Indian Young Adults Research Articles

Morphometry of the Thyroid Gland and its Correlation with Various Anthropometric Parameters in Asymptomatic Indian Young Adults- A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The volume, shape and size of the thyroid gland varies with age and sex. Morphometry of the thyroid with particular emphasis on its volume is an essential and most important parameter which must be evaluated. It is helpful in the diagnosis and monitoring of various thyroid diseases. Aim: To evaluate the volume of the normal thyroid gland and thickness of thyroid isthmus by ultrasonography and to observe its correlation with sex, height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Neck Circumference (NC), Body Surface Area (BSA) and Lean Body Mass (LBM) in asymptomatic subjects. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 100 volunteers (50 males and 50 females) from among 1st year MBBS/BDS students, who were attending classes in the Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, UP, Lucknow during April 2019-March 2020. Detailed information (sex, height, weight, NC) was recorded for every subject. Also, BMI, BSA and LBM were calculated for each. Thereafter, ultrasound was performed to measure the dimensions of the thyroid gland. The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Student t-test (to test the significance of two means), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and bivariate correlation using Karl Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used as statistical tests; and p-value <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: The mean volume of the right lobe of the thyroid gland was found to be 3.89±1.28 mL and of left side was 3.59±1.09 mL. The mean total volume of thyroid gland was 7.48±2.22 mL. In males, it was found to be 8.32±2.30 mL and in females, it was 6.63±1.78 mL. The mean thickness of thyroid isthmus was 2.09±0.66 mm. The correlation of total thyroid volume with all the anthropometric parameters was significant, while correlation of isthmus thickness was statistically significant with LBM and NC only. Conclusion: Presentstudy provides a normative reference data for the physicians and surgeons to consider while dealing with everyday cases of thyroid hypoplasia or goiter in their Outpatient Department (OPD)/Inpatient Departments (IPDs).

A study on normal reference values of echocardiographic chamber dimensions in young eastern Indian adults

ObjectiveVarious studies have shown racial differences in adult cardiac chamber measurements by echocardiography. There is lack of any large scale data from India regarding the echocardiographic chamber measurements in cardiologically healthy individuals. In this study we present the normal reference values of echocardiographic chamber dimensions in young eastern Indian adults and compare it with the data in present guidelines and recent studies involving Indian subjects. MethodsThis study was performed on 1377 healthy adults aged 18–35 years. Standard transthoracic echocardiographies were performed to obtain basic measurements. All measurements were indexed to body surface area. ResultsThe mean maximal aortic valve cusp separation (ACS) and indexed ACS were significantly more in females (p = 0.002, p = 0.03). Mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV fractional shortening were marginally higher in females. Upper normal reference limit of LV end diastolic dimension (LVEdD) is slightly more for males. Comparing to ASE data, LVEdD, LV end systolic dimension, LV end diastolic volume, indexed LV end systolic volume, left atrial anteroposterior dimension, aortic root dimension and right ventricle outflow diameter were significantly lower in study population while LVEF was significantly higher (p < 0.0001). ConclusionThe study reconfirms that Indian subjects have smaller cardiac chamber measurements compared to western population where as LVEF is higher in the Indian population and also demonstrates the wide variation of normal echocardiographic measurements within Indian subcontinent. No previous data from eastern India makes this research a singular experience.

Total energy expenditure (TEE) of young adults from urban South India: revisiting their daily energy requirement.

Young Indian adults are at greater risk of overweight/obesity due to their high energy intake and sedentary lifestyle. Their energy requirement (ER) is based on their total energy expenditure (TEE) estimated from factorial method, which possibly overestimates their basal metabolic rate (BMR) and physical activity level (PAL). This study aimed to compare the accurately measured TEE with ER in young adults. Secondarily, to compare measured with predicted BMR and guideline PAL with that obtained from questionnaire and step counts. TEE was measured in 19 male adults (18-30 years), using the doubly labeled water technique, over 14 days. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure BMR, while the PAL was estimated by (a) the ratio of measured TEE and BMR, (b) step counts over 7 days measured using tri-axial accelerometers and (c) a physical activity questionnaire (PAQ). The measured TEE (9.11 ± 1.30 MJ/d) was significantly lower than the ER using either the Indian (15.2%) or the FAO/WHO/UNU (11.9%, both p < 0.01) recommendations. The measured BMR (6.90 ± 0.65 MJ/d) was significantly lower than that predicted using the FAO/WHO/UNU equation (6.5%, p < 0.01) but not for the Indian equation. The estimated PAL from measured TEE and BMR (1.35 ± 0.18), and from accelerometers (1.33 ± 0.11) was significantly lower than PAL obtained from PAQ (1.53 ± 0.17) or the guideline of 1.53 for Indians. The predicted BMR and PAL guideline value was higher than that measured in young Indian adults, resulting in a ~13% lower measured TEE. This emphasizes the need to revisit the guidelines for predicting ER for this population.

Analyzing Tinder Through User Motivations and Experiences Among Indian Young Adults

Traditional conventions of match making and meeting potential partners were replaced by the Internet almost three decades ago. Today, mobile dating apps (MDAs) have become the preferred choice for young adults to meet new people. The trend which originally started in the Western world has eventually caught up with India as well. In the absence of any published studies in the Indian scenario, the present study examined the consumption of the dating app, Tinder. In addition to understanding the motivations for Tinder use, user perceptions and experiences were also explored. The findings of the study are suggestive of a male-dominated user base. The study also found that physical appearance was the most popular factor which influenced a right swipe, which justifies the user interface of the app. In the light of the Tinder Motives Scales (TMS), the study attempted to understand the motivations for Tinder use. Tinder use for entertainment was found to be the most popular motive. The study also revealed that an overwhelming majority of Tinder users did not believe in the possibility of finding a long-term romantic partner. Using these insights, theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed, one of which pertains to how the scope for Tinder extends beyond just bringing people together or finding potential partners.

Perception and purchase behavior of young Indian consumers towards Chinese products under the backdrop of their economic and political rivalry

ObjectiveThis study examines the impact of perceptions of young Indian adults about Chinese products in Indian markets upon their purchase behavior, especially after the border conflict in Doklam.MethodologyWe have analyzed data collected from a randomly selected sample of 339 educated urban individuals (18–40 years). Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the likelihood of buying Chinese products given their level of acceptance among those respondents who are aware of the Indo‐China conflict.FindingsYoung Indians mainly focus on quality and price while purchasing a product, and not the country‐of‐origin (COO). Those who took the social media messages to ban Chinese products seriously, concerned about the dominance of Chinese products in the Indian market, and check if the COO is China demonstrate significantly aversive purchase intention towards Chinese products. On the contrary, the odds of purchase decision making getting influenced by Indo‐China conflict is significantly lower for them who have some preference for Chinese products over its Indian substitutes.ConclusionsFeeling of animosity does not result in considerable hostility against the willingness to buy Chinese products, when price, quality, brand awareness, and non‐availability of appropriate Indian substitutes matter more. However, if the sense of animosity is utilized well, Indian manufacturers, especially the MSME sectors, can gain entrepreneurial opportunities and mileage.

Disconnect to detox: a study of smartphone addiction among young adults in India

PurposeAlthough there are many benefits that technological progress offers, there is also a dark side to several innovations. This study aims to examine smartphone usage amongst young Indian adults and identify likely antecedents and consequences of addictive smartphone usage behaviour.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data, through an online structured questionnaire, was collected from 240 smartphone users. The survey was conducted among college students between 18-25 years of age. Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed research framework.FindingsThe results show that almost 25 per cent of respondents had high scores on the smartphone addiction scale. The respondents spend most of their time on applications such as WhatsApp and other social networking sites. The findings indicate fear of missing out to be a predictor of problematic smartphone usage behaviour. Further, the study points to poorer quality of sleep as a consequence of high smartphone usage.Research limitations/implicationsBased on the findings of the study, the importance of digital detoxification has been highlighted. Further, recommendations have been made to discourage excessive smartphone usage and avoid the resulting negative consequences.Originality/valueWith the increasing usage of smartphones, there is a need to study addictive behaviour amongst sections of the population, specially those which tend to be more vulnerable. The study examines the extent of smartphone addictive behaviour amongst young Indian adults and identifies antecedents and consequences of such behaviour.

Study of Effect of Various Grades of Exercise on Serum Proteins in Healthy Young Indian Adults

Serum total protein levels changes occur as a result of various grades of exercise intensity. The mainobjective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different grades of exercise on the serum levels ofproteins in healthy young Indian adults. Fifty six healthy students (28 each, male and female) with an agerange of 18–27 years were subjects in this study. The participants performed an exercise test of moderate tovigorous intensity on bicycle ergometer. The serum concentrations of total serum proteins were measuredby colorimetric method. The results show significantlysignificantly different and lower (9.9%) total serumprotein level after moderate exercise (7.10 ± 0.18 vs. 6.40 ± 0.14, mean difference=0.70, q=4.78, p&lt;0.01)and higher (7.9%) after severe exercise (7.10 ± 0.18 vs. 7.72 ± 0.12, mean difference=0.61, q=4.18, p&lt;0.05)as compared to baseline was observed. Further, the mean total serum protein level also increases (17.0%)significantly after severe exercise as compared to after moderate exercise (6.40 ± 0.14 vs. 7.72 ± 0.12, meandifference=1.31, q=8.96, p&lt;0.001). These results support the different grades of exercise affect serum totalproteins.

Correlation of Serum Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++) and ECG Changes Before and After Exercise

Exercise is known to cause changes in electrolytes in different compartments of the body and homeostasiskeeps in check these changes. This study was planned to access and evaluate changes biochemical parameterslike Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ along with changesin E.C.G. in healthy young Indian adults. Fifty two healthystudents (26 each, male and female) with an age range of 18–30 years were subjects in this study. Theparticipants performed an exercise test of moderate to vigorous intensity on bicycle ergometer. Pre and postexercise biochemical parameters (serum electrolytes Na+ K+ Mg++ Ca++) along with ECG was done. Theserum sodium levels in both pre & post exercise group were within normal range but serum sodium is highlysignificant in post exercise group. The serum potassium levels in both pre & post exercise group were withinnormal range but serum potassium is highly significant in post exercise group. The serum magnesium levelsin both pre & post exercise group were within normal range but serum magnesium is highly significant inpost exercise group. The serum calcium levels in both pre & post exercise group were within normal rangebut serum calcium is highly significant in post exercise group. In the ECG the voltage of p wave QRScomplex and ST segment shows highly significant/significant changes in pre and post exercise group. Theduration of ST segment, RR interval, QT interval and QTc interval change highly significantly in the pre andpost exercising group. PR interval is no change in either group.

Effect of Various Grades of Exercise on Serum Cortisol

Increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases are mostly due to improving socio-economic statusand changes in modern lifestyles, including diets which are high in salt, sugar, and undesirable fats anddecrease in physical activity levels in Indian population. The present study evaluates the effect of variousgrades of exercise on serum cortisol in healthy young Indian adults. The objective of the study was toevaluate the pre and post exercise changes in serum cortisol levels. A total 56 healthy First year MBBSstudent’s age between 18-27 yrs of either sex were taken at G.S.V.M. Medical College Kanpur. The subjectswere treated with moderate and heavy exercise. Pre-exercise determination of serum total cortisol of all thesubjects was done. Post-exercise determination of serum total cortisol of all the subjects after duration ofone week and 12 weeks of exercise was done. After completion of 12 weeks of exercise a comparison wasmade between pre and post exercise values of total serum cortisol. Statistical Analysis was done by pairedstudent ‘t’ test and 95% level of confidence was taken significant (p&lt;0.05).Results indicated that Serumcortisol varies with different grades of exercise and there was slight increase in serum cortisol concentrationafter moderate exercise but it was of not very much significance. There are some divergent findings alsoand most literature has cited that an approximate 60% exercise intensity threshold is necessary to elicit asignificant increase in blood cortisol.Thus, according to our study, there is correlation of the serum cortisollevels according to the different grades of exercise.

Gauging Eve: A Study on the Effect of Appearance Cues on the Attitude towards Women

This study aims to determine the effect of appearance cues (clothes, cosmetics and hair length) on the attitudes towards women. Young unmarried Indian adults of 18-25 years were divided into groups of males (N=30) and females (N=30). Their general attitudes towards women were assessed using the Attitudes towards Women Scale. They were shown photographs of female models dressed in formal and informal clothes, with and without make-up and with short and long hair. On the basis of these photographs, participants were asked to indicate the valency of their attitude towards them in the familial, social and employability domains. After the Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test were conducted, higher scores on AWS scale, indicating egalitarian beliefs, were found to be associated with higher acceptance of different clothing, hair and makeup styles. Other significant correlations between clothing, hair and makeup were found.

A Study of Young Adults’ Intention towards Genetically Modified Foods: Mediating Effect of Health Belief

Thestudy is an attempt to gauge intentions of Indian young adults towards purchase of GM food in threestates of north India with 528 respondents as sample. The study employed questionnaire method of datacollection using Likert scale. Structural Equation Modeling through AMOS is used for data analysis. Resultsreveal that information about GM foods, their effects, safety issues and health beliefs of young adults aresignificant determinants of GM food purchase intention. There is an insignificant relationship betweenemotional involvement and purchase intentions. Health belief mediates between the variables. Results canaugment the current understanding of governments, organizations and other bodies towards the behavior ofyoung adults towards GM foods.

Comparison of dental age estimations from two radiographic methods of metric analysis in North Indian young adults

ABSTRACT Age estimation is a vital part in many of forensic investigations, be it for the dead or living. Despite its importance, accuracy of age estimation has always been an issue in legal matters, especially in the adult population. This study has been conducted on a North Indian adult population, furthering the research on formulated odonto-metric indices and their variation among the population, with the aim of establishing their suitability for estimation of age in the population under study. The two methods employed on first and second molars were tooth coronal index (TCI) and pulp chamber tooth height ratio (PCTHR). Of the two teeth, the second molar was found to have a significant correlation compared with the other one and the TCI was found to be marginally better than PCTHR when applied on second molars. The error ranges for TCI (first molar and second molar) and PCTHR (second molar) methods were found to be same, i.e. ±7 years. The choice of an age-group specific method is important for the most accurate and reliable dental age estimations in forensic contexts.

The relationship between existential well-being and mood-related psychiatric burden in Indian young adults with attachment deficits: a cross-cultural validation study

BackgroundAttachment and spirituality are thought to have deep evolutionary roots but are always interpreted within the framework of culture, religion and personal beliefs. While insecure attachment has been observed to be positively related with psychopathology, a positive mental health effect has often been described for spirituality. To examine the cross-cultural validation of previous research focused on Austrian young adults with Western socialization, we attempt to replicate our study examining the influence spirituality has on the connection between insecure attachment and mood-related psychiatric burden with Indian young adults.MethodsWe investigated Avoidant (AV) and Anxious (AX) Attachment (ECR-RD), Religious (RWB) and Existential (EWB) Well-Being (MI-RSWB), and mood-related psychiatric burden (Anxiety, Depression, Somatization; BSI-18) in 443 (31% female) Indian young adults (age range: 18–30 years) with a Hindu upbringing.ResultsCompared to young adults with a Roman Catholic upbringing in a Western socialization, Indian participants did not differ in AX and EWB but scored higher in mood-related psychiatric burden (eta2 = .04), AV (eta2 = .14), as well as RWB (eta2 = .28; all p < .01). As in previous research only AX (β = .40) positively predicted mood-related psychiatric burden (ΔR2 = .15, all p < .01), while EWB was an additional negative predictor (β = −.11, p < .05).ConclusionsOur findings emphasize the universal importance of attachment and spirituality for mental health as well as the potential influence of socialization on their development.Furthermore, they underline that Existential Well-Being – including hope for a better future, forgiveness, and the experience of sense and meaning – appears to have a compensating effect on the relation between insecure attachment and impaired mental health.

American Indian young adults display diminished cardiovascular and cortisol responses to acute psychological stress

American Indian adults are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease compared with non-Hispanic white adults. Scant research exists examining the underlying physiological and psychological mechanisms associated with these risks. This study aimed to examine possible psychological and physiological stress-related mechanisms related to cardiovascular disease risk in healthy American Indian and non-Hispanic white adults. Forty American Indian (60% female, Mean age = 19.93, SD = 2.08 years) and 45 non-Hispanic white (70% female, Mean age = 20.18, SD = 2.22 years) participants attended an in-person laboratory session. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity were measured before (baseline), during, and after exposure to a 10-minute mental arithmetic task. Compared to non-Hispanic white participants, American Indian had diminished salivary cortisol (p < .001), blood pressure (p’s < .001), and heart rate (p = .041) responses to acute psychological stress. These effects could not be accounted for by differences in task performance or self-reported engagement. Previous research has shown that exaggerated responses to stress are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, diminished responses to stress are associated with early childhood stress and future adverse behaviors (e.g., addiction, obesity). Diminished reactivity may influence behaviors that can impact future development of cardiovascular disease in American Indian populations.

Effect of sleep deprivation on cognition in young Indian adults: A Color-Word Stroop task study

Background: Sleep is a basic need for survival and restoration of body and mind. Human populations have undergone a steady constant decline in sleep hours attributable to changes in environmental and social circumstances. Sleep is an important determinant of cognitive performance in humans with sleep deprivation known to cause cognitive decline in susceptible individuals. Aims and Objectives: Our study aims to assess sleep duration as a determinant of cognitive function in young Indian adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 healthy young volunteers in the 18–25 years age group of both sexes were divided into two groups of 30 each, Group 1 – inadequate sleep duration (

Risk factors, comorbiditiEs and Atherogenic dysLipidaemia in Indian YOUNG patients with dyslipidaemia attending hospital/clinic: REAL YOUNG (dyslipidaemia) study.

Objective:To evaluate the pattern of dyslipidaemia, risk factors, and comorbidities in young Indian adults with dyslipidaemia.Methods:A retrospective, multi-centric real-world study included individuals with dyslipidaemia, aged 18 - 45 years, attending to 623 hospitals/clinics across India. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records to note demographics, risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, family history of dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension), and clinical details (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C)).A descriptive analysis and comparative analysis (Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test) were done.Results:Of the total 8135 patients, the majority were men (65.0%). Overall, 87.1% of population had one or multiple comorbidities which included the presence of dyslipidaemia alone (12.9%), dyslipidaemia with diabetes and hypertension (39.1%), dyslipidaemia with diabetes (33.6%), and dyslipidaemia with hypertension (14.4%). Sedentary lifestyle was prevalent observation in >50% of the population. Youngest age (18 - 25) group had higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (63.2%), high LDL-C levels (56.8%), and low HDL-C levels (64.6%), while patients from the age group >25 to ≤35 years had the highest incidence of hypercholesterolemia (66.6%). Atherogenic dyslipidaemia was observed in 41.9%, 25.5%, and 23.2% of patients from age groups of ≥18 to ≤25, >25 to ≤35, and >35 to ≤45 years, respectively. Patients with HbA1c ≥6.5% had significantly higher levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, and lower HDL-C compared to those with HbA1c <6.5%.Conclusion:Hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, and atherogenic dyslipidaemia were prevalent in the young Indian cohort and sedentary lifestyle, and HbA1c ≥ 6.5% were the predominant risk factors of dyslipidaemia.

Attitudes, beliefs, and norms about sex and sexuality among young Indian male adults: A qualitative study

Objective:Little is known about the risky sexual behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and sources of information regarding sexual health among young adult Indian males. Currently, students in Indian secondary schools do not receive a structured comprehensive sexual health education. This qualitative study explored the sources of information, knowledge, and attitudes around sexual behaviors among young men in Mysore, India.Materials and Methods:Between May and June 2011, 23 semi-structured qualitative in-depth interviews with males aged 18–25 years were conducted to explore their views on sexual norms, attitudes, and their sources of information to gain knowledge about sexual health. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analyses were conducted.Results:Participants shared a desire for quality sex education in schools but described their current sexual health curriculum as inadequate. Since social taboos dictated the space in which students gained awareness on sexual topics, the participants resorted to the outside information from both reliable and unreliable sources.Conclusions:These findings have important implications for laying the groundwork for culturally specific sexual health education interventions to meet the needs of a growing youth population in India.

Distribution of glycated haemoglobin and its determinants in Indian young adults

AimThe aim of the present study is to understand the distribution of A1c in four different age groups in young adults and its relation to other co-variants. MethodsThe countrywide data was collected in 2017 in Individuals with high risk analysed by Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and self-declared diabetics were identified after screening a sample of 240,968 individuals from rural (4 villages of about 500 adults each) and urban (4 census enumeration blocks of about 500 adults each) population spanning 65 districts of 29 states/UTs of Indian subcontinent. Blood tests and other detailed assessments were carried out on this selected group. This study presents the analysis of the A1c values of 2862 young adults (<35 years). ResultsIn the age group of 31–34 years, the proportion of Diabetes (22.36%) and Prediabetes (9.86%) was higher in comparison with younger age groups. Also, Diabetes (7.3%) and Prediabetes (22%) were highest among those who had parental history of DM in both parents as compared to those with Diabetes history in one parent [Diabetes (7.1%) or Prediabetes (19.0%)] and no Diabetes Parental History (Diabetes (7.3%) and Prediabetes (18.3%) cases. BMI was found to play a significant positive correlation with Diabetes and Prediabetes (p < 0.001) with range of A1c. ConclusionAge, BMI and parental history were found to be correlated with A1c levels in IDRS screened high-risk population. With increasing age, the proportion of Diabetics and Prediabetics also increased with positive correlation of age with A1c levels.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Predicting the Cumulative Outcome of IVF / ICSI Treatment

Infertility rates in India becoming increased in last decade principally due to the urbanization conditions and the lifestyle habits. It is giving alarm by continuously reporting the progress in incident cases of infertility amongst the young Indian adults of both male and female population. Among the various Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) available today in the treatment of infertility, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is found to be the most applicable treatment method of choice. This involves the administration of different hormones and drugs to treat infertility. In the present scenario technically IVF treatment process is tedious, laborious, high cost and most importantly success rates reported to be very low (20-30%). The prediction of IVF success rates is becoming an important scientific knowledge and practice, which helps both the doctor and the candidate couple to know about the conditions hence to take the right decision. The accurate prediction of the IVF success rate is really a challenging task in obstetrics and gynecology medicine. The success rates of the IVF depends on the various factors such as Intrinsic factors i.e, Genetic predisposition, Age, Body mass Index, Hormonal balance, Embryo viability, Sperm quality, Endometriosis and overall patient’s response level of the candidate couple and the Extrinsic factors such as Medical equipment technology, Treatment methods, Personal experiences of clinicians and embryologists, Process time, Stress due to the lifestyle etc.

A Network Analysis of Domestic Violence Beliefs Among Young Adults in India.

This study sought to describe the system of beliefs on gender, attitudes toward women, and wife beating, in young adults who live in Mysore, India. Furthermore, it identified structural sex differences in the interplay of values among these matters that can affect individual and community views toward domestic violence. Drawing from survey data gathered from 265 young adult Indian men and women, this study used network analysis to graph a correlation network of beliefs and attitudes toward domestic violence. Node, scale, and network structure descriptions allowed for comparisons among male and female participant responses. The findings support the assertion that there are sex differences among the system of beliefs toward wife beating among Indian young adults. Gender ideology, masculine role in relationships, and legal and social consequences of wife beating emerged as the most important values to focus on when addressing young men's beliefs of domestic violence and attitudes toward women. In contrast, values influencing women's perceptions of domestic violence are more complex and related to multiple beliefs about women's power, family structure, and social and legal implications of domestic violence. The results highlight the importance of recognizing gender differences in the connectivity between gender and wife beating beliefs when designing interventions. There is a need for efforts to accurately target these values and attitudes to more effectively address gendered attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence in this population.