Indian Specimens Research Articles

Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 polymorphisms in ethnic Chinese and Indians of West Malaysia

Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 were investigated in liver and stomach specimens of Chinese and Indians from West Malaysia. Eight-nine percent of the Chinese carry the atypical ADH2 type, a proportion very similar to that reported in Japanese. However, among 43 Indian specimens there was not a single case of atypical ADH2. In Indians, the gene frequency of ADH13 is 0.64 and of ADH23 0.36, similar to the frequencies in Caucasians, whereas in Chinese, the gene frequency for ADH13 and ADH23 is 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. We also report some unusual enzymatic characteristics in the course of our study.

The genusMerothripsin India (Thysanoptera : Merothripidae)

Abstract A new species of Merothrips, M. indicus is described from Tamil Nadu and Kerala in India. M. morgani Hood is also redescribcd from Indian specimens.

A new subspecies and some synonymies of aphid species (Homoptera: Aphididae) from India

Abstract Acyrthosiphon (Metopolophium) spiraeae Narzikulov described from Uzbekistan (U.S.S.R.) and Acyrthosiphon (Metopolophium) spiraeae Ghosh et. al, from Himachal Pradesh (India) are conspecific. The Indian specimens of spiraeae Narzikulov are described as a new subspecies canescentis. A new name Macrosiphum pseudogeranii, is proposed for M. geranii Chowdhuri et al. and the following species are considered, as new synonyms: Oedisiphum indicum Ghosh, Uroleucon tenuirostris Ghosh and Tricaudatus polygoni tuberculatus Hille Ris Lambers and Basu.

The genus Ptilophyllum in India

The present study is based on all the Indian specimens of Ptilophyllum Morris described since 1840 and new specimens collected during the last 20 years. The different species have been grouped under the headings "Impressions", "Incrustations" and "Petrifactions ". Under impressions four species, viz. P. acutifolium Morris (1840), P. cutchense Morris (1840), P. rarinervis (Feistmantel) n. comb. and P. tenerrimum Feistmantel (1877) have been included. All these four species are based on external characters alone. Eight species based on cuticular structure have been described under incrustations. These are P. oldhamii Jacob & Jacob (1954), P. indicum Jacob & Jacob (1954), P. honidum Roy (1963), P. sakrigaliensis Sah (1958), P. distans (Feistmantel) Jacob & Jacob (1954), P. institacallum Bose (1959), P. jabalpurense Jacob & Jacob (1954) and P. gladiatum Bose & Sukh Dev (1958). The remaining species, i.e. P. amarjolense Bose (1953), P. sahnii Gupta & Sharma (1968) and P. nipanica Vishnu-Mittre (1957) are preserved in the form of petrifactions. In these three species, besides the surface characters, the anatomy of the fronds has been studied in detail.

Haemaphysalis (Haemaphysalis) indoflava sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from the Himalayan Region of Uttar Pradesh, and Madras, India

Haemaphysalis (Haemaphysalis) indoflava sp. n., described from dogs and from forest vegetation in the Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh, India, is related to H. (H.) flava Neumann, with which it has previously been confused. Earlier material identified as H. (H.) flava, also from the Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh, is from the dog, jackal, fox, bullock, wild boar, and man, and two specimens have been taken from a dog in Madras, South India. The new species described here is related to Haemaphysalis (Haemaphysalis) flava Neumann, 1897, originally recorded from Japan. Nuttall and Warburton (1915) included in H. (H.) flava a male and a female from a dog in Madras, South India; several adults from the wild boar, Sus cristatus (= Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner), Mukteswar, Naini Tal district; and one male taken off sheep from Phagu, near Simla. The male from Simla was actually H. montgomeryi, misidentified by Nuttall and Warburton (Sharif, 1928). Sharif included additional records of "H. flava" taken off dog, jackal, fox, bullock, and man at Mukteswar and adjoining localities in Naini Tal district. The description of Indian specimens by Sharif, however, showed marked differences from H. flava from the type locality. Examination of some Indian specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) and the Indian Museum (Calcutta) showed that this population is morphologically distinct from H. (H.) flava Neumann. The description of H. (H.) indoflava sp. n. is based on material collected by one of us (H.R.B.) in the Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh, India, and on material loaned by the British Museum (Natural History) and the

On the Structure of Wuchereria bancrofti Adults from India, with a Note on Male Specimens from British Guiana and Fiji

The present study of the morphology of a few specimens of W. bancrofti from India reveals no significant differences from previous published descriptions, with the exception of those of Maplestone (1929) and Maplestone & Rao (1939), which were also concerned with Indian specimens. In the writers' opinion, the male tail does not possess caudal alae supported by pedunculated papillae; moreover the grouping of the papillae in the Indian specimens follows the pattern originally outlined by Leiper (1913), and not the conjectured pattern of Maplestone (1929, 1939). The present description confirms that (1) there are 8 circumoral papillae forming 2 circles, an inner and an outer of 4 each, and that there are 2 lateral amphids; (2) there is an unpaired papilla immediately anterior to the cloacal aperture in the male; (3) There are cuticular striations in the male on the ventral surface only, anterior to the cloacal apertur; (4) there is a subterminal triangular piece, heavily cuticularised, at the distal end of the right spicule; (5) the female tail bears numerous minute cuticular bosses and on the left side, posterior to the anus, there is a single phasmid.

Sargassum Johnstonii Setchell & Gardner, a new record for the Indian Ocean Region

The species is being reported for the Indian Ocean Region for the first time; it was previously known only from the Gulf of California. The Indian specimens include all the three kinds of plants, namely, male, female and intersex.

TEETHING TROUBLES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: INDIAN SPECIMENS*

Annals of Public and Cooperative EconomicsVolume 33, Issue 4 p. 503-518 TEETHING TROUBLES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: INDIAN SPECIMENS* S. Kesava Iyengar, S. Kesava Iyengar Thirty-sixth President of the Indian Economic AssociationSearch for more papers by this author S. Kesava Iyengar, S. Kesava Iyengar Thirty-sixth President of the Indian Economic AssociationSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1962 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1962.tb00040.x * One crore = 10 million rupees: One Indian rupee = 21 U.S. cents. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume33, Issue4October 1962Pages 503-518 RelatedInformation

FLORAE MALESIANAE PRAECURSORES XIII*Notes on Malaysian and some S. E. Asian Cyperaeeae IV*

The difficulties encountered in this group could not be solved by the application of this key to the numerous specimens I could study. In the type specimen of Scirpus pakapakensis Stapf from Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu, the stems are not trigonous. Although in Thwaites CP306 (type collection of Scirpus subcapitatus) the mucros of the leaf-sheaths and of the outermost glume are practically smooth, they are scaberulous in several Indian specimens otherwise quite agreeing with the type collection. In some specimens from Mt. Kinabalu the stems are slightly scaberulous at the top; for the rest they agree very well with the type of Scirpus clarkei Stapf.

A Study on the Identity ofBracon hebetorSay andBracon brevicornisWesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Literature, mainly Indian, pertaining to the recorded hosts ofBracon hebetorSay andB. brevicornisWesm., and on the taxonomy of the two species, has been reviewed. Observations on different morphological characters, including the male and female genitalia, which have been used in establishing the identity of the two species, have been made. A large number ofB. hebetorspecimens reared in Bangalore onCorcyra cephalonica(Stnt.),Ephestia cautella(Wlk.),Adisura atkinsoniMoore and those collected in food-grain godowns, and ofB. brevicornisreared onC. cephalonicaandE. cautellain Bangalore, onNephantis serinopaMeyr. from Coimbatore (South India), onPyrausta nubilalis(Hb.) from Canada and on cotton bollworms (?) from Delhi (North India), have been examined.Differences in colour, relative proportions of antennal joints and punctation on the abdomen have been found to be variable and as such are not to be depended upon for distinguishing the two species. The number of antennal joints which has hitherto been considered to be the decisive character by which the two species may be separated is also not reliable as there is a wide range of variation even in the progeny of a single pair of parents. Above all, the fact that the two species interbreed and give rise to fertile offspring, which also show a fairly wide range of variation in the number of antennal joints, proves that the two are identical, and there is no ground to treat them as two distinct species, at least so far as the Indian specimens are concerned, for whichBracon hebetorSay is the valid name.

A Contribution toward a Monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera) Part IV, the Genus Swammerdamella Enderlein

The genus Swammerdamella was erected by Enderlein in 1912. The chief characteristics cited in the original description are as follows: the ends of veins Ri and R3 are very close together in the costal margin; the cell between veins Mi and Mo is very short; the antennae are 12-segmented. The latter is erroneous since only four of the species available to me have as many as 10 antennal segments, and the majority of the species examined have only 9. Neither Duda (1928a) nor Edwards (1930) recognized this as a good genus, and it must be admitted that the characters cited by Enderlein will not always hold. However, on the basis of a fairly adequate collection of North American material and some additional European, Central American and Indian specimens (fourteen species altogether) it seems to be a very sound and distinct group with a wide distribution. The characters that distinguish the genus will be considered in the formal description.

Effect of temperature on ultrasonic velocities in some Indian rocks

The variations of both longitudinal and torsional velocities in the temperature range 3° to 110° C. have been determined in a few Indian rock specimens. It is observed that the variation is linear and the velocities decrease markedly with increase of temperature. The velocities go back again to the original values as the specimens cool provided the maximum temperature at which the measurements are taken does not exceed 110° C. and the specimens are allowed to cool for a sufficiently long time. The temperature gradient of longitudinal velocities is generally higher than that of the torsional velocities. It is possible that the high frequency method employed in this investigation is such that it is insensitive to small structural changes, if any, that occur in the rock when it is heated at ordinary pressures to 110° C.

Sound velocities in some Indian rock specimens

The paper gives the elastic moduli and other relevant features obtained from measurements on sound velocities in about a dozen specimens of Indian rocks.

Notes on the Sailfish, Istiophorus americanus (Lacepede), in the Western Gulf of Mexico

PISO (1648), in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, gives a rough plate that it is possible to identify as the Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus americanus Lacepede. This is accompanied by a short description in which the author, Marcgrave, names it as Guebucu brasiliensibus. There was no systematic description of any of the genus, however, until Broussonet (1786), working from an East Indian specimen in the British Museum, described it as Scomber gladius, recognizing its affiliation with the mackerels. Later Lacepede (1803) established the genus Histiophorus for the reception of the species. Cuvier and Valenciennes (1831) ignored Broussonet, and assigned the name Histiophorus indicus to the British Museum specimen, and established another species, Histiophorus americanus, on the strength of Marcgrave's description, thus differentiating the American form from that of the Indian Ocean. None of these authors, with the exception of Marcgrave, had opportunity of examining the Brazilian specimen; yet it seems to have been conceded from the description given by him that this fish deserved separation from the Oriental fish of the genus. However, Gunther discarded the name americanus and assumed the Atlantic fish to be identical with that of the Indian Ocean. Most of the confusion originated through lack of sufficient material, and though De La Sagra (1853) and Poey (1858) both stated that the fish was to be found about Cuba, and Schomburgk (1848) included it in his list of fishes of Barbadoes, it was not until 1872 that any modern ichthyologist had opportunity to examine a specimen. In that year a skeleton and plaster cast from a fish taken at Newport, Rhode Island, were presented to the National Museum. In March, 1878, 2 more were taken from a boat running between Savannah, Georgia, and Indian River, Florida, and were brought to the Savannah market, where they occasioned much comment. In 1873 a mutilated specimen was brought from Key West to New York. This constitutes the earlier history of the species, as given by Goode (1880). Little was known about the fish for a good many years more, and it was not until the beginning of its popularity as a game fish that further information was acquired. The greatly increased interest in this type of angling has made available much data, particularly with regard to its range and seasons of occurrence. The following material, compiled on the Texas coast, has not been, as far as can be determined, recorded prior to this note. Combined with it is some material from the waters to the east and to the south.1

India and Babylonia

THE discoveries at Tell Asmar (Eshnunnu or Ash-nunnak), announced by Dr. H. Frankfort in his letter to the Times of March 26, constitute an addition of no little importance to the evidence linking up the early civilisations of Mesopotamia and the Indus valley, especially if his conjectural relation of the new finds to the culture of Mohenjo Daro should be confirmed by subsequent investigation. The excavations of the Oriental Institute of Chicago on the site of private houses of the age of the Dynasty of Akkad (c. 2550 B.C.) on the northern outskirts of the Tell have brought to light two seals, of which the character points unquestionably to an Indian origin. One, a cylinder seal, shows a design of a procession of animals, elephants and rhinoceros with crocodiles, which in subject and convention is both alien to Mesopotamia and referable to the Indus civilisation;. while the second is of more common Indian form, a square stamp seal with a pierced knob on the back, and bearing a design of concentric squares which does not appear elsewhere in Mesopotamia, but occurs on similar seals at Mohenjo Daro. Further evidence pointing in the same direction has been found in the form of etched carnelian beads resembling Indian specimens, kidney-shaped inlays of bone identical in shape with some in shell from Mohenjo Daro, and two sherds of pottery showing a decoration with knobs, unknown in Mesopotamia, but also occurring at Mohenjo Daro. Certain distinctive features in the seals, however, lead Dr. Frankfort to think that either they belong to a slightly earlier or later phase of Indian civilisation than that at Mohenjo Daro or they may have come from another site within the same cultural area, the latter alternative being the more probable.

An Ottokaria -like Plant from South Africa

In the Karharbari Beds (Lower Gondwana) of Passerabhia (India), a very curious and characteristic fossil was found, to which the name of Ottokaria bengalensis was given by Zeiller. It is of interest, not only owing to its unusual form and problematical nature, but also on account of its association with Glossopteris indica and our uncertainty as to the reproductive structures of this form. Although leaves nearly allied to G. indica have been found in a large number of localities, not only in India but in Australia, South Africa, and Russia, fossils of the Ottokaria type are very rare, and, in addition to the Indian specimen, only one other example (from Brazil) has been described. The object of this note is to record the discovery in South Africa of a fossil which seems to be closely allied to, if not actually referable to, the genus Ottokaria . The specimen (illustrated in fig. 1) was sent by Mr. T. N. Leslie, F.G.S., to Prof. A. C. Seward in 1913, and was recently handed to me for investigation. It occurs as an impression in a rather coarse-grained sandstone, and was derived from the Vereeniging Sandstones of the Transvaal. The original description and figures of Ottokaria by Zeiller were published in 1902, and the specimen was recently refigured and described by Seward & Sahni in their revision of the Indian Gondwana plants, to which there is nothing further to add. The Brazilian specimen described by David White was called Ottokaria ovalis White, and was almost

Polystichum Andersoni and Related Species

Among the genera of ferns probably none has been regarded as subject to greater subspecific variation than Polystichum. How much of this supposed polymorphism is due to high variability actually existing within the species and how much to a failure to recognize constant characters peculiar to like individuals from natural geographic areas is not altogether clear. It is clear, however, that some of the widely distributed types split up into readily recognizable forms,' marked by good structural and vegetative characters, and that in many instances what might, with scant material, appear a chance variant is in reality a well characterized constant form throughout a given area, needing only to be studied in the light of ample collections to obtain recognition as a sharply defined species. The West Indian specimens, for example, had been characterized vaguely as belonging to a few variable species; yet a critical study of a large amount of material has shown' that for the most part the plants fall readily within the rather narrow limits of numerous species. These are mostly of restricted range; and although their distinguishing characters are sharply marked, it is not difficult to arrange them, on general resemblances, in natural groups whose members have obviously had

The Occurrence in India of the Pappataci Fly (Phlebotomus papatasii)

THE rôle nowadays assigned to Phlebotomus papatasii in the transmission of a certain type of fever (see “Das Pappatacifieber”, 1909, by Drs. Doerr, Franz and Taussig) makes the geographical distribution of this little fly a matter of practical importance. It is therefore interesting to note that this species is common in certain parts of northern India. Some time ago Mr. F. M. Howlett, second imperial entomologist, sent, me specimens from Rawalpindi, in the Punjab, and Pusa, in Bihar, which I identified as belonging to a species allied to P. papatasii. Through the kindness of Dr. J. H. Ash worth I have now been able to compare some of these specimens with European examples of P. papatasii in the zoological laboratory of the University of Edinburgh. I can find no difference except that the Indian specimens are perhaps slightly smaller than the European ones. The former agree as regards venation, genitalia, &c with Grassi's beautiful figures (“Ricerche sui Flebotomi”, 1907).

Rhacopilum tomentosum (Sw.) Brid.

This genus and species are not recorded within the limits of the United States in Lesquereux and James' Manual, though Rau and Hervey listed them in their catalogue of 188o. Specimens were first collected at Donaldsonville, Louisiana, by Dr. Charles Mohrin November, 1856, and named for him by Dr. Carl MUiller, who indicated its wide tropical and subtropical distribution. This species was described as I-ypfnum by Swartz in 1788 and the type locality was Hispaniola, presumably from the western part of Haiti or Santo Domingo. Scraps of the type material have been examined at Kew and the British Museum. and a duplicate West Indian specimen from Swartz has been found in the Mitten Herbarium. Drawings have been made by Miss Taylor from one of these co-types and from the specimens collected by Dr. Charles Mohr in Louisiana for the accompanying plate. My first acquaintance with this species was made in Bermuda in September, 1905, where it was found in great abundance in Church Cave, growing on damp rocks in shade and fruiting. Since then it has been found in Jamaica, and all the West Indian and Central American specimens have been carefully studied and compared. This seemed imperative for the names, synonyms and varieties given by Paris Index Ed. 2. 4: 164. 1905, indicated that there was a mixture and very wide distribution with considerable variation. The synonymy of the North American species is as follows: Rhacopilum tomnentosum (Sw.) Brid. Bryol univ. 2: 719. 1827. Hyfinumr tomentosum Sw. Prod. Fl. Ind. occid. 141. 1788. Hyfinum tomentosum Hedw. Musc. frond. 4: 48, t. 19. 1797. Plants dark green; stem creeping, branching and tomentose with brown radicles; branches erect; leaves curled and twisted when dry, the upper smaller than the lower; lower leaves 1-2 mm. long by half as broad, vein excurrent with a subulate awn, upper leaves fewer, smaller with points nearly as long as the blade: margins more or less coarsely and unevenly serrate above the middle: cells hexagonal, basal oblong, slightly decurrent, median cells o oo8-o.o17 mm. X o.oo8-o.or2 mm., inflated or slightly mamillose, occasionally minutely papillose. Monoicous, perichaetial leaves smaller and long-subulate. Seta 2-3 cm. long, stout and red; calyptra 2 mm. long, cucullate and hairy; lid conic-rostrate, annulus simple, falling with the lid, neck slightly strumose; capsule curved, 5 mm. long, walls ribbed when dry, with 4-Io rows of quadrate collenchymatic cells alternating with narrower, longer parenchymatic cells; peristome double: teeth brown with paler papillose tips; endostome white and papillose, carinate segments split; cilia appendiculate and papillose: spores green, o.o13-o.o16 mm., smooth. decaying trunks of trees in deep woods and Cypress swamps. the shore at the Bay of Bayou Lafourche, Donaldsonville, Louisiana, Chas. Mohr. November and December, 1856. Type locality: IHispaniola, O. Swartz. On roots of trees near

Coffee-Leaf Disease of Ceylon and Southern India

I. HISTORICAL REMARKS.—During the last ten years, the coffee plantations of Ceylon and Southern India have had to contend with a disease which has seriously affected their productiveness and entailed a heavy loss upon the proprietors. This disease, Hemileia vastatrix, popularly known as the coffee-leaf disease, was first observed in May, 1869, on a few plants in Madulsima, a newly-opened coffee district in the south-west of Ceylon, bordering on the low country. In July following, two or three acres were attacked, and from that time the disease has gradually spread, till, in 1873 all, or nearly all, the estates in the island were attacked by it. On the appearance of the disease in 1869, the distinguished fungologist, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, determined its true character, and described it in the Gardener's Chronicle for 1869 (p. 1,157, with woodcut). It was found to be a fungus allied to the moulds, and named Hemileia vastatrix, B. and Br. It was subsequently described in the Journal of the Linnean Society (“Botany,” vol. xiv. p. 93, pi. 3, Fig. 10), and a short notice appeared in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 1873, pp. 79–81. In 1876 Dr. M. C. Cooke described and figured the disease from Indian specimens in the India Museum Report, 1876, pp. 4–6. More recently the Rev. R. Abbay, who, during several years residence in Ceylon, made this disease an object of special study, gave a fuller description of it, with the results of his observations upon the germination of the spores and their growth under artificial cultivation, in the Journal of the Linnean Society, 1878 (“Botany,” vol. xvii. pp. 173–184, pl. 13 and 14).