sex

BackgroundSubjective social status (SSS), or perception of rank on the social hierarchy, is an important indicator of various health outcomes. However, the psychosocial influences on this construct are unclear, and how these influences vary across different sociodemographic groups is poorly understood. MethodsParticipants were 2077 African-American and Whites (M age=47.85; 57% female; 58% African American, and 58% above poverty) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Multiple regression analyses examined (1) hypothesized psychosocial indicators of SSS and (2) the moderating effect of race and sex on the variables associated with SSS. ResultsIn addition to the traditional measures of SES (i.e. income, employment, and education), psychosocial variables (i.e. depressive symptomatology, neighborhood satisfaction, and self-rated health) were significantly associated with SSS. However, some of these indicators varied with respect to race and sex. Three significant interactions were found: sex by employment, race by employment, and race by education, wherein objective measures of SES were more associated with SSS for Whites and men compared to African Americans and women. ConclusionPsychosocial measures may influence individuals’ perceptions of themselves on the social hierarchy. Additionally, SSS may vary by demographic group. When considering the impact of SSS on health, it is important to consider the unique interpretations that various demographic groups have when perceiving themselves on the social hierarchy.

Examining health literacy disparities in the United States: a third look at the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL).

BackgroundIn the United States, disparities in health literacy parallel disparities in health outcomes. Our research contributes to how diverse indicators of social inequalities (i.e., objective social class, relational social class, and social resources) contribute to understanding disparities in health literacy.MethodsWe analyze data on respondents 18 years of age and older (N = 14,592) from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) restricted access data set. A series of weighted Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models estimate the association between respondent’s demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status (SES), relational social class, social resources and an Item Response Theory (IRT) based health literacy measure.ResultsOur findings are consistent with previous research on the social and SES determinants of health literacy. However, our findings reveal the importance of relational social status for understanding health literacy disparities in the United States. Objective indicators of social status are persistent and robust indicators of health literacy. Measures of relational social status such as civic engagement (i.e., voting, volunteering, and library use) are associated with higher health literacy levels net of objective resources. Social resources including speaking English and marital status are associated with higher health literacy levels.ConclusionsRelational indicators of social class are related to health literacy independent of objective social class indicators. Civic literacy (e.g., voting and volunteering) are predictors of health literacy and offer opportunities for health intervention. Our findings support the notion that health literacy is a social construct and suggest the need to develop a theoretically driven conceptual definition of health literacy that includes a civic literacy component.

Most Likely to Succeed: Long-Run Returns to Adolescent Popularity.

Sociological explanations for economic success tend toward measures of embeddedness in longstanding social institutions, such as race and gender, or personal skills represented mainly by educational attainment. In this paper we seek a distinctively social foundation for success by investigating the long-term association between high school popularity and income. Using rich longitudinal data, we find a clear and persistent association between the number of friendship nominations received and adult income, even after accounting for the mediating influences of diverse personal, family, and work characteristics. This skill is distinct from conventional personality measures such as the Big Five, and persists long into adulthood. We hypothesize that popularity encapsulates a socioemotional skill recognized by peers as the practice of being a good friend rather than an indicator of social status.

Decatur: Výskum Paula F. Lazarsfelda a Elihu Katza o názorovom vodcovstve v oblastiach marketingu, módy, vecí verejných a návštevnosti kina

The aim of this paper is to introduce one of the classical sociological research conducted by Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz in the city of Decatur (Illinois) in the Midwest of United States in 1955. The subject of the research was nonformal everyday interpersonal influence in areas of marketing, fashion, public affairs and movie going and the object was the population of women older 16 years (n = 718). By means of indicators of life cycle, social status and gregariousness the research report describes the profiles of opinion leaders in given areas and provides an answer to question if the two step flow of communication hypotheses is applicable in mentioned spheres of social life.

Reasons to Quit Smoking by Social Status in Adolescents

Background: Recent studies report social disparities in reasons to quit smoking among adults, but it is unclear if this observation also pertains to adolescents who smoke. The objective of this study was to describe social disparities in reasons to quit smoking in adolescents. Method: Data on indicators of social status, cigarette smoking and the Adolescent Reasons For Quitting (ARFQ) scale were collected in mailed self-report questionnaires completed by 1,242 grade u students in 2010-11. The associations between each of ten social status indicators and two of the ARFQ subscales were investigated among current adolescents who smoke (n=190; 45% male; mean (sd) age =16.8(0.5)) in logistic regression analyses controlling for age, sex and number of years since first puff. Results: Sixty-three percent of adolescents who smoke rated health as an extremely or very important reason to quit smoking; only 28% endorsed social disapproval. None of the indicators of social status were associated with health as a reason to quit. Participants whose mothers were employed were less likely to endorse social disapproval as a reason to quit smoking (OR (95% CI) = 0.38 (0.15-0.96)). Conclusions: Adolescents who smoke, regardless of social status, endorse health as an important reason to quit smoking, but fewer thought that social disapproval was important. There are few social disparities in reasons to quit in adolescents.

Social status attainment and racial category selection in the contemporary United States

Numerous studies have shown that individuals can change how they racially self-identify over time, potentially in response to changes in educational and occupational attainment. The value of that evidence is somewhat diminished, however, by reliance on survey questions about racial identity that are inconsistent over time. This study offers new evidence based on the 2008–2012 General Social Survey panel, which uses a consistent question about self-declared race throughout. Those data are used to estimate transition tables and fixed effects panel models, in which an individual's probability of choosing a racial category depends on social status indicators. We find that, on average, fluctuations in an individual's income, educational attainment and employment status are not significantly related to changes in racial self-identity in the contemporary United States. These results obtain for the total sample and for populations that historically have been more likely to change (Hispanics, Native Americans and individuals who identify as multi-racial). Implications for theory and policy are discussed.

Money, Peers and Parents: Social and Economic Aspects of Inequality in Youth Wellbeing.

Indicators of social and economic status are important health determinants. However, evidence for the influence of family socioeconomic status in adolescent wellbeing is inconsistent and during this period of development youth may begin to develop their own status positions. This study examined social and economic health inequalities by applying a multidimensional and youth-orientated approach. Using a recent (2010–2011) and representative sample of Swedish 14-year olds (n = 4456, 51 % females), the impact of family socioeconomic status, youth economic resources and peer status on internalizing symptoms and self-rated health were examined. Data was based on population register, sociometric and self-report information. Aspects of family socioeconomic status, youth’s own economy and peer status each showed independent associations, with poorer wellbeing observed with lower status. However, there were equally strong or even stronger effects of peer status and youth’s own economy than family socioeconomic status. Lower household income and occupational status were more predictive of poor self-rated health than of internalizing symptoms. The findings suggest that youth’s own economy and peer status are as important as family socioeconomic status for understanding inequalities in wellbeing. Thus, a focus on youth-orientated conceptualizations of social and economic disadvantage during adolescence is warranted.

A longitudinal perspective on the differentiated valuation of formal education in Brazil in recent decades

The central theme of this article is the relationship between formal education and earnings from a longitudinal perspective, taking into account indicators of social status. Variations in the respective trajectories, in different age cohorts, and in the comparison among different periods are discussed. The empirical material used is based on the microdata files of official statistics. The main techniques put into practice are those that are most focused on measuring the degree of interdependence among variables and those used for means comparison. Our general hypothesis is that the effects of schooling cannot be grasped in terms of education itself but instead in terms of its relationship to status in the social and power structures. One of this paper's principal observations is that of the general declining trend in the economic value of formal education, which varies depending on the level of education and social status. This devaluation is systematic and spans the entire studied universe; however, it focuses much more closely on those of lower social status, particularly for the groups with schooling that is either higher or lower than average.

PERILAKU VERBAL WANITA DALAM INTERAKSI SOSIAL DI PUSAT- PUSAT PERBELANJAAN DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

This article is about a study aimed at describing women's verbal behaviorin social interaction at shopping centers at the phonological, lexical, structural, andpragmatic levels and the factors influencing it.The results of the study can briefly be stated as follows. First, theirpronunciation tends to exhibit (a) high tones, (b) the occurrence of lengthening,and (c) a volume varying between loud and low. The factors acting as thebackground are (a) the organs of articulation, (b) cultural factors, (c) situationalcontexts, and (d) functions of utterances. Second, the vocabulary used is partlyhonorific in nature, chosen in the course of respecting their partners in theinteraction, especially in the use of salutations. Third, the structure of the languageused tends to undergo (a) deletions of certain parts considered already commonlyunderstood by the communication participants, (b) contractions in thepronunciation of certain words, and (c) occurrences of salutations at the end ofutterances. The factors acting as the background are (a) the setting of theinteraction, which involves spoken language used face-to-face so that thecommunication participants are in the same situational context, (b) the level offormality of the interaction, (c) the level of the participants' intimacy, and (d)honorific factors characteristic to women. Fourth, pragmatically implicatures tendto be used at certain times. A factor acting as the background is a culture of a highcontext and it functions as an indicator of the speaker's social status or level.Keywords : verbal behavior, social interaction, pronunciation, vocabulary,structure, pragmatic