Indian School Research Articles

“This Year Book...has been entirely produced by staff and students”: Indigenous Youth, Indian Schooling, and Historical Production in the Northwest Territories, 1959-71

In 1960, two of the newly constructed schools in the Northwest Territories (NWT) published yearbooks for the first time. By the end of the decade, yearbooks were a common feature of school life in the territory. While school yearbooks have been important for historians working in a variety of subdisciplines, there is little methodological writing on these sources. In this article, which draws on yearbooks from seven Indian residential and day schools in the NWT, we provide historians with a set of questions and considerations for working with yearbooks generally and those produced within Canada’s system of “Indian education” specifically. We conclude with a discussion about using yearbooks to write histories of “Indian schooling” that includes a brief examination of yearbooks as sources for writing about recreation at residential and day schools.

The Religious Politics of Empire in the Gilded Age

In the fall of 1880, Rutherford B. Hayes became the first sitting U.S. president to tour the U.S. West. While rarely recognized as such in scholarship, Hayes was a culture warrior. His seventy-one-day, 2,500-mile tour of the West traced the spiritual battle lines of the politics of empire in the Gilded Age. On his journey the president explicitly and implicitly championed his answers to the Indian Question, School Question, Mormon Question, and Chinese Question. These Western policy positions established a Republican culture war program with deeply religious overtones that animated U.S. politics for over a decade and continues to resonate today. This article is part of a special issue of Pacific Historical Review, “Religion in the Nineteenth-Century American West.”

Assessing The Psychometric Properties of The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) Among Indian School Students

Background: Internet addiction is found to be a growing global problem and India is not exceptional. Adolescents are more over addicted to internet and suffering with mental confusions and deviation in behaviour. Several instruments have been developed for assessment of Internet addiction. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the most widely used tool to assess internet addiction, but psychometric properties of the IAT have not yet been examined in the Indian adolescence. The aim was to examine the validity and reliability of the 20-item Internet Addiction Test in Indian School Students. Methodology: Seven hundred fifty-two students from a CBSE school of Raipur, India was randomly selected in our study. The reliability and validity of IAT was examined. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the structural validity of IAT. Results: It was found that the factor loading of the IAT varied between 0.40 and 0.82. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale was found to be 905. The total correlations were calculated and had a value range from 0.406 to 0.659 for the 20 items. The psychometric properties indicate that the factor loading reveal that the test revolve around six factors (Salience, Excessive Use, Neglected Work, Anticipation, Lack of Control, and Neglected Social Life). The Cronbach’s alpha is high for all the 6 components. IAT is a proper tool for evaluating internet addiction in Indian school students. Conclusions: The findings obtained in this study indicate that overall, IAT has adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of internet addiction in Indian school students.

Role‐overload and self‐esteem affecting teachers career satisfaction: Serial mediation through work engagement and job satisfaction

AbstractThis study examines the effects of role‐overload (RO) and self‐esteem (SE) on career satisfaction (CS) through work engagement (WE) and job satisfaction (JS). It follows the social cognitive career theory (SCCT) and job demands‐resources (JD‐R) model. A quantitative survey was conducted on Indian school teachers (n = 630). A serial mediation model was developed to examine the proposed relationship. Hypotheses were tested by SEM and bootstrapping to verify the direct/indirect effects. The results reveal that SE, directly and indirectly, influence CS. The serial mediation was found between RO on CS through SE, WE, and JS. WE and JS also serially mediated between SE and CS. However, RO does not affect CS directly but through serial mediation. Study proposes a structural model with organizational and individual factors influencing CS. Unlike previous researchers, this study combines personal resources and organizational demands predicting CS. The study helps to understand the connecting link between SCCT and JD‐R theory. Organizations can make use of this model for developing CS by managing RO through interventions.

Youth Entrepreneurship Education: As a Core Subject in School Curriculum

This paper deals with the framework related to the curriculum of Indian schools as well as Higher Education Institutions (HEI) regarding “Youth Entrepreneurship”. Every second individual realized that the key to bring prosperity and stimulate growth is fostering entrepreneurship especially to youth. Youth is the future of every nation & inheritors of the earth. Youth entrepreneurship refers to the act of young people starting and running their own businesses. This can include a variety of business ventures, such as small brick-and-mortar shops, online businesses, and even social enterprises. The paper addresses the necessary education to be imparted at an early stage during high-school and intermediate among the educated yet unemployed youth which helps in developing mindset of the students for becoming a successful entrepreneur. Additionally, it also helps improving country’s economic growth and achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). India, among the most densely populated countries of the world has an abundant amount of youth that lack awareness about youth entrepreneurship, its benefits, various schemes and programs launched by the government. There is a dire need to come up with a solution that would not only help fight the problems of unemployment but would also help to step towards becoming a developed economy that involves new, bright and innovative minds. However, as highlighted by many researchers the efforts to explore entrepreneurship in Indian domain has still remained very less and tragically the number comes to negligible when talking of studying the same as a subject from youth point of view. Through in-depth research and analysis, the aim of this research paper is to add Youth Entrepreneurship as a core subject in high school curriculum. An attempt to suggest some steps that should be undertaken to tackle such challenges are also discussed.

Study of Knowledge and Attitudes towards Respiratory Hygiene and Respiratory Exercise in School-Aged Children, According to Gender: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study

Background: As the COVID-19 epidemic began in 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread quickly to numerous nations.Therefore, in order to curb the spread of this disease, the government has implemented various preventativemeasures, such as social distance, using napkins when sneezing or coughing, avoid hand contact with thosewho are ill, etc. Children attending large gatherings since schools have resumed operations as per governmentdirectives, making them susceptible to the transmission of Covid-19. In order to stop the spread of the pandemicamong children, it is important to evaluate how school-aged children understand the respiratory exercises andpreventative measures recommended by the Government of India.Methodology: The knowledge and attitudes of school-going youngsters were evaluated using a cross-sectionalsurvey research. A thorough assessment of the literature led to the formulation of the survey’s google formquestionnaire, which included 17 questions in the knowledge and attitude domains. Snowball sampling was usedto distribute the survey questionnaire to 800 students in North Indian schools. Only 673 students were included inthe survey due to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: Among 673 students, 404 students were females (22.965±2.899) and rest were males (22.186±3.772). Ourstudy shows that both the domains’ knowledge (t-stat 3.024) and attitude (t-stat 3.420) are highly significant asthe p-value is <0.001. The correlation between both domains shows that both domains are positively and highlysignificantly correlated as the r-value is 0.44.Conclusion: The precautionary steps that the Indian government implemented have had a positive influence onstudents’ lives and knowledge, and they are taking excellent care of themselves

Truth, Healing, and Reconciliation: The Challenge for Future Relationship between Indigenous Peoples and the Catholic Church

The Catholic Church from both theological and sociological perspectives has a fundamental challenge in its relationship historically and today with Indigenous peoples across the Americas. What does it mean for the Catholic Church to have been not only complicit, but an active participant, in the erasure of various Native American peoples’ cultures, languages, and spiritual traditions? This essay questions how that context impacts the church’s efforts today to advance evangelization and support healing among Indigenous communities. These reflections come from the author’s work as Director for Truth and Healing at Red Cloud Indian School in Pine Ridge, South Dakota.

The neoliberalization of Indian business schools: how accreditation-linked institutional pressures shape academic subjectivities

PurposeThis study revisits the discourse on the neoliberalization of business schools and explores how accreditation-linked institutional pressures catalyze cultural change that adversely impact academic labor and academic subjectivities in the Global South.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with academics from elite business schools in India.FindingsThis study shows how academics encounter institutional pressures in Indian business schools. Three major themes emerged from the data: (1) the conception of the ideal academic that existed before accreditation, (2) how the conception of the ideal academic was fundamentally transformed during and after accreditation, and (3) the challenges academics experienced in achieving the performance targets introduced by accreditation-linked institutional pressures.Originality/valueThis study offers two contributions to the extant literature on business schools located in the Global South: (1) it illustrates how organizational changes within business schools in India are structured by accreditation-linked institutional pressures coming from the Global North, and (2) it adds to the growing body of work on neoliberal governmentality by highlighting the implications of accreditation-liked institutional pressures on academic subjectivities.

Introducing computers in Indian schools: institutional resistances and the making of a digital divide

ABSTRACT The introduction of computers in Indian schools runs parallel with the development of a digital divide in the country. In addition to the formal ways in which government policies shape access to computers in schools, deeper informal cultures of the state and schools shape opinion about these technologies. In this paper, we examine three levels of these informal cultures: political cultures and their perceptions of technology; bureaucratic cultures, which are distanced from schooling realities; and classroom teaching-learning practices, where digital inequalities add to pre-existing educational inequalities. For examining the interplay of the informal cultures, we scale down from the national level to examine the case of West Bengal, a state in eastern India. The state has been one of the strongholds of Left politics in India. Drawing upon its experiences, we explore the linkage between political ideology and the social embedding of resistance to computers.

Influence of teacher innovative behaviour on students’ academic self-efficacy and intrinsic goal orientation

Non-cognitive outcomes like Academic Self-efficacy (ASE) and Intrinsic Goal Orientation (IGO) have a bearing on students’ academic and life outcomes. Yet, the way teacher practices influence these outcomes has remained underexplored. We examined the influence of Teacher Innovative Behaviour (TIB) on students’ IGO and ASE within a span of one academic year (2015–16) in Indian government primary schools. Using structural equation modelling, we studied change in IGO and ASE among school students (N = 6421, grades 6–8) taught by 346 teachers with varying levels of TIB. The findings revealed that higher levels of TIB predicted higher levels of IGO but were unrelated to ASE after controlling for student demographics and prior outcomes. The independent variables collectively explained 20% and 15% of the variation in IGO and ASE. The implications of this study for teacher educators, education administrators, and policymakers are discussed.

Indian Ideology in The Warpath: Lehman Brightman’s Red Power Journalism

The Warpath, the “angry Indian” newsletter founded by the militant but oft overlooked journalist Lehman Brightman, was one of several Red Power publications founded in the late 1960s as part of the social and cultural upheavals of that era. Brightman’s publication deployed several major themes as he argued for Native American rights and against the federal Indian bureaucracy, especially “America’s colonial office,” the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In The Warpath, Brightman demanded Indian liberation and self-determination, calling for direct political action at places like Alcatraz and Mount Rushmore, a place Brightman and other activists occupied in 1970. Brightman also celebrated Indian history and culture, criticized Indian stereotypes, excoriated moderate Indian leaders and, perhaps most significantly, investigated the appalling conditions at underfunded and understaffed Indian schools. His principal achievement was the articulation of a strident anti-racist and anti-colonial ideology that continues to resonate in Indian Country.

Does Narcissism Influence Entrepreneurial Intentions? A Theory of Planned Behaviour Perspective

Recent research on entrepreneurship has established that individuals with certain personality traits are more likely to take up entrepreneurial careers as compared to others. However, it is still unclear whether and how the dark side of individuals’ personality impacts entrepreneurial career intentions. Accordingly, this study, building on the theory of planned behaviour, seeks to explore the mechanisms through which narcissism—a dark personality trait—impacts entrepreneurial intention. The authors contend that narcissism shapes the individual’s attitude and worldview of the prevailing subjective norms, which collectively translate into evaluating entrepreneurship as a favourable career choice. This study empirically validates the hypotheses using a sample of 220 postgraduate students in an Indian business school. The findings offer crucial implications for individuals trying to make career choices; and demonstrate that it would be helpful for individuals to explore the dark side of their personality before arriving at an appropriate career choice.

A Comparative Study of Classroom Anxiety & Coping Self-Efficacy in Adolescents in Indian Schools, in Association with School Counsellor

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate and study the differences in classroom anxiety and coping self-efficacy of adolescents (14–17-year-olds) in Indian schools, with & without a school counsellor. School counselling is a growing domain in Indian educational system & an essential aspect of the system, as it provides support to students to cope with academic, social and personal challenges. Adolescence is an age of transition and changes in dynamics of self. Emotional, vocational, social & psychological support from trained professionals in the school environment can be extremely helpful & beneficial at this age. A sample of N=142 adolescents participated in the study, providing self-report measures of classroom anxiety (Classroom Anxiety Measure) and coping self-efficacy (Coping Self-Efficacy Scale). The results revealed a significant negative correlation between classroom anxiety and coping self-efficacy (r = -0.619, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that as classroom anxiety increases, coping self-efficacy tends to decrease in adolescents. Additionally, the results of independent t-test for differences in the classroom anxiety and coping self-efficacy between the two groups also revealed that there was a significant difference in the classroom anxiety of the two groups, which was higher in the students of schools without a school counsellor. The coping selfefficacy scores however, showed no significant difference in between the two groups of adolescents. The implications of this study highlight the importance of addressing classroom anxiety and promoting coping self-efficacy among adolescents. Interventions aimed at enhancing coping skills and reducing anxiety in educational settings may contribute to improved wellbeing and academic performance.

Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect on Oral Hygiene and Nutrition in North Indian School Students: A Cohort Study

This study investigated the relationship between dental hygiene and child maltreatment, malnutrition, and overall development. The researchers examined 900 students aged 5-15 years from government schools in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh. The study observed nutritional status by assessment of the physiological status of the body based on its height and weight and signs of abuse/neglect. The results showed that 260 abused students had poor dental hygiene, and 236 of them were mild to moderately malnourished. In comparison, 362 non-abused students had dental neglect, and 232 were moderately malnourished. These findings highlight a significant association between dental care neglect, child maltreatment, and malnutrition. It is crucial to address the social stigma surrounding this issue, normalize discussions, and encourage dentists to identify signs of abuse and inform relevant authorities about potential discrepancies.

“Teachers’ Impact on the Implementation of Human Rights Education in International Indian Schools in Kuwait

With globalization, the establishment of private international schools has increased, particularly in nations with large migrant populations. These schools are affiliated to accreditation bodies from their respective country of origin for curriculum and assessment, although they may also be subject to certain norms within host countries. This duality alludes that students’ knowledge is largely dependent on the teacher who effectuates the official curriculum defined by the accrediting institution into the actual curriculum within the classroom. Although this reflects on all courses taught, it has wider implications in the effectiveness of Human rights education (HRE). This paper investigates key factors that determine the effective implementation of HRE by teachers in international schools, using the case study of Indian schools in Kuwait. By developing the 3I model (Introduction, Interpretation, and Implementation), the researchers determined the causative linkages in the structure and effectiveness of school curriculum for HRE, measured with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. The results indicate that human rights are not adequately addressed in the official curriculum and the teacher’s own knowledge and comprehension of human rights influences the application of HRE in the actual curriculum, which may present scope for bias and subjectivity.

Hybrid Education Program in Indian Schools -Pros & Cons

Hybrid Education Program in Indian Schools -Pros & Cons

Impact of Escalating Heat Waves on Students’ Well-Being and Overall Health: A Survey of Primary School Teachers

Children in developing countries such as India will experience severe consequences of climate change. Primary school students, in particular, are the most vulnerable to extreme weather conditions, such as heat waves intensifying due to climate change. This will adversely impair their development, well-being, and learning outcomes. However, significant research gaps exist in understanding and mitigating children’s vulnerabilities. There is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the impact of heat waves on children’s health and well-being in India. Further, the discussion on the state of heat safety in Indian primary schools is limited. This study addresses these gaps by surveying 335 primary school teachers in seven Indian cities. The data gathered from the field survey offers a better understanding of classroom experiences and challenges encountered by children and teachers during heat waves. It underscores several aspects of students’ vulnerability to heat exposure and its adverse impact on their health, such as absence from school, physical symptoms of heat distress, etc. Furthermore, it highlights the pressing need for classroom heat risk management in light of climate change and makes several policy prescriptions in primary schools.

Factors Affecting Knowledge Management System in Indian Schools

Factors Affecting Knowledge Management System in Indian Schools

Top Talent, Elite Colleges, and Migration: Evidence from the Indian Institutes of Technology

We study migration in the right tail of the talent distribution using a novel dataset of Indian high school students taking the Joint Entrance Exam (JEE), a college entrance exam used for admission to the prestigious Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT). We find a high incidence of migration after students complete college: among the top 1000 scorers on the exam, 36% have migrated abroad, rising to 62% for the top 100 scorers. We next document that students who attended the original “Top 5” IIT were 5 percentage points more likely to migrate for graduate school compared to equally talented students who studied in other institutions. We explore two mechanisms for these patterns: signaling, for which we study migration after one university suddenly gained the IIT designation; and alumni networks, using information on the location of IIT alumni in U.S. computer science departments.

Depression and anxiety symptoms, subjective well-being, and happiness among Indian high school students.

Mental health problems cause significant distress and impairment in adolescents worldwide. One-fifth of the world's adolescents live in India, and much remains to be known about their mental health and wellbeing. In this preregistered study, we aimed to estimate the rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms, examine their relationship with indicators of wellbeing, and identify correlates of mental health among Indian adolescents. We administered self-report measures of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), wellbeing (WEMWBS), and happiness (SHS) to 1,213 Indian adolescents (52.0% male; Mage = 14.11, SDage = 1.48). Findings from the PHQ-9 (M = 8.08, SD = 5.01) and GAD-7 (M = 7.42, SD = 4.78) indicated high levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Thirty seven percent of the sample scored above the clinical cutoff for depressive symptoms, and 30.6% scored above the cutoff for anxiety symptoms. Although measures of mental health symptoms (PHQ-9 and GAD-7) were associated with measures of wellbeing and happiness (WEMWBS and SHS), these associations were only modest (Correlation < 0.45). Female students reported higher symptoms (and worse wellbeing) compared to male students, and older students reported higher symptoms (and worse wellbeing and happiness) compared to younger students. This study highlights the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms among Indian high school students. Symptom measures correlated only modestly with measures of wellbeing and happiness, suggesting that wellbeing and happiness reflect more than the absence of internalizing symptoms. Future research is needed to identify effective and appropriate ways to promote mental health and wellness among Indian students.