Resource Use Indicators Research Articles

Population limitation of a non‐ruminant in a nutrient‐poor ecosystem—predation rather than food

AbstractCurrent theory predicts that plains zebra (Equus quagga) populations should be resource‐limited. Long‐term, detailed work in the Hwange ecosystem (Zimbabwe) on zebras and all their major predators provides empirical data to test this on a population that has been at a low density for at least 2 decades and is largely naturally regulated. Information on body condition is used as an indicator of resource use, and offtakes by the three major predators are estimated from a synthesis of data on densities and diets. This information leads to rejection of the expectations for resource limitation. Zebras provide a significant part of the diets of all the main predators and are important (11%) for the most abundant of these, spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta). Using conservative values, we calculate that the three main predators, hyaenas, lions (Panthera leo), and leopards (Panthera pardus), kill some 17.5% of the zebra population. Given that this estimated offtake is of the same order of magnitude as maximum population growth (22.3% per year), we conclude that this population is likely to be limited by predation. Further work is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which the greater susceptibility of juveniles to predation in ungulates contributes to population limitation.

Trait-based indicators of resource selection by albacore tuna in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

As global climate change reorganizes marine ecosystems, understanding how predators will respond to variable prey resources is critical to forecasting future community dynamics. Prey traits that affect the foraging process and recur across unrelated taxa offer a means to better anticipate predator resource use by simplifying complex foraging dynamics. Here we compare taxonomic and trait-based indicators of resource use and selection for albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), a commercially valuable pelagic predator undergoing climate-driven range shifts. We synthesized datasets from 2005 to 2019 to evaluate diets of albacore tuna in relation to prey availability estimates from shipboard surveys in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Analyses with these data reveal that albacore and trawl surveys sample different aspects of the pelagic system, with albacore consuming a subset of taxa identified within trawls. Albacore consistently selected coastal prey that are schooling, undefended, silvered and countershaded, and have high energy density — suggesting that ecological mechanisms driving albacore foraging outcomes may be conserved across time and space. Ecological traits mediating predator-prey interactions consistently distinguished albacore diets from assemblages sampled by trawls across years and regions. We demonstrate that a traits-based approach simplifies taxonomically diverse predator-prey interactions and may be a valuable tool to facilitate predictions of prey resource use in changing environments.

G7 Ülkeleri ve Türkiye'nin ENTROPY, CRITIC ve EDAS Yöntemleriyle GGGI Göstergelerine Göre Sıralaması ve Değerlendirilmesi

The rapid increase in industrialization in societies causes environmental problems to emerge as an important problem. In all societies, the approach to the environment is becoming more sensitive and it is observed that studies on environmental performance have started to increase. The Global Green Growth Index (GGGI), an important measure of environmental performance, has been publishing reports comparing countries' performance scores since 2005. This study examines the changes in the rankings in the post-2010 period by using the Global Green Growth Index data to determine the environmental performance rankings of G7 countries and Turkey. The main objective of the study is to contribute to the realization of sustainable development by determining the position of G7 countries and Turkey according to GGGI. In the study, the performance ranking of the countries for the years 2010-2020 was made by using the ENTROPI and CRITIC weighting methods, which are among the Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods (MCDM), and the EDAS ranking method. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the importance of criterion weights affecting performance rankings. While Germany exhibits the best performance in general, it is observed that Turkey performs lower than developed countries. It has been determined that the indicator of efficient and sustainable resource use has a significant impact on the environmental performance of countries.

Towards Climate Management of District Heating Enterprises’ Innovative Resources

Tracking the trend of restricted access to natural fossil energy resources determines the need to search for alternative energy sources, introducing energy-efficient technologies, and optimizing the energy supply system based on intelligent networks. Understanding district heating enterprises’ readiness to work with innovative renewable resources based on climate neutrality plays a unique role. Thus, this article is devoted to the study of the features of providing and determining the district heating enterprises’ capacity to integrate climate management of innovative resources to produce green thermal energy. The research methodology is based on a combination of systemic, process and cybernetic approaches to determining the resource sustainability of district heating enterprises for implementing climate innovations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive assessment of the ability of district heating enterprises to use renewable resources (biomass, waste, hydropower, solar energy, wind energy) for the production of thermal energy according to such indicators as: an indicator of balanced resource use, an indicator of climate neutrality and an indicator of economic feasibility. The results became the basis to apply the set-theoretical approach to calculate the district heating enterprises’ coefficient of resource sustainability, based on the climate management of innovative resources to produce green thermal energy. The innovation of the fuzzy sets method lies in achieving the set goal without the deep formation of a data dynamics series, particularly interval models. The added scientific value of the method to determine the resource sustainability of district heating enterprises is used to justify the feasibility of integrating climate management with the use of innovative resources through the diversification of renewable energy sources for thermal energy production. The prospects for such results are the basis for future research to develop intersectoral clustering enterprises in the green energy production chain based on a closed cycle of renewable energy resources.

Bamboo climatic tolerances are decoupled from leaf functional traits across an Andean elevation gradient

Widespread changes in temperature and precipitation patterns present plant species with new and combined stresses that affect their performance and distribution. Functional traits are indicators of plant resource use–acquisition strategies and thus they are commonly used to understand the geographic distributions of plant species and species' potential responses to climate change. To date, most studies have targeted a few easy‐to‐measure leaf traits even though other traits, such as climatic tolerances, could provide valuable information directly related with species' current and future distributions. Here, we measured both leaf functional traits and indices of physiological tolerance to heat (T50) and drought (cell membrane stability) in 28 woody bamboo populations from 22 narrow‐ranged species along a > 3000 m elevation gradient in the southern Peruvian Andes. We found that bamboo leaf functional traits remain fairly constant with a combination indicative of an acquisitive strategy (low leaf mass area and high nitrogen per mass) along the elevation gradient, despite drastic changes in environment and fast species turnover. Heat and drought tolerances of bamboos varied widely along the gradient and were negatively correlated to each other. Drought tolerance of bamboo populations was positively related with elevation and with precipitation seasonality while heat tolerance decreased at higher, colder elevations. When analyzed for individuals within each species or for individuals within each elevation, the two metrics of climatic tolerances did not show a consistent relationship, contrasting with the expectation of a potential tradeoff between heat and drought tolerance. We also found that the measured leaf functional traits were not good predictors of climatic tolerances. Our results illustrate the diversity and complexity of the relationships between functional strategies and environmental gradients and highlight the limitations of using basic (i.e. ‘soft') leaf traits to understand plant distributions and climatic tolerances.

Global Resource Circularity for Lithium-Ion Batteries up to 2050: Traction and Stationary Use

The use of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) in both traction and stationary applications has become ubiquitous. It is essential that retired LIBs are wisely treated, with a basis in the concept of the circular economy, to mitigate primary resource use. A closed-loop repurposing and recycling treatment is required. Thus, using the concept of total material requirement as an indicator of natural resource use based on mining activity, a dynamic material flow analysis was executed considering the degradation of the battery, its lifespan, and demand patterns under several scenarios. Then, the effect of circularity on the savings in global natural resource use involved across the entire lifecycles of LIBs was evaluated. It was found that the global resource use for LIBs will increase to between 10 and 48 Gt in 2050. Circularity has the potential to contribute to an 8–44% reduction in the global resource use associated with LIBs in 2050. It was also found that a longer lifespan in the years leading up to 2050 would have a greater impact on the reduction of resource use for LIBs, despite the lower effectiveness of circularity, because it would reduce the demand for LIBs.

ANALYSING AND FORECASTING OF DOMESTIC AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE’S RESOURCES PROVISION AND UTILIZATION

The article considers the essence and approbation of the complex methods of analyzing the provision and use of enterprise resources proposed by the authors. The process of such analysis involves consideration of different types of resources: capital, material, labor, financial, information. All these resources are evaluated in terms of security and their use in the enterprise belonging to a particular type of economic activity, taking into account its specifics. For each of the types of resources there is formed a group of indicators that allow to establish the level of provision and use of relevant resources in the enterprise. The selection of indicators is mostly universal, but still partially dependent on the scope of the enterprise. The proposed method is tested on the example of a domestic agricultural enterprise. Therefore, the selection of indicators is modified for this type of economic activity. In the process of analyzing the availability and use of resources in an agricultural enterprise, two key points are provided: the formation of a reference object or base of comparison and conducting a dynamic evaluation. As a basis of comparison (or so-called “reference” object) can be used or conditional object, characterized by industry-average data, estimated by the formed set of indicators (coefficients), or the data of the base competitor for the evaluated enterprise. Depending on the activity specifics and / or on the chosen priorities for resource evaluation, the set of groups of indicators and the list of indicators in groups can be modified. According to the proposed method the evaluation was carried out on the example of one of domestic agricultural enterprises – “Agro-Optima” LLC. Data from the main industry competitor were used as a basis for comparison. A comparison with the average industry object, the indicators of resource use of which are formed and calculated on the basis of Ukrainian State Statistics data is also shown. For a more thorough assessment of resources, the indicators are calculated in the dynamics – for 3 years. The results of the evaluation of given enterprise taking into account the dynamics and average industry values of the selected set of indicators are also used to predict possible achievements and problems that will accompany the future activities of this enterprise, given its resources and their utilization.

The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle

This study defines a methodology for the development of an economic indicator of natural resource use to be applied in the framework of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to integrate the assessment of the environmental performances of products or processes during their life-cycle. The indicator developed-called Commodity Life Cycle Costing (or C-LCC)-is based on market prices, therefore incorporating information from both the demand and supply sides. Monte Carlo analysis is used to take price volatility into account. Alternative versions of the indicator, based on open-source data or calculated considering European Union’s critical raw materials only, are also developed. The study also provides a comparison between the C-LCC indicator and ReCiPe’s Mineral and Fossil Resource Depletion indicators and applies the proposed methodology to several types of batteries for stationary energy storage.

Development and Validation of a Hospital Indicator of Activity-Based Costs for Injury Admissions

ObjectivesTo develop a hospital indicator of resource use for injury admissions. MethodsWe focused on resource use for acute injury care and therefore adopted a hospital perspective. We included patients ≥16 years old with an Injury Severity Score >9 admitted to any of the 57 trauma centers of an inclusive Canadian trauma system from 2014 to 2018. We extracted data from the trauma registry and hospital financial reports and estimated resource use with activity-based costing. We developed risk-adjustment models by trauma center designation level (I/II and III/IV) for the whole sample, traumatic brain injuries, thoraco-abdominal injuries, orthopedic injuries, and patients ≥65 years old. Candidate variables were selected using bootstrap resampling. We performed benchmarking by comparing the adjusted mean cost in each center, obtained using shrinkage estimates, to the provincial mean. ResultsWe included 38 713 patients. The models explained between 12% and 36% (optimism-corrected r2) of the variation in resource use. In the whole sample and in all subgroups, we identified centers with higher- or lower-than-expected resource use across level I/II and III/IV centers. ConclusionsWe propose an algorithm to produce the indicator using data routinely collected in trauma registries to prompt targeted exploration of potential areas for improvement in resource use for injury admissions. The r2 of our models suggest that between 64% and 88% of the variation in resource use for injury care is dictated by factors other than patient baseline risk.

Does ecological release from distantly related species affect phenotypic divergence in brook charr?

Ecological opportunity occurs when a resource becomes available through a decrease of interspecific competition and another species colonizes the vacant niche through phenotypic plasticity and intraspecific competition. Brook charr exhibit a resource polymorphism in some Canadian Shield lakes, where a littoral ecotype feeds mainly on zoobenthos and a pelagic ecotype feeds mostly on zooplankton. The objectives of this study were to test that (i) resource polymorphism is common in these brook charr populations, (ii) the presence creek chub and white sucker, two introduced species competing with brook charr for littoral resources, will decrease the phenotypic divergence between the two brook charr ecotypes, and (iii) the ecological release from introduced species will increase population and/or individual niche widths in brook charr. The study was based on 27 lakes and five indicators of resource use (stomach content, liver δ13C, muscle astaxanthin concentration, pyloric caecum length, and gill raker length). Our results indicate that within-lake differences in resource use by both ecotypes are common and stable through time. When facing interspecific competition, both littoral and pelagic brook charr incorporated more pelagic prey into their diet but maintained the amplitude of their differences in resource use, which contradicts our second prediction. Finally, we did not find any significant effect of introduced species on population and individual niche widths of brook charr. We suggest that the difference in feeding mode among distantly related competitors could prevent the complete exclusion of a species from a given niche and explain the lack of response to the ecological release.

Efficiency of the enterprise resources usage: practical aspect

Introduction. Under the crisis circumstances in the economy an important task for enterprises is to consolidate and sometimes expand their position in the market. In this context, it is important to analyze the indicators of resource use, that allow to assess their use level and identify areas to help improve their efficiency.Methods. The theoretical basis of the study is the scientific publications of domestic and foreign scholars to assess the effectiveness of the enterprise resources usage. The results are obtained through the methods: analysis – in the study of basic theoretical, methodological approaches to assessing the efficiency of resource use; abstraction – to determine the essential characteristics of the key indicators of resource efficiency; generalization – to systematize indicators for the efficiency assessment of enterprise resources use. The purpose is to search the directions to increase the efficiency of resources use in the conditions of an enterprise economic activity on the basis of the recent methodical achievements.Results. A thorough analysis of indicators for assessing the enterprise resources effectiveness on the basis of domestic and foreign scientists study is realized. It is proposed to systematize the most common indicators in order to assess the enterprise resources efficiency in quantitative terms into three groups: relative indicators of business activity (turnover ratios), indicators of resource management efficiency (turnover duration) and indicators of company assets efficiency for profit generation (profitability). An improved system of indicators has been applied to assess the resource use efficiency in the conditions of a real enterprise. Perspectives. Prospects for further research are to establish the degree of efficiency influence of enterprise resources use on the profit level with the mathematical models.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МЕХАНІЗМУ РЕСУРСОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ В СІЛЬСЬКОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ

Introduction. An important task of governing upon European principles is to reduce the development differentiation of individual territories without destroying established models of socio-economic structure of the territorial communities, which updates the study of the resource use peculiarities in agriculture. The purpose of the article is to study the features of the resource saving mechanism in agriculture. Results. The methodological basis of the study is rating applying based on the main indicators of resource use in agriculture. The study is based on the analytical scheme «resource provision – resource efficiency – resource conservation». It is justified that the current natural level of the production resources provision determines the nature and types of economic entities activities, as well as the principles and management strategy that will maximize profits. The main solution to the problem of developing a resource saving model of agricultural enterprises activities should be focused on solving the problem of the industries decoupling. Originality. The resource supply level characterizes the implementation potential of an economic initiative in the agriculture field, namely the provision of natural resources and infrastructure required to form the necessary production capacity and opportunities for products profitable sales to other participants of the national economy. The transition to an innovative technological way of development in agriculture should be based on the identified priorities in order to form a national innovation system and a holistic structure of the scientific and technical complex capable of functioning steadily under the conditions of globalization. Practical importance. It is concluded that the main directions of innovative development on the basis of resource saving should be the following: ecological restructuring and ecological modernization of production, which implies a change in the sectoral structure by reducing the demand for products of environmentally eco unfriendly industries or by modernizing the enterprises.

Model of Resources Development in Partnership System of Broiler Farming Business

<p>Accessibility of resources in theory can affected the development of broiler farming in a region. This research was conducted with the objectives of: 1) to formulate indicators of resource use on the development of partnership system of broiler farming business, and 2) to find the model of the development of resources use accessibility to partnership system of broiler farming business. The research was conducted in August 2017 up to January 2018 in Malang Regency of East Java Province, Indonesia. 100 respondents as partnership system of broiler farmer was participated in this study who was determined by total sampling. The research variables consist of: a) financial resources, b) technology resources, c) physic resources, d) economic resources, e) environmental resources, f) social resources, g) human resources, and h ) business development. The data was analyze used by SEM with SmartPLS 2.0 analysis tool. The results indicate that: 1) The development of partnership system of broiler farming business is directly influenced by the financial resources of 2.421, the physic resources is 1.821, the economic resources 2.445, and the human resources 2.904, but the development of partnership system of broiler farming business direct are not affected by technology resources, environmental resources, and social resources; 2) The development of partnership system of broiler farming business is indirect with quality of human resources is influenced by the financial resources of 2.629, technology resources of 6.092, physic resources of 2.308, and economic resources of 2.312, but the development of partnership system of broiler business is indirectly with the quality of human resources are not influenced by environmental resources and social resources.</p>

Life cycle input indicators of material resource use for enhancing sustainability assessment schemes of buildings

Suitable methods and indicators to address the sustainability of resource use in the buildings sector are still in their infancy. Indicators and sustainability assessment schemes so far focus on the availability of natural resources, while the efficiency of their use is widely neglected. This article focuses on the assessment of the material resource use in buildings (abiotic raw material including energetic material), and the applicability of material input indicators, Raw Material Input (RMI) and Total Material Requirement (TMR), within life cycle assessment (LCA) using a contemporary database. The indicators cover the life-cycle-wide cumulative input of raw materials (RMI) and the total primary materials requirements (TMR) which in relation to the functionality of buildings ought to be minimized when resource efficiency shall be increased. The applicability of the resource use indicators in addition to the corresponding Global Warming Impact (GWI) is tested for a virtual design of a multi-family building. Use of resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are determined per square meter of usable floor area. The calculations comprised the production phase of the construction materials and the use phase of the building with five alternatives of exterior walls using GaBi XIV construction materials database. Results show that accounting for material input indicators i.e. RMI and TMR could significantly contribute to the reduction of a building's material resource use and explicitly define the actual input weight of each material resource taken from nature and the accompanied ecological rucksack within LCA framework.

Longevity and circularity as indicators of eco-efficient resource use

Natural resources are limited and need to be used efficiently. Several different concepts have been proposed in this context. The circular economy concept aims to close loops and to use resources r...

Longevity and Circularity as Indicators of Eco-Efficient Resource Use in the Circular Economy

Natural resources are limited. The circular economy is one of several different concepts that has been useful in the quest to understand how resources can be used most efficiently. It proposes that closing loops and repeatedly using resources has the potential to procure maximum eco-efficiency. To track society's progress towards a circular economy, indicators and measures are needed. The majority of these aim to capture the circularity of resource flows, yet fail to simultaneously consider the length of time for which a resource is in use. More recently, a longevity indicator has been proposed, but similarly, it fails to take into account how many times a resource is used. Both longevity and circularity are needed for sustainable resource use, but to date, no measure that combines both approaches is in use. Based on existing measures we develop and further develop indicators for both circularity and longevity that focus on the contribution that organisations and other resource users make to the sustainability of resource use. By combining both indicators we enhance their explanatory power.

Material footprint of a fast-industrializing region in China, Part 1: Exploring the materialization process of Liaoning Province

Liaoning Province is one of the most important industrial bases in China that is confronting the challenges of resource restriction during the rapid industrialization and urbanization process. To explore the materialization process on an economy, previous studies have focused on the Material Footprint (MF), a consumption-based indicator of resource use, at the national level, but few results are available at the subdivision level, especially in rapidly developing China. In this study, a Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) was conducted of the MF of Liaoning to understand the key drivers behind the consumption of raw materials. The results show that Liaoning’s MF more than tripled, with an average annual growth rate of 13.4%, rising from 534 Mt to 1880 Mt during 2002–2012. Among the four material categories, nonmetallic minerals dominated the MF by 55–77% and contributed 83.3% to the total increase. From a sectoral viewpoint, construction dominated the MF by 65–85% and accounted for 90.8% of growth. In addition, among the four categories of final demand, investment played a prominent role in the MF, which more than quadrupled from 414 Mt (77.5%) in 2002 to 1701 Mt (90.5%) in 2012. The SDA results show that per capita final demand level was the strongest contributor, and that production structure was another chief contributor. In contrast, the significant improvement in material intensity and final demand composition played an important role in dematerialization of Liaoning. Optimizing investment towards less material-intensive sectors and designing mandatory targets for non-energy resources should be given more importance.

Development of a dietary environmental index to assess nutritional quality versus environmental effect of foods and dietary patterns

BackgroundAnthropogenic environmental effects of food production and processing, alongside diets that fail to meet nutritional requirements, are contributing to an unhealthy as well as unsustainable food system. Going forward it is crucial that nutritional health be considered alongside the ecological effects of food decisions. However, our ability to assess dietary sustainability is restricted by the absence of coherent, standardised methods that consider both the quality and environmental effects of our diets. As a result, we know little about the sustainability of healthy dietary patterns. MethodsTo address this gap, a dietary environmental index (DEX) was developed as an assessment instrument to gauge environmental costs against nutritional quality for foods commonly consumed in the USA. For a nationally representative selection of foods reported in the 2007–08 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), life cycle assessment (LCA) indicators of land and water resource use, eutrophication, and greenhouse gas emissions were standardised and combined into an aggregate environmental impact score (EIS). The EIS was then evaluated against nutrient density, as determined using the Nutrient Rich Foods Index 9.3, to calculate the DEX values as the ratio of NRF9·3 to EIS for about 1200 NHANES food items arranged into 135 food categories. FindingsDEX scores for most fruit, vegetable, legume, and nut categories performed above the median, and frequently above the 75th percentile, due to simultaneously high NRF9·3 and low EIS. Cereals, pasta, and grain products ranged predominantly around the median DEX. Among dairy, milk and cheeses generally ranked 25th–50th percentile. Meat-based dishes fluctuated around the 25th percentile, with higher DEX generally for poultry and egg products and lower scores for beef and pork. InterpretationResults obtained from this research will provide insight on how food product choices might enhance the nutritional quality of the diet, while reducing harm to the environment. FundingThe National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service (ARS).

Case mix adjustment of health outcomes, resource use and process indicators in childbirth care: a register-based study.

BackgroundUnwarranted variation in care practice and outcomes has gained attention and inter-hospital comparisons are increasingly being used to highlight and understand differences between hospitals. Adjustment for case mix is a prerequisite for meaningful comparisons between hospitals with different patient populations. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify maternal characteristics that impact a set of important indicators of health outcomes, resource use and care process and which could be used for case mix adjustment of comparisons between hospitals.MethodsIn this register-based study, 139 756 deliveries in 2011 and 2012 were identified in regional administrative systems from seven Swedish regions, which together cover 67 % of all deliveries in Sweden. Data were linked to the Medical birth register and Statistics Sweden’s population data. A number of important indicators in childbirth care were studied: Caesarean section (CS), induction of labour, length of stay, perineal tears, haemorrhage > 1000 ml and post-partum infections. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics deemed relevant for case mix adjustment of outcomes and resource use were identified based on previous literature and based on clinical expertise. Adjustment using logistic and ordinary least squares regression analysis was performed to quantify the impact of these characteristics on the studied indicators.ResultsAlmost all case mix factors analysed had an impact on CS rate, induction rate and length of stay and the effect was highly statistically significant for most factors. Maternal age, parity, fetal presentation and multiple birth were strong predictors of all these indicators but a number of additional factors such as born outside the EU, body mass index (BMI) and several complications during pregnancy were also important risk factors. A number of maternal characteristics had a noticeable impact on risk of perineal tears, while the impact of case mix factors was less pronounced for risk of haemorrhage > 1000 ml and post-partum infections.ConclusionsMaternal characteristics have a large impact on care process, resource use and outcomes in childbirth care. For meaningful comparisons between hospitals and benchmarking, a broad spectrum of sociodemographic and clinical maternal characteristics should be accounted for.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0921-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Analytical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of meat processing enterprises of Ukraine

The development trends of meat processing enterprises of Ukraine in three main directions (the analysis of efficiency indicators of production resource use, analysis of financial resources use efficiency and the analysis of indicators of business activity level) by grouping them according to sales profitability level are revealed in the article. The analytical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of meat processing industry is carried out in the work. This gave the opportunity to identify priority ways of further development of the investigated business entities to enhance the effectiveness of their industrial and financial activity, and to strengthen their financial stability. Relevant activities to further enhance the functioning efficiency of meat processing enterprises are suggested