Tea Leaves Research Articles

Effects of anaerobic treatment on the non-volatile components and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of purple-colored leaf tea

This study investigated the effect of anaerobic treatment on the non-volatile components and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in purple-colored leaf tea. Results showed that after 8 h of anaerobic treatment, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content significantly increased from 0.02 mg/g to 1.72 mg/g (p < 0.05), while lactic acid content gradually rose from non-detectable levels to 3.56 mg/g. Notably, certain flavonols like quercetin and myricetin exhibited significant increments, whereas the total anthocyanins (1.01 mg/g) and epigallocatechin-3-(3''-O-methyl) gallate (13.47 mg/g) contents remained almost unchanged. Furthermore, the ACE inhibition rate of purple-colored leaf tea increased significantly from 42.16% to 49.20% (p < 0.05) at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Moreover, galloylated catechins showed stronger ACE inhibitory activity than non-galloylated catechins in both in vitro ACE inhibitory activity and molecular docking analysis. These findings might contribute to the development of special purple-colored leaf tea products with potential therapy for hypertension.

Effectiveness of Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis) Liquid Smoke as an Antiseptic

Microbes are often the cause of infectious diseases; one method of prevention is to use antiseptics. Excessive use of antisep- tics can cause mild to severe side effects, so an alternative antiseptic is needed. Liquid smoke is an alternative raw material to produce antiseptics because its main component can be used as an inhibitor of microbial growth. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of tea-leaf liquid smoke as an antiseptic against microbial growth in vivo and in vitro. The method for producing liquid smoke via pyrolysis involves distilling grade 3 liquid smoke to generate grade 1 and grade 2 liquid smoke. The in vitro test uses a microbial growth inhibition test with grade 1 and 2 liquid smoke concentrations of 35%, 50%, and 75%. The microbes used were Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9643. The in vivo test uses the swab test method on the palm of the hand. The results of the invitro test showed that the largest inhibition zone of tea leaf liquid smoke was obtained using grade 2 liquid smoke with a concentration of 75%.The results of the in vivo test showed that the effectiveness of tea leaf liquid smoke was 80% against bacteria and 85% against fungi. Based onthe results of the study, it can be concluded that tea leaf liquid smoke (Camellia sinensis) has potential as an antiseptic.

Effects of Co-administration of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oliefera&lt;/i&gt; Leaf Tea with Standard Drug on Diabetic and Hypertensive Co-morbidity Patients

Effects of Co-administration of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oliefera&lt;/i&gt; Leaf Tea with Standard Drug on Diabetic and Hypertensive Co-morbidity Patients

Probiotic potential of acetic acid bacteria isolated from kombucha in New Zealand in vitro

Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage containing live microorganisms, mostly beneficial strains of yeast and acetic acid bacteria (AAB), but empirical evidence is limited supporting the probiotic potential of kombucha. This study reports the in vitro probiotic potential of 36 AAB strains isolated from three Kombucha samples commercially available in New Zealand. Nine representative AAB strains, belonging to three species (Komagataeibacter rhaeticus, Acetobacter musti and Gluconobacter potus), were examined for their primary probiotic characteristics such as tolerance to bile salts, NaCl, and low pH, and temperature. Three non-cellulose forming strains (A. musti LOAAB1, G. potus LOAAB2 and G. potus GBAAB3) were assayed for their cell surface characteristics such as auto-aggregation, co-aggregation with pathogenic bacteria, and hydrophobicity. Antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and enzymatic activities were also investigated for the strains of interest. Results indicated that nine strains were able to grow under low pH in the presence of bile salts, suggesting their potential to survive in the human gut. Six K. rhaeticus strains produced cellulosic pellicles, a potential source of prebiotics for beneficial bacteria. The three AAB strains LOAAB1, LOAAB2 and GBAAB3 showed promising cell surface characteristics, such as auto-aggregation rates (>80 %), co-aggregation with four pathogenic bacteria (13.24–43.47 %), hydrophobicity (42.12 % to 50.20 %), and antioxidant activities (>90 %). All nine strains tested negative for enzymatic activities (haemolytic, proteolytic, phospholipase, and gelatinase), suggesting that they are safe to consume. Together, these data indicate the potential for the three AAB strains to be further investigated as probiotic sources with more in vivo tests for applications in the food and beverages industry.

Pengaruh Harga, Citra Merek, dan Kualitas Produk terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada Chatime Kota Semarang

Nowadays, there is a lot of competition in the food and beverage industry that has developed in Indonesia. Judging from the increasing demand and interest in beverage products among the general public. Businesses in the beverage industry are of great interest to business people. Chatime is one of the pioneers of bubble tea drinks in Indonesia which originates from Taiwan. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of price, brand image and product quality on Chatime Semarang City. This research uses descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis. The data used is primary data with a questionnaire collection method. Data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The sample used was 100 respondents. The research results found that there was a positive and significant influence on the price variable on purchasing decisions, and likewise on the product quality variable. Meanwhile, the brand image variable does not have a significant effect.

Edukasi Peningkatan Pemahaman Kesehatan Remaja Karang Taruna Desa Cepagan Melalui Pengembangan Minuman Teh Daun Kemangi

In Cepagan Village, Warungasem District, Batang Regency, there are many stems of basil plants found around the yard. Basil leaves are known to have the benefit of helping lower blood pressure. From field observations, many people in the village have a history of hypertension. Apart from that, people don't know how to prepare basil leaf tea as an alternative to help lower blood pressure. The target of community service was chosen to be young people from youth organizations considering that there were no activities in the health sector and also based on teenagers' ability to grasp understanding more easily than the elderly. Given the problems and the abundant availability of natural materials, there is a need for community service in the area. This service aims to improve the health of the people of Cepagan Village through Karang Taruna youth by providing education to increase health understanding through drinking basil leaf tea to help reduce hypertension. Service is carried out by presenting material and interactive discussions. The number of service participants was 22 participants. The pretest and posttest describe participants' understanding before and after service. The evaluation results show that the pretest score (5-14%) increased on the posttest (91-100%). So it can be concluded that this community service was successful.

Bottle-in-bottle reaction device: Portable gas pressure meter for rapid and on-site analysis of oxalate in spinach and tea beverages

A gas pressure meter-based portable/miniaturized analytical kit was established for rapid and on-site detection of oxalate. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and oxalate solution were mixed together in bottle-in-bottle reaction device, a simple oxidation reaction process occurred within 6 min and carbon dioxide (CO2) was generated, inducing the pressure of the sealed bottle changed, which was measured by a portable gas pressure meter. A detectable range of 0.1–6 μmol mL−1 and a detection limit of 0.064 μmol mL−1 were achieved. The proposed analytical method was further used for the analysis of several real samples (spinach, beverages and water samples), with the recoveries of 89–111%. Considering the interferences from the complicated matrix, calcium chloride (CaCl2) was served as a precipitant, oxalate (C2O42−) was precipitated with Ca2+ to form precipitation (CaC2O4), CaC2O4 was then separated from the matrix by centrifuge/filter, eliminating the interferences. It is a rapid, easy-used and interference-free analytical system/device for oxalate on-site and real time analysis.

The Protective Effect of Flavonoids in the Diet on Autophagy-Related Cardiac Impairment.

The compounds known as flavonoids, commonly found in fruits, vegetables, legumes, medicinal herbs, chocolate, and coffee and tea beverages, have been extensively researched for their impact on cardiovascular health. Flavonoids, with their demonstrated potential, have shown promising effects in regulating blood vessel function and apoptotic processes, as well as in improving lipid profiles. While their powerful antioxidant properties were initially thought to be the main reason behind these effects, recent studies have uncovered new insights into the positive effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular health, and researchers have now identified several signaling pathways and mechanisms that also play a role. Of particular interest are the studies that have highlighted the role of autophagy in maintaining the physiological functions of cardiomyocytes and protecting them from harm. Recent publications have linked the dysregulation of autophagic processes with the development of cardiomyopathies, heart failure, and other cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to present the latest, novel findings from preclinical research regarding the potential beneficial effects of flavonoids on various heart conditions associated with altered autophagy processes.

Can herbal teas be used as complementary therapies for kidney disorders? Results from a cross-sectional study

IntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) has limited treatment options and is becoming more and more common. Since apparent evidence in the literature shows that herbs may be reno-protective, we discussed different kinds of herbal tea in relation to CKD and related disorders. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in health care centres located in a region in central Iran by enroling subjects aged 18 years and older. A self-reported questionnaire was used to evaluate the frequency and type of herbal tea drinks by participants. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and blood samples were obtained using a standard procedure. The Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guideline was the reference for diagnosis of CKD. Through multiple logistic models, the association between herbal tea drinking with CKD and related disorders was examined. ResultsOverall, 3 322 subjects were examined in this study. Three types of herbal tea were consumed by the study participants including green tea, chamomile-thyme tea, and borage tea. No statistically significant consistent associations between kidney disorders, including CKD, haematuria, albuminuria, and kidney stone and consumption of these herbal preparations were identified. ConclusionOverall, this study failed to suggest any consistent association between renal function and three categories of herbal tea in adult Iranian individuals.

ОЦЕНКА ИНСТИТУТА КУРАТОРСТВА В МЕДИЦИНСКОМ ВУЗЕ: СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

A sociological study was conducted among the 1st and 2nd year students of the general medicine and pediatric faculties of the Northern State Medical University in order to assess the quality of the curatorship institute at the medical university. The total number of respondents was 296. The average age was 18 (18; 19) years, of which 72,0% (n=213) were girls and 28,0% (n=83) were boys. Almost all students know their curator (98,0%), 54.7% noted that they meet with their curator once a month. At the pediatric faculty, curators interact more often with their groups. When questions arise, 67,6% of students have the opportunity to communicate with the curator by phone, almost half (56,4%) are in touch with the curator on social networks. The majority of respondents (69,9%) do not focus on the age and experience of the curator. Events organized by the curators: tea drinking (33,1%), conversations (52,7%), trips to the theater, cinema, bowling (25,0%), trips to recreation centers (5,4%), other events (museums, exhibitions, conferences, skating rink, trainings) – in 16,9%; 15,5% of students answered that the curators did not hold any joint events. 44,6% of students would like to attach a curator to the group for all 6 years of study. The average score for evaluating the effectiveness of the curator's work was 6,6 (4; 8) points. Among the important functions performed by the curator, the following were noted: to help resolve conflict situations in the group (78,4%), to be an intermediary between students and teachers of departments (74,0%), to help with studies (41,2%), in solving household issues (13,9%), to organize leisure (14,2%), to help solve health problems (5,4%).

Inhibitory effect of Lonicera japonica flos on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and mechanism exploration through metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses.

Streptococcus mutans was the primary pathogenic organism responsible for dental caries. Lonicera japonica flos (LJF) is a traditional herb in Asia and Europe and consumed as a tea beverage for thousands of years. The inhibitory effect and mechanism of LJF on biofilm formation by S. mutans was investigated. The active extracts of LJF were validated for their inhibitory activity by examining changes in surface properties such as adherence, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation abilities, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production, including water-soluble glucan and water-insoluble glucan. LJF primarily inhibited biofilm formation through the reduction of EPS production, resulting in alterations in cell surface characteristics and growth retardation in biofilm formation cycles. Integrated transcriptomic and untargeted metabolomics analyses revealed that EPS production was modulated through two-component systems (TCS), quorum sensing (QS), and phosphotransferase system (PTS) pathways under LJF stress conditions. The sensing histidine kinase VicK was identified as an important target protein, as LJF caused its dysregulated expression and blocked the sensing of autoinducer II (AI-2). This led to the inhibition of response regulator transcriptional factors, down-regulated glycosyltransferase (Gtf) activity, and decreased production of water-insoluble glucans (WIG) and water-soluble glucans (WSG). This is the first exploration of the inhibitory effect and mechanism of LJF on S. mutans, providing a theoretical basis for the application of LJF in functional food, oral health care, and related areas.

A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Rapid Detection of Didymella segeticola Causing Tea Leaf Spot.

Tea leaf spot caused by Didymella segeticola is an important disease that threatens the healthy growth of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and results in reductions in the productivity and quality of tea leaves. Early diagnosis of the disease is particularly important for managing the infection. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is an efficient diagnostic technique with the advantages of simplicity, specificity, and sensitivity. In this study, we developed a rapid, visual, and high-sensitivity LAMP assay for D. segeticola detection based on sequence-characterized amplified regions. Two pairs of amplification primers (external primers F3 and B3 and internal primers FIP and BIP) were designed based on a specific sequence in D. segeticola (NCBI accession number: OR987684). Compared to common pathogens of other genera in tea plants and other species in the Didymella genus (Didymella coffeae-arabicae, Didymella pomorum, and Didymella sinensis), the LAMP method is specific for detecting the species D. segeticola. The assay was able to detect D. segeticola at a minimal concentration of 1 fg/μL genomic DNA at an optimal reaction temperature of 65 °C for 60 min. When healthy leaves were inoculated with D. segeticola in the laboratory, the LAMP method successfully detected D. segeticola in diseased tea leaves at 72 h post inoculation. The LAMP assays were negative when the DNA samples were extracted from healthy leaves. Leaf tissues with necrotic lesions from 18 germplasms of tea plants tested positive for the pathogen by the LAMP assay. In summary, this study established a specific, sensitive, and simple LAMP method to detect D. segeticola, which provides reliable technical support for estimating disease prevalence and facilitates sustainable management of tea leaf spot.

Investigating the release of microplastics from tea bags into tea drinks and human exposure assessment

Investigating the release of microplastics from tea bags into tea drinks and human exposure assessment

Association Between Tea Drinking and Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study From the Mekran Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Anemia in females of the reproductive age group is an area of concern globally, but its prevalence is high in developing countries. Dietary habits and lifestyle impact the hematological parameters. It is important to evaluate the impact of tea drinking on hematological parameters in females of the reproductive age group. The study aims to determine the association of tea drinking with anemia among women of reproductive age (WRA) in the Mekran division of Balochistan. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Mekran Medical College (MMC), a teaching hospital in Turbat, Balochistan, by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from December 2023 to May 2024. Using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, a total of 356 females, 16-35 years of age, were included in the study after getting informed consent. Pregnant females and those who were using any medication for anemia were excluded from the study.Blood samples were analyzed using a CBC hematology analyzer. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 by applying an independent sample t-test and chi-square test. Among all 356 included participants, 193 females were anemic. Among the tea drinkers (n = 266), 159 participants were mild to severely anemic. While among non-tea-drinking women (n = 90), only 34 participants were mild or moderately anemic with no severe anemia. A significant association was found between tea drinking and anemia among WRA (p < 0.05). A significant mean difference was found in the hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) levels among the tea-drinker and non-tea-drinker participants (p < 0.05). The WRA group from the Mekran region is suffering from anemia. Women who drink tea suffer more from anemia. Effective healthcare strategies should be implemented to address the issue of anemia among WRA.

Hyperspectral image construction in different spectral bands of tea leafs for identifying the tea type using O-ConvNet-RF model

Tea, a commonly consumed beverage, is susceptible to being sold in adulterated or expired forms by third-party vendors. Hyperspectral imaging across different wavelength bands has proven to precisely assess the diverse types of tea and their corresponding financial gains. This study aims to employ a deep learning methodology in conjunction with hyperspectral imaging for efficiently classifying tea leaves. A novel approach is proposed, wherein a waveband convolutional neural network is utilized to generate hyper spectral images of tea leaf samples with enhanced resolution. The model known as optimized-convolutional neural network-random forest O- (ConvNet-RF) demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving high accuracy, impressive recall, F1 score, and notable sensitivity rate, outperforming existing alternative methods. The tea leaf types, namely green, yellow, and black, were accurately identified using a combination of the random forest (RF) model and the O-ConvNet-RF model. The tree-based classification method for the identification of tea leaves demonstrated superior performance as compared to alternative machine learning models. In general, this study presents a successful methodology for the classification of tea leaves, with potential implications for consumer processing and distributor profit analysis.

Impact of common social habits on optical properties of lithium disilicate glass ceramic crowns: An in vitro study

Statement of the problemPatient stratifications considered the stability of color and treatment longevity are key success of restoration. Daily consumption of colored beverages, such as coffee, tea, and soft drinks, as well as the use of globally consumed materials, such as smokeless tobacco (ST), snuff, Khat, and Yerba mate, can change the color of restorative materials, such as lithium disilicate glass ceramics (LDGC). These changes can ultimately lead to treatment failure. PurposeThis in vitro study aimed to evaluate color changes, translucency, and opalescence of full anatomical LDGC crowns exposed to commonly used and potentially colorant solutions. Materials and methodsNinety LDGC specimens/crowns were prepared and divided into nine groups according to immersion solution (control, Saudi Coffee, Cola, Khat, Yerba mate, Nescafe, ST Snuff, and Mixed Fruit Juice). The specimens were immersed in colorant solutions for 15 days with alternating twice daily at 37 °C. Color parameters were measured with a spectrophotometer and calculated using two backgrounds (black and white). Data were subjected to ANOVA followed by the Student t-test and Bonferroni test at a significant difference level (α = 0.05). ResultsThe greatest color change (ΔE*) among groups after immersion was observed in Yerba mate (7.6 ± 1.6). The mean difference of before and after staining within Yerba mate group was 3.14 ± 1.6 (p = 0.001). Translucency mean values of groups after immersion into staining media were ranging between 7.6 ± 1.2 and 9.1 ± 2, showing a slight decrease compared with pre-staining values but was not significantly different. Immersion in Mixed Fruit Juice significantly reduced opalescence (7.4 ± 1.9) compared to (8.8 ± 1.7) before staining. ConclusionThe findings confirm that appropriate user guidance helps to preserve both translucency and opalescence as well as prevent color changes. This can improve patient compliance and promote treatment longevity.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Bulk-fill and Nanohybrid Composite after Exposure to Different Beverages at Various Time Intervals - An In vitro Study.

The aim of the study was to compare the surface roughness and microhardness of bulk-fill composite and nanohybrid composite resin after exposure to three different beverages at different time intervals. In this study, 60 composite discs each for bulk fill and nanohybrid, of dimensions 10 mm × 2 mm were made. Both composites were randomly divided into four subgroups, i.e., 15 samples each for artificial saliva, tea, coffee, and soft drinks which were further subdivided into five samples for three time intervals. Composite resin discs were immersed in beverages for 4 min in 24 h for 7, 15, and 30 days. All samples were evaluated for surface roughness and microhardness before and after immersion. Both the composites showed a significant increase in surface roughness in all the beverages with maximum change in surface roughness observed in nanohybrid composite resin immersed in soft drinks. Furthermore, the microhardness of both the composites was decreased significantly in all beverages with maximum change in microhardness observed in nanohybrid composite resin immersed in soft drinks. Bulk-fill composite resin has better resistance to surface roughness and higher microhardness as compared to nanohybrid. Furthermore, acidic beverages highly affect the physical properties of both composite resins for longer periods.

Dynamic DNA methylation modification in catechins and terpenoids biosynthesis during tea plant (Camellia sinensis) leaf development

DNA methylation plays important roles in regulating gene expression during development. However, little is known about the influence of DNA methylation on secondary metabolism during leaf development in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). In this study, we combined the methylome, transcriptome, and metabolome to investigate the dynamic changes in DNA methylation and its potential regulatory roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In this study, the level of genomic DNA methylation increased as leaf development progressed from tender to old leaf. It additionally exhibited a similar distribution across the genomic background at the two distinct developmental stages studied. Notably, integrated analysis of transcriptomic and methylomic data showed that DNA hypermethylation primarily occurred in genes of the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. The effect of methylation on transcription of these secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes was dependent on the location of methylation (i.e., in the promoter, gene or intergenic regions) and the sequence context (i.e., CpG, CHG, or CHH). Changes in the content of catechins and terpenoids were consistent with the changes in gene transcription and the methylation state of structural genes, such as serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases 1A (SCPL1A), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), and nerolidol synthase (NES). Our study provides valuable information for dissecting the effects of DNA methylation on regulation of genes involved in secondary metabolism during tea leaf development.

The effect of pruned tea leave biochar and cattle manure for soil acidification

AbstractSoil acidification in tea gardens has become an increasingly serious problem. In this study, we conducted an outdoor pot experiment to investigate the effects of pruned tea leaf biochar and cattle manure on soil acidification. We observed that amendments effectively increased soil pHBC, which increased 12.43%, 3.24%, 8.38%, 5.68% and 11.35% for BC, M, BCM1, BCM2 and BCM3. Exchangeable K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations increased after application of the amendments. Furthermore, the total exchangeable acidity concentration (EA) and the exchangeable Al3+ and H+ concentration (Al3+ and H+) decreased after application of amendments. In addition, pHBC showed a strong positive correlation with K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg3+ and cation exchange capacity and strong negative correlations with EA and Al3+. Moreover, EA and K+ were the primary factors influencing pHBC. The relationships among pHBC, EA and K+ can be expressed as a power function.

Simulation and analysis of movement trajectories of fresh tea leaf particles based on CFD‐EDEM coupling

AbstractTo study the air‐suction separation mechanism of fresh tea leaves, this article adopts the coupling simulation method of discrete elements and computational fluid dynamics to conduct numerical simulation and experimental research on the movement of fresh tea leaves adsorbed by negative pressure air flow. In the gas–solid coupling model, three‐dimensional scanning technology is applied to establish a three‐dimensional model of fresh tea leaves with one bud and two leaves. Through the Fluent module in CFD, the negative pressure adsorption gas phase of the simulation process was established, bench tests were established, and parameters of the coupling model were optimized. Finally, the minimum error between the simulated value and the test value was 2.85% and the maximum error was 7.43%, indicating that the coupling model established had certain accuracy and could be theoretically analyzed according to the coupling model established. It is found that when the static pressure values of the adsorption surface are −120 Pa, −340 Pa, and −500 Pa respectively, the initial distance from the adsorption surface is 250–550 mm. It is found that fresh tea leaves with one bud and two leaves all fall to the pipe before adsorption, and then move to the adsorption surface. Under the same static pressure value of the adsorption surface, the initial falling distance of tea particles from the adsorption surface (250–550 mm) has a linear function relationship with the distance between the turning point and the adsorption surface. When the initial distance between falling tea particles and the adsorption surface is the same, the distance between the turning point and the adsorption surface is an exponential function when the initial position is 250–350 mm from the adsorption surface, and the distance between the turning point and the adsorption surface is a linear function when the initial position is 400–550 mm from the adsorption surface.