Indian Summer Research Articles

Evaluation of Various Traits of 40 Selections and Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple Growing in Maryland

Abstract Thirty-seven red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and three Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray) selections and commercial cultivars were evaluated for six years in a replicated field plot at Glenn Dale, MD. Significant differences among clones occurred for growth rate; for time, intensity, and duration of autumn color; for time of growth initiation in the spring; and for injury sustained from potato leafhopper (PLH) [Empoasca fabae (Harris)] feeding. The red maple cultivars showing the best red color over three years time were ‘Autumn Flame,’ ‘Brandywine,’ ‘Cumberland,’ ‘Red Rocket,’ ‘Somerset,’ ‘Sun Valley,’ and ‘Van.’ The cultivar ‘Bowhall’ was the least reddish. Of the three Freeman maples evaluated, ‘ Jeffersred’ and ‘Indian Summer’ manifested the best red color and also low PLH injury; whereas ‘Armstrong’ consistently showed the least reddish color of all 40 clones tested, and intermediate PLH injury. Those cultivars and selections from northern seed sources reached their peak color the earliest, but often dropped their leaves more quickly after showing their best color, compared to clones originating in more southerly locations. The clones showing the least PLH injury over several years included the Freeman maples ‘Jeffersred’ and ‘Indian Summer,’ and red maple clones and cultivars selected by the U.S. National Arboretum either from full-sib progenies (e.g., ‘Brandywine,’ ‘Somerset,’ ‘Sun Valley’) or from an Ohio provenance-progeny test (e.g., ‘Cumberland,’ ‘Red Rocket’). Those clones initiating growth (or “flushing”) earliest in the spring generally showed the least PLH injury; correlations between lateness of flushing and degree of PLH injury were highly significant.

TRANSGENIC LILIES VIA POLLEN-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION

We have developed a procedure for the production of transgenic lilies by using the pollen grain as vector for DNA delivery. First, a particle gun was used for the introduction of the NPTII gene (for kanamycin resistance) into pollen of lily (Lilium longiflorum), cv ‘Gelria’. Subsequently the bombarded pollen was used for pollination of flowers of cv ‘Indian Summer’. A large number (approx. 400,000) of seeds were harvested, of which 65,000 were tested for in vitro germination in the presence of kanamycin. Three plants that developed well on media with 50μg kanamycin were obtained. These plants were grown-on in the greenhouse. Regeneration of bulbscale explants on kanamycin confirmed the resistance of these selected plants. Furthermore, by using PCR the presence of the transgenes in the genome of the putative transformants was established. To investigate the transfer of the transgenes to the next generation, crosses were made using the three plants as male or female parent. The offspring were tested again for germination on kanamycin-containing medium, and the presence of kanamycin-resistant as well as kanamycin-sensitive seedlings proved that transfer and segregation of the transgenes had occurred. The kanamycin-resistant seedlings of the first generation were positive in the PCR reaction. The results clearly show that transgenic lily plants have been obtained. However, segregation analysis showed that transmission of the genes to the F1 was not mendelian. This will be investigated by following the transfer of transgenes to future generations.

Translating Dickinson Serially, or Interpreting the Mysteries of Her "Minor Nation" in the Light of Certain Related Poems

Translating Dickinson Serially, or Interpreting the Mysteries of Her "Minor Nation" in the Light of Certain Related Poems Sirkka Heiskanen-Mäkelä (bio) Translation into Finnish Rückübersetzung Lintujen kesän perästä The birds' summer gone vuorossa ruohikon the turn of the grass's heimonvähäisemmän minor nation's säveä messu on. unobtrusive mass / it / is Näe palvelusta ei To see / there / is no ordinance ja siunaus toistetaan and the grace is rePeated niin verkkaan että tiedostuu so slow that / one / becomes aware vain yksinolostaan. only of / one's / solitude Kumminta kuulla on Strangest [Most spectral] / it / is to hear kun hohkaa elokuu when August is burning low ja keskipäivin kuoro tuo and at noontide that canticle jo unta ennakoi. is already presaging repose Hehkeyskin täyteä Even the glowing beauty armosta yhäti in the fulness of grace still enteellisesti korostuu is ominously enhanced piirteissä luonnon nyt. in nature's countenance now According to Emerson, America's great Romantic philosopher and the thinker who most influenced Emily Dickinson, the Romantic artist, whether a poet or a painter, was to go to Nature for his craft. In it alone would the poet realize both his means of expression ("nature offers all her creatures to him as picture-language") and his true [End Page 101] calling as an artist; it is him, the "Sayer," who alone can "articulate" every natural fact and, by doing so, make it "reappear a new and higher form." Similar rules applied to the fine arts, which surely were to "plant gardens lined with lilac trees" but, in doing so, also to reach for a higher, "Transcendental" truth. "In landscapes," Emerson specifies, "the painter should give the suggestion of a fairer creation than we know. The details, the prose of nature he should omit and give the spirit and splendor."1 We may well say that, especially as a nature poet, Dickinson, too, was a Romantic artist, who strove to "paint" (however, in words) views in which the Spirit, immanent in all Nature, shone through the material landscape.2 In these "paintings" even her method, developed over the years, was that of the Romantic artist: first carefully (or even "scholarly") to study the diversity of the natural world and then—or often simultaneously—to look in (or beyond) it for the idea(s) uniting it into a more or less coherent "plan."3 Technically this dual and often dualistic effort is carried out both as analysis of her natural perception, through (mostly metaphoric) description, and as synthesis thereof, through elliptic vocabulary and syntax, often performed within the very same poem. Since a poem was for her, primarily, a cognitive act, an act of "circumference," she did not hesitate to avail herself of (and often also rudely to exploit) all the resources of her native tongue.4 Dickinson's artistic process is best exhibited and understood if we examine her successive "exercises" with some natural motif, resulting in a whole series of thematically and technically related poems.5 Her "outdoors sketchbook," so to say, contains a good number of such exercises: on the aubade of birds (e.g. P783, P1084), on the frog in its pond (P288, P1359, P1379), on the robin on its bough (P500, P1463), etc. P1068 belongs to a similar series (see Appendix). I try here to demonstrate the advantages a Dickinsonian translator may derive from its existence. There are, of course, many other studies of New England's Indian summer which Dickinson made, these being only the ones related to the cricket (and / or the insect world) as indicator of the universal "plan" inherent in nature's metamorphosis. What we, first of all, learn from these sketches is the reason for Dickinson's interest in the "Unnoticed" "population" (P1746) of the grass. These "Creatures," whether nameable or not, are both "faithful" and "final" (P1766); they are "The most important population," as they most innocently enjoy the summer's ecstasies (P1746); but they are also there to close the season and sing its elegy (P1775) when all the other creatures have already deserted. It is only in this context that we fully understand the cricket's thematic portent...

Water Loss and Survival of Stem Cuttings of Two Maple Cultivars Held in Subirrigated Medium at 24 to 33 °C

We determined transpiration rate, survival, and rooting of unmisted, softwood cuttings of `Autumn Flame' red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and `Indian Summer' Freeman maple (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray). Effects of perlite at 24, 30, and 33 °C were assessed to determine whether responses of cuttings would be consistent with cultivar differences in resistance to root-zone heat previously shown with whole plants. During 7 d, cutting fresh mass increased by ≈20% at all temperatures for `Autumn Flame' red maple, but fresh mass of `Indian Summer' Freeman maple decreased by 17% and 21% at 30 and 33 °C, respectively. The percentage of cuttings of `Indian Summer' that were alive decreased over time and with increasing temperature. Transpiration rate decreased during the first half of the treatment period and then increased to ≈1.1 and 0.3 mmol·m-2·s-1 for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Mean rooting percentages over temperatures for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' were 69 % and 16%, respectively. Mean rooting percentages at 24, 30, and 33 °C over both cultivars were 74%, 29%, and 25%, respectively. Over temperatures, mean root count per cutting was 41 and seven, and mean root dry mass per cutting was 4.9 and 0.4 mg, for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Use of subirrigation without mist to root stem cuttings was more successful for `Autumn Flame' than for `Indian Summer'. Temperature × cultivar interactions for cutting fresh mass and the percentage of cuttings remaining alive during treatment were consistent with previous evidence that whole plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than plants of `Indian Summer'. Mass and survival of stem cuttings during propagation in heated rooting medium may serve as tools for screening for whole-plant heat resistance among maple genotypes.

Indian Summer.

This story is about my experience with the Oglala Lakota (Sioux) on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. For 6 weeks, as part of my last elective in the Community Health Intercultural Nursing Program at the University of Maryland, I made home visits with a Community Health Representative (CHR). Dianne Iron Bird, the CHR with whom I traveled, and a woman who was close to my age and stage of life, was largely responsible for my view of the reservation and for the level of acceptance I had in people's homes. My experience was rich and rewarding. It afforded me the opportunity to participate in a different kind of health care. I used this exercise in story‐telling to test my knowledge and understanding of the Lakota's world view. By definition, it is my view of both my world and theirs. Using literal rather than abstract language helped me to see both worlds from a new perspective.

Root-zone Stress Effects on Water Relations and Growth of Silver, Red, and Freeman Maples

Freeman maples (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray) are suspected to be more resistant to environmental stress than red maples (A. rubrum L.) because the lineage of Freeman maple includes silver maple (A. saccharinum L.). Little is known, however, about stress resistance of silver maple, and few data from direct comparisons of red and Freeman maples are available. Our objectives were to determine effects of root-zone heat on silver maples from northern and southern provenances, and to compare red and Freeman maple cultivars for resistance to rootzone heat stress and drought. There were no provenance-by-temperature interactions when silver maples from 33.3°N (Mississippi) and 44.4°N (Minnesota) latitude were grown with root zones at 29 and 35°C. Plants from 44.4°N latitude had 36% higher fresh mass, 43% more leaf surface area, and 35% and 59% higher, respectively, root and shoot dry masses than plants from 33.3°N latitude. Midday xylem water potential was 68% more negative for plants at 35°C than for plants at 29°C, and transpiration rate was 129% less for plants with root zones at 35°C than for those with root zones at 29°C. During preliminary work with Autumn Flame and Franksred red maple and Indian Summer and Jeffersred Freeman maples, rooted cuttings were grown in 25 and 37°C root zones under both drought and nondrought conditions. Reductions in growth at 37°C were similar for all cultivars. Results of this work could influence development, marketing, and use of Freeman maples.

Foliar SPAD-502 Meter Values, Nitrogen Levels, and Extractable Chlorophyll for Red Maple Selections

Twelve red maple selections in an existing field trial were evaluated for leaf chlorophyll content with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, total foliar N concentration with a LECO CHN analyzer, and total foliar chlorophyll content (CHL) by N,N-dimethylformamide extraction. Selections included Acer rubrum L. `Autumn Flame', `Fairview Flame', `Franksred' (Red Sunset™), `Karpick', `Northwood', `October Glory', `Redskin', `Schlesingeri', and `Tilford', and A. ×freemanii E. Murray `AutumnBlaze' (`Jeffersred'), `Morgan' (`Indian Summer'), and `Scarsen' (Scarlet Sentinel™). `Franksred' and `Northwood' had the highest monthly SPAD-502 values in 1993 and 1994. Lowest SPAD-502 values were on `Redskin' and `Autumn Blaze' each year. Foliar N concentration ranged from 2.62% for `Autumn Flame' to 2.01% for Redskin. CHL levels on a fresh-weight basis ranged from 5.38 mg·g–1 for `Fairview Flame' to 3.94 mg·g–1 for `October Glory'. SPAD-502 and extractable CHL values were correlated (r = 0.45; P ≤ 0.001); however, the correlation (r = 0.15; P ≤ 0.38) between SPAD-502 values and total foliar N concentration was nonsignificant.

Nitrogen and Water Rates for Subsurface Trickle-irrigated Collard, Mustard, and Spinach

Three field experiments using subsurface trickle irrigation with various rates of target soil water tension (SWT) and N rates were conducted in southern Arizona during 1990–93. The experiments were conducted with collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephela Group cv. Vates), mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak cv. Southern Giant], and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Indian Summer). The interactive effects of water and N treatments on crop yield, N uptake, and unutilized fertilizer N were studied. In general, excessive irrigation (SWT <5.6 kPa) resulted in lower yield and N uptake and higher unutilized fertilizer N. Optimum SWTs were 9 kPa for collard, 8 kPa for spinach, and 6 to 10 kPa for mustard.

Growth of Red Maple Taxa in Tennessee

Commercially available Acer rubrum and A. freemanii taxa were established as 10 single-plant replications in a cultivar trial at the TSU–NCRS in 1992 and Spring 1993. Plants were fertilized regularly and drip-irrigated as needed beginning Summer 1993. Growth data were recorded each fall and height and caliper increment calculated for the 1994 season. Ten cultivars were in the group with most height growth: `Armstrong', `Autumn Blaze', `Schlesingeri', `Olson', `Morgan', `Scarlet Red', `Embers', `Indian Summer', `Scarsen', and `October Glory'. These all differed significantly from a group of 11 slow-growing cultivars. With some exceptions, cultivars with the most height growth tended to have the most caliper growth, while those with the least height growth tended to have the least caliper growth. Data will also be presented on insect and disease ratings.

Responses to High Root-zone Temperature Among Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine whether genotypes of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray) differ in responses to high root-zone temperature. During the first experiment, dry mass of ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple, ‘Indian Summer’ Freeman maple, and selections from Arkansas, Maine, and Wisconsin were similar at 24, 28, and 32C (75, 82, and 90F), but dry mass at 36C (97F) was only 22% of that at 28C (82F). ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple and ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’ Freeman maple differed in responses to 34C (93F) during the second experiment. Stem length and plant dry mass were higher at 28C (82F) than at 34C (93F) for all cultivars except ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Jeffersred’, and the extent to which 34C (93F) decreased the length of the longest third-order root ranged from 50% for ‘Autumn Flame’ to 90% for ‘Indian Summer’. The higher root-zone temperature decreased transpiration by as little as 25% for ‘Jeffersred’ to as much as 89% for ‘Franksred’, and 34C (93F) reduced leaf chlorophyll content of only ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’. These results indicate that ‘Franksred’ and ‘Indian Summer’ are relatively sensitive while ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Jeffersred’, and ‘Schlesinger’ are relatively resistant to high root-zone temperature.

566 PB 003 HEAT EFFECTS ON ROOTING SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF `AUTUMN FLAME' AND `INDIAN SUMMER' RED MAPLE

Single-node cuttings of `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' red maple (Acer rubrum L. and A. × freemanii E. Murray) were placed in subirrigated perlite that was kept at 29, 33, or 36 C at the cut ends for 3 weeks. Number and mass of roots and pigment quality and transpiration of leaves were greater for `Autumn Flame' than `Indian Summer' and decreased with increasing temperature for both cultivars. Rooting percentage at 29, 33, and 36 C was 75, 75, and 25 for `Autumn Flame' and 13, 13, and 0 for `Indian Summer'. Earlier work has shown > 90% of cuttings of both cultivars root at ≈ 22 C, and plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than those of `Indian Summer'. Results of this experiment suggest the effect of heat on rooting of cuttings might be used to predict genotypic differences in heat resistance of whole plants.

570 PB 015 SUBIRRIGATION PERMITS ROOTING OF SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF RED MAPLE WITHOUT MIST OR FOG

A rapid, easy, and economical way to root softwood cuttings of red maple (Acer rubrum L. and A. × freemanii E. Murray) has been developed. Single-node cuttings were treated with 8 g IBA/kg and inserted in flats of perlite. Flats were placed in larger trays without drainage holes. Cuttings were subirrigated by adding a complete solution with 100 mg N/L to trays, saturating perlite at the bottom of the flat, below the cuttings. After 3 weeks, 94, 98, 100, and 100% of cuttings of `Indian Summer', `Autumn Flame', `Red Sunset', and `Autumn Blaze' had rooted, respectively. Leaves on cuttings remained turgid without mist or fog. In a subsequent study of `Red Sunset', 0, 50, and 100 mg N/L in the subirrigation solution resulted in 37, 100, and 100% rooting with 8 g IBA/kg and 0, 43, and 67% rooting without IBA. Rooting was fastest and chlorophyll in leaves was highest with both IBA and nutrients. Subirrigation can replace mist or fog when rooting cuttings of red maple.

"Our Transatlantic Cousins": The Battle over American Analytic Novels in the Athenaeum

In 1887 a reviewer in London Athenaeum(1) noted disapproval that anonymous English author of Miss Bayle's Romance had studied our Transatlantic cousins carefully.(2) This comment, which simultaneously acknowledged popularity of American novels and expressed reservations about their influence, is typical of attention that late nineteenth-century American novels received in weekly Athenaeum.(3) Called by its editors mirror of Victorian culture and by George Moore the first literary journal in English language,(4) Athenaeum was, as Leslie Marchand writes, the most generally respected of purely critical journals in England and organ of literary criticism unequalled influence in late Victorian era.(5) It is, therefore, an invaluable source for tracing reactions of late nineteenth-century English reviewers to American novels. These reactions are obviously located in reviews of American novels, but they are also to be found as allusions in reviews of English novels. More nuanced than one might expect, Athenaeum reviews are worth our consideration for their perceptivity and cleverness. most witty review of an American novel is perhaps 1886 review of William Dean Howells' Indian Summer, which appeared four weeks after review of Henry James' Bostonians: (6) conjunction of two heavenly bodies affords best opportunity of comparing their respective brilliancy; so when Mr. James and Mr. Howells bring out novels within a few weeks of each other, it seems natural to estimate one by comparison other. two together, if proficiency in story-telling could be decided like a lawn-tennis match, would possibly hold their own against any pair which Anglo-Saxon race could at present furnish to oppose them if Mr. Meredith stood out. If, however, they were pitted against each other, it is hard to say how event would go. Mr. James has more staying power, or he could never have written Portrait of a Lady and Bostonians, and perhaps he can play a more original game. Mr. Howells puts in his strokes more sharply, and his style is, on whole, brisker and more attractive. So sporting correspondent might describe difference between American champions.(7) novels of these two American champions served those of other Americans to define one term of most important late nineteenth-century critical debate, battle between proponents of aesthetic romantic novel and advocates of realistic novel. As George Saintsbury described these two types of novels in 1881, romance dealt with adventure and tragic passions, and realistic novel analytic character-drawing and observation of manners.(8) most famous defense of romance was Robert Louis Stevenson's A Humble Remonstrance of 1884, while Henry James' The Art of Fiction of same year epitomized argument for novel. Like most English reviewers involved in this battle, those in Athenaeum sided romance. Their response to novel manifested general pattern traced by Kenneth Graham and Donald David Stone: initial praise in 1870s, early attacks around 1880, and almost universal condemnation by 1884.(9) Athenaeum reviews also manifested two other patterns: an identification of novel American novel, and a genuine if grudging acceptance of American experiments in fiction and an acknowledgment of their importance and influence. Obviously not all American novels were novels of analysis nor were all novels of analysis American. Indeed, Athenaeum frequently classified American novels not by type but by region, presuming that Athenaeum readers were tolerably familiar New York, Boston, and Washington, Chicago and San Francisco, and mining districts in West. …

EARLY FALL COLD HARDINESS AND NONSTRUCTRAL CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS IN YOUNG, DROUGHT-STRESSED APPLE AND CRABAPPLE ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS

One-year-old `Imperial Gala' on Mark, M.9 EMLA, and MM.1ll; and `Indian Summer' on MM.lll and MM.106 rootstocks were planted in a rain exclusion shelter in May 1991. All trees were irrigated. Half the trees were drought stressed and received no water for two, 30-day drought cycles. Four trees from each scion ×rootstock×irrigation combination were excavated in mid-October. Nonstructural carbohydrate reserves of stems and roots were determined. Cold hardiness, determined by visual examination of tissue after controlled freezing, was influenced by rootstock, drought, and stem age. Concentrations of several carbohydrates were correlated with cold hardiness. Regression models of carbohydrate concentrations on cold hardiness were significant. Removal of root tissue, which was cold sensitive and had high carbohydrate levels, altered the regression equations. Rootstock significantly influenced root concentrations of sorbitol, sucrose, and starch. Root sorbitol increased following drought stress. Mark and MM.106 roots had the largest increases in sorbitol. Irrigated Mark roots had very low levels of sorbitol.

SURVEY OF RUBUS COLD HARDINESS

Stem and bud tissues of promocanes from more than 260 Rubus genotypes were evaluated for mid-winter cold hardiness after laboratory freezing in January 1990. T50 values were calculated for cane samples of red, yellow, black and purple raspberry, and blackberry cultivars, hybrids and species. Red raspberries exhibited the hardiest stem tissue, although several purple raspberries (Rubus sp. cvs. Brandywine, Royalty) survived as low as -33 C. Fall fruiting red raspberries, such as R. idaeus L. cvs. Zeva Remontante, Indian Summer, St. Regis, and Fallred, survived from -23 to -25 C. Summer-bearing cultivars, Canby and Puyallup, survived to -30 C. Stems of several black raspberries (R. occidentalis L. cvs. New Logan, Bristol) survived to -27 C. Stems of the hardiest blackberry cultivars, (R. sp. cvs. Black Satin, Smoothstem) survived to -22 C. In most genotypes the region of the bud at the axis of the stem was less hardy than tissues within the bud scales. Buds tissue was 2 to 10 C less hardy than stem tissue. Field plants were also visually rated for cold injury following record low temperatures occurring in 1989, 1990, and 1991.

Indian Summer, Canadian Winter

Indian Summer, Canadian Winter

The battle for Britain: Thatcher and the New Liberals

Part 1 A nation in transition: a cultural revolution? the paternalist inheritance - Paternalism's Indian summer, the contradictions of paternalism, the paternalist distortion. Part 2 The revolt against paternalism: early signs a revolt aborted seeds of revolution Thatcher's victory revolt on the left. Part 3 The radical challenge: the revolution versus class a new middle class an international invasion in place of decline. Part 4 The paternalist resistance: new battle lines the public sector resistance the High-Tory resistance an anti-modern culture the children of paternalism - a question of class, a question of worth, a question of accent, a ruling class Culture against the revolution an insular disposition - the bloodless intellectual remnant the constitution of the ancien regime - the taboo of monarchy, symbols and images of yore. Part 5 The emerging democratic polity: an end to paternalism the new polity.

The Indian summer of life. A preliminary study of septuagenarians.

In 1981, 45 men, then average age 70, all of whom are long-term subjects in the Terman Study of the Gifted (begun in 1921), were interviewed at UCLA, and most were seen biannually to date. From the transcribed interview sessions, exact word counts (and some concordances) were constructed. The present report focuses on changes in vocabulary (1981-1987) of 11 subjects, all of whom are lawyers--based on 51 interview sessions, 241,985 total words, and 11,659 different words. The data are analyzed in terms of Sears's areas of life satisfaction: occupation, family, friends, culture, community service, and joy in living--as well as health. In general, overall vocabulary decreased slightly each year of the septuagenarian decade, with the most telling changes occurring in the categories of health, occupation, and family. The word "death" was eschewed. The septuagenarian decade is seen as an Indian Summer. Being bright and mentally active enhances the septuagenarian years. The data are presented within the context of a heliptical view--rather than the traditional linear view of the human life course.

San Francisco Bay Area Institutions Host AMA's Seventh Annual Reporters Conference

EVERY YEAR, at about the same time as an Indian summer, the American Medical Association (AMA) holds its annual science reporters conference. This year's, the seventh, was held with the cooperation of two of the San Francisco Bay Area's academic giants, Stanford University Medical Center and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Last week's conference was held in a hotel on San Francisco's palm-lined Union Square, with 14 researchers and medical experts on the program. One afternoon was devoted to the topic of misconduct and fraud in medical research. (Please see accompanying article.) <h3>Scheduled to Speak</h3> The conference program included the following: Charles Epstein, MD, UCSF professor of pediatrics and biochemistry, has developed a model of Down's syndrome by endowing a mouse with three copies of the murine chromosome 16. Because this chromosome contains many of the same genes as the human chromosome 21, this trisomy mimics the trisomy

San Francisco Bay Area institutions host AMA's seventh annual reporters conference

EVERY YEAR, at about the same time as an Indian summer, the American Medical Association (AMA) holds its annual science reporters conference. This year's, the seventh, was held with the cooperation of two of the San Francisco Bay Area's academic giants, Stanford University Medical Center and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Last week's conference was held in a hotel on San Francisco's palm-lined Union Square, with 14 researchers and medical experts on the program. One afternoon was devoted to the topic of misconduct and fraud in medical research. (Please see accompanying article.) <h3>Scheduled to Speak</h3> The conference program included the following: Charles Epstein, MD, UCSF professor of pediatrics and biochemistry, has developed a model of Down's syndrome by endowing a mouse with three copies of the murine chromosome 16. Because this chromosome contains many of the same genes as the human chromosome 21, this trisomy mimics the trisomy