Dashboard Of Indicators Research Articles

Performance evaluation of the introduction of full sample traceability system within the specimen collection process

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the efficacy, safety and efficiency performances related to the introduction of innovative traceability platforms and integrated blood collection systems, for the improvement of a total testing process, thus also assessing the economic and organizational sustainability of these innovative technologies. Methods A mixed-method approach was utilized. A key-performance indicators dashboard was created based on a narrative literature review and expert consensus and was assessed through a real-life data collection from the University Hospital of Padova, Italy, comparing three scenarios over time (2013, 2016, 2019) with varying levels of technological integration. The economic and organizational sustainability was determined considering all the activities performed from the tube check-in to the validation of the results, with the integration of the management of the prevalent errors occurred during the process. Results The introduction of integrated venous blood collection and full sample traceability systems resulted in significant improvements in laboratory performance. Errors in samples collected in inappropriate tubes decreased by 42 %, mislabelled samples by 47 %, and samples with irregularities by 100 %. Economic analysis revealed a cost saving of 12.7 % per tube, equating to a total saving of 447,263.80 € over a 12-month period. Organizational efficiency improved with a reduction of 13,061.95 h in time spent on sample management, allowing for increased laboratory capacity and throughput. Conclusions Results revealed the strategic relevance of introducing integrated venous blood collection and full sample traceability systems, within the Laboratory setting, with a real-life demonstration of TLA economic and organizational sustainability, generating an overall improvement of the process efficiency.

An integrated method to identify and improve logistical gaps

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the critical elements of the SCOR model and its applications in solving logistical problems. It also discusses the theoretical approach to BSC concepts and the analysis of the tactical scenario and a company’s restrictions. The study is inductive, validating theoretical aspects that can be generalised through empirical testing. The proposed methodology integrates the BSC and SCOR models, aligning operational and strategic indicators, to performance measurement and achieving profitability objectives. The model integrated suppliers, improving inventory management and productivity, and its structure is defined from the company’s main decisions related to supply chain processes. The SCOR and Balanced Scorecard models were tested in a logistic process in a hardware store, with no known background in the literature on its application in this industry. These two models were integrated into a unified tool, with an indicator dashboard as an output, to support decision-making at both strategic and operational (logistics) levels.

Intensive Care Quality Indicators Dashboard Using Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model.

This paper presents the development of a visualization dashboard for quality indicators in intensive care units (ICUs), using the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model (CDM). The dashboard enables the user to visualize quality indicator data using histograms, pie charts and tables. Our project uses the OMOP CDM, ensuring a seamless implementation of our dashboard across various hospitals. Future directions for our research include expanding the dashboard to incorporate additional quality indicators and evaluating clinicians' feedback on its effectiveness.

Towards Integrating Information Systems of Statistical Indicators on Traceability, Quality and Safety of Italian Agrifood Systems for Citizens, Institutions and Policy-Makers

This paper arises from an ONRR project on “New technologies and methodologies for traceability, quality, safety, measurements and certifications to enhance the value and protect the typical traits in agrifood chains”. It has a first aim of performing an exhaustive review pertaining to the construction of indicators of the quality and safety of agrifood products, creating information systems dashboards of unidimensional and multidimensional indicators and applying such indicators, in the context of consumer choices and decisions of policy-makers and firms. Since it has been found that the literature offers no single proposal linking all such aspects, a second central and innovative aim is to propose an original step-by-step procedure for integrating information systems of statistical indicators for citizens, institutions and policy-makers with a specific focus on new technologies and methods for traceability, quality and safety of agrifood systems. The final output is a smart and user-friendly online database that is an absolute innovation on the topic.

Constructing an Automated Quality Control Indicator Dashboard by Linking Cloud-Based Forms with POWER BI.

This paper examines the use of quality control indicator audits in healthcare services to identify potential risk issues and improve the quality of medical care. A multi-stage approach was adopted to establish audit tools. This involved creating a cloud-based assessment form using Microsoft Form, developing Power BI dashboards connected to databases, and creating a mobile application for on-the-go auditing and result retrieval. Mobile application has replaced the need to search for and print audit forms, reducing paper usage. Automated audit results are linked to Power BI dashboards, significantly reducing the time spent on manual documentation and chart analysis, saving an average of 40 minutes per audit indicator. The paper proposes that the dashboard's real-time and automated features assist managers in promptly identifying potential issues and taking necessary intervention and guidance measures. These findings emphasise the significance of quality control indicator audits in enhancing the quality and safety of healthcare services.

Exploring the accessibility of primary health care data in Europe's COVID-19 response: developing key indicators for managing future pandemics (Eurodata study)

BackgroundPrimary Health Care (PHC) plays a crucial role in managing the COVID-19 pandemic, with only 8% of cases requiring hospitalization. However, PHC COVID-19 data often goes unnoticed on European government dashboards and in media discussions. This project aims to examine official information on PHC patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, with specific objectives: (1) Describe PHC’s clinical pathways for acute COVID-19 cases, including long-term care facilities, (2) Describe PHC COVID-19 pandemic indicators, (3) Develop COVID-19 PHC activity indicators, (4) Explain PHC’s role in vaccination strategies, and (5) Create a PHC contingency plan for future pandemics.MethodsA mixed-method study will employ two online questionnaires to gather retrospective PHC data on COVID-19 management and PHC involvement in vaccination strategies. Validation will occur through focus group discussions with medical and public health (PH) experts. A two-wave Delphi survey will establish a European PHC indicators dashboard for future pandemics. Additionally, a coordinated health system action plan involving PHC, secondary care, and PH will be devised to address future pandemic scenarios. Analysis: Quantitative data will be analysed using STATA v16.0 for descriptive and multivariate analyses. Qualitative data will be collected through peer-reviewed questionnaires and content analysis of focus group discussions. A Delphi survey and multiple focus groups will be employed to achieve consensus on PHC indicators and a common European health system response plan for future pandemics. The Eurodata research group involving researchers from 28 European countries support the development.DiscussionWhile PHC manages most COVID-19 acute cases, data remains limited in many European countries. This study collects data from numerous countries, offering a comprehensive perspective on PHC’s role during the pandemic in Europe. It pioneers the development of a PHC dashboard and health system plan for pandemics in Europe. These results may prove invaluable in future pandemics. However, data may have biases due to key informants’ involvement and may not fully represent all European GP practices. PHC has a significant role in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic, as most of the cases are mild or moderate and only 8% needed hospitalization. However, PHC COVID-19 activity data is invisible on governments’ daily dashboards in Europe, often overlooked in media and public debates.

Design and development of the clinical pharmacy key performance indicators dashboard for equity of service provision at regional and rural hospitals in North Queensland, Australia

AbstractBackgroundProvision of a Medication Action Plan (MAP) on admission and a Discharge Medication Record (DMR) are associated with reduced medication‐related harm.AimTo report factors associated with the provision of MAPs and DMRs in rural and regional hospitals in Queensland, Australia.MethodA literature search, environmental scan and department consultations were conducted to develop Clinical Pharmacy Key Performance Indicators (cpKPIs) and design a cpKPI dashboard. Two of the five KPIs included in the dashboard, relating to medication action plans on admission and medication records on discharge, were reported for all the hospitals and were included in the study. A retrospective, period‐prevalence study was conducted to evaluate the coverage and equity of clinical pharmacy service provision for patients admitted for longer than 24 h. The proportions of patients who received MAPs and DMRs were stratified by age, gender, Indigeneity and hospital type. Statistical analysis used chi‐squared tests and logistic regression in R. This project was exempt due to the local policy requirements that constitute research by the Far North Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (Reference no: EX/2023/QCH/94383‐1684QA). The justification for this exemption is as follows: the project was determined to be negligible risk research and involved the use of existing collection of data or records that contain only non‐identifiable data about human beings.ResultsIn total, 13 818 patients (37.9% of admissions) received a MAP and 11 631 patients (32.7% of discharges) received a DMR. The proportion of MAPs and DMRs was significantly higher in rural hospitals than in regional hospitals (MAP 50.6% vs 34.6%, DMR 33.1% vs 31.3%) and for male patients than female patients (MAP 42.2% vs 33.7%, DMR 36.4% vs 29.2%). When stratified by age, First Nations patients received a higher proportion of MAPs and DMRs in each age group, except for age 85 years and over. The proportion of First Nations patients aged 50 years and over who received MAP was lower compared to that for non‐Indigenous patients aged 65 years and over (56.3% vs 59.8%), whilst the proportion for DMRs was similar (50.4% vs 49.3%).ConclusionThe study defined the clinical pharmacy key performance indicators for measuring equity of clinical pharmacy service provision in Australia. When adjusted for a difference in life expectancy, the proportion of MAPs for First Nations patients was lower compared to the proportion of MAPs for non‐Indigenous patients. Further improvements are required to achieve equity of service provision for First Nations patients and female patients.

Meeting the challenges of the waste hierarchy: A performance evaluation of EU countries

The focus of this paper is to evaluate how well European countries are advancing towards a Circular Economy transition and to which extent they are fulfilling the European Union (EU) requirements in terms of municipal waste management. With this aim, an innovative composite indicator is devised by integrating the Goal Programming Synthetic Indicator (GPSI) methodology with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The suggested methodology allows to encompass not only the guidelines provided by the EU directives and the EU Waste Hierarchy, but also the deviations from the EU thresholds. As a first step of the analysis, a dashboard of indicators is identified together with a set of targets that European countries are supposed to meet. Indicators, targets and their relative importance in the dashboard have been discussed and validated by a team of experts. Then, two Goal Programming Synthetic Indicators are computed taking into account two different perspectives. The first one rewards the countries with good performance in the higher level of the Waste Hierarchy, while the second one penalizes countries whose infringements are in the lower part of the Waste Hierarchy. Hence two different systems of aggregating weights are identified by means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and accordingly two scenarios are explored. The analysis is performed using Eurostat data on 28 European countries from 2013 to 2018. For each year, countries are assessed in terms of their ability to keep the right waste management track delineated by the Waste Hierarchy principles. Countries’ ranking over time is first obtained and then interpreted in light of countries policies and achievements, deriving policy suggestions to improve waste management strategy able to reach the expected results.

Community Perspectives to Inform Substance Use Prevention Practice

Abstract Problem The Market is a highly cohesive working-class community in South Belfast. Queen's Communities and Place (QCAP) has partnered with the Market as an anchor community to co-develop research to generate actionable data to alleviate public health challenges. Both the Market Development Association (MDA) and QCAP's research findings identified substance use (SU) as a key issue and delivered Northern Ireland's first peer naloxone training in December 2022. However, a long-term strategy aligned with residents’ vision is necessary. Methods The MDA and QCAP co-hosted an event in February 2023 asking attendees 4 questions to guide small group discussion: •What is the current situation with SU in the Market? •Why do these problems exist? •What are service gaps? •What should the MDA and QCAP do to help? QCAP staff conducted a qualitative analysis of the discussion notes and presented the results to the MDA to guide intervention development. Results Residents had nuanced knowledge of SU in the area and feelings of both powerlessness against larger forces and optimism for change if given the necessary resources. The analysis revealed 3 key themes: the breadth of the issue in the community; a lack of supportive services; and a need for demographically tailored SU education. Lessons QCAP and the MDA have a better understanding of area's concerns about SU and hopes for addressing it. Short and long-term actions are planned: •Event series for parents covering drugs circulating, signs of SU, and overdose intervention steps. •Materials added to the existing “community indicators dashboard” publicised through QR codes posted at key locations. •Programming for youth co-developed with the area's new youth forum. •Seeking funding for a “health navigator” based in the community to connect residents with services they need. •Building connections with local GPs using a local champion model to reduce provider burden. Key messages • Communities have strong understanding of their public health challenges and can effectively guide the development of intervention strategies. • It is feasible to derive meaningful and informative feedback to direct public health action through shared power in research and community-engagement.

Tracking ‘Pure’ Systematic Risk with Realized Betas for Bitcoin and Ethereum

Using the capital asset pricing model, this article critically assesses the relative importance of computing ‘realized’ betas from high-frequency returns for Bitcoin and Ethereum—the two major cryptocurrencies—against their classic counterparts using the 1-day and 5-day return-based betas. The sample includes intraday data from 15 May 2018 until 17 January 2023. The microstructure noise is present until 4 min in the BTC and ETH high-frequency data. Therefore, we opt for a conservative choice with a 60 min sampling frequency. Considering 250 trading days as a rolling-window size, we obtain rolling betas < 1 for Bitcoin and Ethereum with respect to the CRIX market index, which could enhance portfolio diversification (at the expense of maximizing returns). We flag the minimal tracking errors at the hourly and daily frequencies. The dispersion of rolling betas is higher for the weekly frequency and is concentrated towards values of β > 0.8 for BTC (β > 0.65 for ETH). The weekly frequency is thus revealed as being less precise for capturing the ‘pure’ systematic risk for Bitcoin and Ethereum. For Ethereum in particular, the availability of high-frequency data tends to produce, on average, a more reliable inference. In the age of financial data feed immediacy, our results strongly suggest to pension fund managers, hedge fund traders, and investment bankers to include ‘realized’ versions of CAPM betas in their dashboard of indicators for portfolio risk estimation. Sensitivity analyses cover jump detection in BTC/ETH high-frequency data (up to 25%). We also include several jump-robust estimators of realized volatility, where realized quadpower volatility prevails.

Development and Usability Evaluation of a Web-Based Health Information Technology Dashboard of Quality and Economic Indicators

Introduction: Strategic dashboards, including hospital economic monitoring systems, play a major role in analyzing data and making decisions. As the health system is a multidimensional ecosystem, decision-makers and healthcare officials must gather and integrate information from numerous health information systems to monitor and direct healthcare centers. This study aims to develop and usability evaluation of a health information technology dashboard in Iran that utilizes qualitative and economic indicators.Material and Methods: This study was conducted in four phases. It included extracting the requirements of the system through the focus group technique. Based on these results, a comprehensive economic dashboard was developed. Then, the system’s usability is evaluated from the perspectives of experts and end-users by two scales of Nielsen and USE, respectively.Results: The dashboard was developed on the web and different access levels were defined for users according to their roles. This dashboard provides the ability to integrate information from different systems at the national level for decision-makers. The results of usability evaluation from users' point of view showed that it has a good level of usability. Furthermore, evaluation results revealed that aesthetic aspects and simple design and clarity of system status (0%), privacy (1.49%), "visibility and clarity of the system" and "adaptation between the system and the real world" (2.98%), have the fewest design errors. With 14 problems (20.89%), "recognition rather than remembering" and "compliance with uniformity and standards" have the highest frequency of problems.Conclusion: The development of an extensive integrated economic health dashboard, based on usability principles that are suitable for its stakeholders regardless of their specialty and granted access level, is welcomed by the health economist, hospital managers, and the ones who have an active role in monitoring and coordinating hospitals or even in greater scales such as national wide decision makers.

A Monitoring and Early Intervention Program for At-Risk Students on Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Objective. To describe a monitoring and early intervention process for students at risk of substandard performance on advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs).Methods. Using a dashboard of key indicators, students with potential deficits in knowledge, skills, or noncognitive attributes were identified as at risk of substandard performance on APPEs and placed on a list of students to be monitored during the APPE year. Employing a traffic light-based approach, at-risk students were initially designated with a monitoring status of red. If no issues were identified, students were de-escalated to yellow status and, subsequently, to green status. Monitored students who had issues or received a substandard evaluation on APPEs had a deficit-specific action plan implemented.Results. For the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 academic years, 87 of 499 students entering APPEs were monitored. Of those 87 students, 77 (88.5%) completed experiences successfully on the first attempt, but 66 (75.9%) did require extended higher-level (red or yellow) monitoring. Over these two years, 54 (62.1%) of the 87 students deemed at risk did not have a substandard performance on APPEs, with 26 in the 2018-2019 year and 28 in the 2019-2020 year.Conclusion. A student monitoring and early intervention process may be beneficial in assisting at-risk students to successfully complete APPEs.

Six Practical Recommendations Enabling Ethical Use of Predictive Learning Analytics in Distance Education

The progressive move of higher education institutions (HEIs) towards blended and online environments, accelerated by COVID-19, and their access to a greater variety of student data has heightened the need for ethical learning analytics (LA). This need is particularly salient in light of a lack of comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines on ethics that address gaps voiced in LA ethics research. Studies on the topic are predominantly conceptual, representing mainly institutional rather than stakeholder views, with some areas of ethics remaining underexplored. In this paper, we address this need by using a case of four years of interdisciplinary research in developing the award-winning Early Alerts Indicators (EAI) dashboard at a distance learning university. Through a lens focused on ethical considerations and informed by the practical approach to ethics, we conducted a case study review, using 10 relevant publications that report on the development and implementation of the tool. Our six practical recommendations on how to ethically engage with LA can inform an ethical development of LA that not only protects student privacy, but also ensures that LA tools are used in ways that effectively support student learning and development.

SMART-QUAL: a dashboard for quality measurement in higher education institutions

PurposeThe paper aims to define a dashboard of indicators to assess the quality performance of higher education institutions (HEI). The instrument is termed SMART-QUAL.Design/methodology/approachTwo sources were used in order to explore potential indicators. In the first step, information disclosed in official websites or institutional documentation of 36 selected HEIs was analyzed. This first step also included in depth structured high managers’ interviews. A total of 223 indicators emerged. In a second step, recent specialized literature was revised searching for indicators, capturing additional 302 indicators.FindingsEach one of the 525 total indicators was classified according to some attributes and distributed into 94 intermediate groups. These groups feed a debugging, prioritization and selection process, which ended up in the SMART-QUAL instrument: a set of 56 key performance indicators, which are grouped in 15 standards, and, in turn, classified into the 3 HEI missions. A basic model and an extended model are also proposed.Originality/valueThe paper provides a useful measure of quality performance of HEIs, showing a holistic view to monitor HEI quality from three fundamental missions. This instrument might assist HEI managers for both assessing and benchmarking purposes. The paper ends with recommendations for university managers and public administration authorities.

Measuring Competitiveness at NUTS3 Level and Territorial Partitioning of the Italian Provinces

In this paper we propose a dashboard of indicators of territorial attractiveness at NUTS3 level in the framework of the EU Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI). Then, the Fuzzy C-Medoids Clustering model with multivariate data and contiguity constraints is applied for partitioning the Italian provinces (NUTS3). The novelty is the territorial level analized, and the identification of the elementary indicators at the basis of the construction of the eleven composite competitiveness pillars. The positioning of the Italian provinces is deeply analyzed. The clusters obtained with and without contraints are compared. The obtained partition may play an important role in the design of policies at the NUTS3 level, a route already considered by the Italian government. The analysis developed and the related set of indicators at NUTS3 level constitute an information base that could be effectively used for the implementation of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP).

How to Monitor the Transition to Sustainable Food Services and Lodging Accommodation Activities: A Bibliometric Approach

The transition to sustainable food systems is one of the main challenges facing national and international action plans. It is estimated that food services and lodging accommodation activities are under pressure in terms of resource consumption and waste generation, and several tools are required to monitor their ecological transition. The present research adopts a semi-systematic and critical review of the current trends in the food service and lodging accommodation industries on a global scale and investigates the real current environmental indicators adopted internationally that can help to assess ecological transition. This research tries to answer the subsequent questions: (i) how has the ecological transition in the food service industry been monitored? and (ii) how has the ecological transition in the lodging accommodation industry been monitored? Our study reviews 66 peer-reviewed articles and conference proceedings included in Web of Science between 2015 and 2021. The results were analyzed according to content analysis and co-word analysis. Additionally, we provide a multidimensional measurement dashboard of empirical and theoretical indicators and distinguish between air, water, energy, waste, health, and economic scopes. In light of the co-word analysis, five research clusters were identified in the literature: “food cluster”, “water cluster”, “consumers cluster”, “corporate cluster”, and “energy cluster”. Overall, it emerges that food, water, and energy are the most impacted natural resources in tourism, and users and managers are the stakeholders who must be involved in active monitoring.

Sustainability Monitoring with Robotic Accounting—Integration of Financial and Environmental Farm Data

The production of farm sustainability indicators is vital for all actors in the food chain. This paper shows how robotic accounting could assist in the monitoring and compliance of farm performance, to assess the various aspects of sustainability. We show how financial farm accounting, which is routine on most farms, can be extended to deliver a range of sustainability metrics. Using farm invoices from the Netherlands and Ireland, we show that many invoices contain volume data that can be used to calculate environmental indicators such as pesticide use, mass balances (especially needed in organic farming), material balances of N and P, energy use, antibiotics use, etc. Using a number of illustrative use cases, we show the feasibility of deriving both financial and sustainability data from invoices. Standard algorithms can be used to link the invoice data to bank payment data and code it with a chart of accounts using a simple data and process model. Linking invoices with bank data provides advantages with respect to completeness, reliability, and efficiency. We describe a software tool that provides flexible data management processes that can easily be adapted by the user to collect new data that reflect emerging environmental or social concerns. Data collectors can set up procedures in which new types of data can be acquired or new indicators calculated, avoiding the need for software reprogramming. The digitalisation of invoices, ideally in a standard (UBL) format, is a necessary step to facilitate the process described. This digital format would lead to reduced accounting costs and at the same time could also provide farmers with a dashboard of sustainability indicators. Once invoices are digitalised, accounting costs drop, the potential for errors or omissions is reduced, and the administrative burden for environmental accounting diminishes due to the low marginal cost of data management.

Hybrid method to guide sustainable initiatives in higher education: a critical analysis of Brazilian municipalities

PurposeThis paper aims to assist higher education institutions (HEIs) in their decision-making process to define initiatives and foster research projects contributing to sustainable development (SD) and minimizing the deficits found in the municipalities.Design/methodology/approachA documental analysis was performed to select HEIs and Brazilian regional development indicators. Then, the assessment of the sustainable and institutional performance of Brazilian municipalities that have HEIs consisted of three parts: clustering with an unsupervised machine learning model, ranking with a hybrid multi-criteria decision making method and visualization of sustainability performance with the dashboard.FindingsThe critical analysis of institutional and sustainability indicators contributes to a more active role of HEIs in matters of social responsibility, with a more holistic view of the performance and quality of municipal education. Furthermore, this critical analysis creates a scenario where HEIs can develop public policy proposals in partnership with the government to mitigate the main issues identified.Social implicationsWith this study, HEIs will be able to direct their actions to minimize the deficits found in the municipalities, consolidating their social responsibility.Originality/valueThis study proposes a new decision-support tool with a dashboard of indicators so that HEIs can foster research projects with a focus on regional SD.

KPI dashboard for Customer Intelligence tasks: application and significance for business

The contribution of business is very significant in the economic development of countries, the creation of new jobs, the development of education, the improvement of the environment, and the improvement of the population’s living standards. For enterprises themselves, stable and competitive development and efficient marketing activity are vital, where the significant role is played by customer intelligence (CI). It is determined by the fact that in modern world customer focus and centricity give companies the ability to be more successful and stable on the market. The global digital transformation has provided companies with many opportunities for customizing products and services, which generally increases competitiveness on the one hand, and on the other hand, opens up new opportunities for working with consumers. Based on consumer databases in marketing activities, it is possible to start applying CA. Today, many methods and technologies allow to start using KA to collect and process consumer databases. This article aim is to present the practical approach to Customer Intelligence tasks through the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) dashboard, where the dashboard is the set of KPIs chosen based on CI tasks realizations. Using this panel will allow companies to follow the path of implementing CA with an understanding and evaluation of the effectiveness of using this technique. The systematic use and tracking of results will ultimately affect the stability and viability of companies.

A new poverty indicator for Europe: The extended headcount ratio

The methodology currently used to measure poverty in the European Union faces some important limitations. Capturing key aspects of poverty is done using a dashboard of indicators, which often tell conflicting stories. We propose a new income-based measure of poverty for Europe that captures in a consistent way in a single indicator the level of relative poverty, the intensity of poverty, poverty with a threshold anchored in time and a pan-European perspective on poverty. To do so, we work with a recently developed poverty index, the extended headcount ratio (EHC) and derive the relevant poverty lines to apply the index to poverty in Europe. We show empirically that our measure consistently captures the aspects typically monitored using a variety of indicators and yields rankings that seem more aligned with intuitions than those obtained by these individual indicators. According to our measure, Eastern Europe has a much higher level of poverty than Southern Europe, which, in turn, has a considerably higher level of poverty than North-Western Europe. In North-Western Europe, the evolution of our measure over time correlates most strongly with the at-risk-of-poverty rate, while in Southern and Eastern Europe, it correlates most strongly with at-risk-of-poverty with the threshold anchored in time.