Indian People Research Articles

Manual Production of Green Current, Green Hydrogen and Green Oxygen for the Benefit of Daily Income of Poor People of Any Country

From Kasmir to Kanyakumari, as India is having many poor people with no daily income, based on humanity, we are making an advanced technical attempt to help them with a possible daily income by manual production of green current, green hydrogen and green oxygen. To have sufficient fuel, to have an efficient fuel and to reduce pollution levels, world transportation system badly needs eco-friendly hydrogen and the whole earthy environment is in a serious quest for oxygen. To resolve the above basic issues, it is planned to produce hydrogen and oxygen by means of alkaline electrolysis with external magnetic field (IIT, Mumbai, India) for a better productivity, accomplished by electricity produced from medium capacity alternators operated by human physical energy. To fulfill this requirement, it is planned to take the help of illiterates, healthy beggars, Rikshawala like poor people and farmers having no crop field or no crop yield. With efficient pedaling and gearing mechanisms associated with heavy fly wheels, 10 of 20 persons forming as a group can be allowed to run any alternator round the clock in 8-hour shift system for 4 alternative hours without any physical strain. By considering our proposal, 1) Hydrogen fuel required for running Fuel cells and Internal combustion engines can be generated in large quantity with a de-central system having unlimited number of medium capacity alternators spread across entire India. 2) Generated oxygen can be released to atmosphere and air pollution levels can be diluted to a greater extent across India. 3) Recycled waste water or sewage water can also be used. 4) Multiple number of small scale units can be set up with 5 to 10 alternators and production of hydrogen by electrolysis can be increased from 5% to (30 to 40) % of total production of hydrogen. 5) To some extent, as long as Hydrogen is considered as a fuel, employment problem, hydrogen scarcity and air pollution issues can be resolved. With further study, research and direct involvement of state and central governments, industrialists, scientists and engineers, this proposal can be implemented a full-fledged manner from Kashmir to Kanykumari. Our proposal can be considered as one of the best coordinating schemes for-fulfilling Indian transportation fuel needs, Indian poor people struggling for getting daily wages and saving mother earth from CO2, SO2 and NOx like harmful gases. This project can be implemented in any country having poor people.

The Relationship between All‐cause Dementia and Acute Diabetes Complications among American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples

AbstractBackgroundAmerican Indian and Alaska Native people (AI/ANs) bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes. Growing evidence has shown significant associations between several acute diabetes complications and dementia among diabetes patients in the general population. However, little is known about these relationships among AI/ANs.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study extracted patient registration and health service utilization data from the Indian Health Service’s National Data Warehouse and related administrative databases. A total of 29,337 AI/AN adults with diabetes who were 45+ years old and used IHS or tribal health services during fiscal year 2013 were included. All‐cause dementia and acute diabetes complications were identified using ICD‐9 diagnostic codes in the utilization data. Negative binomial regression models were used to evaluate the associations of interest after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsNearly 3% (n = 843) of AI/AN diabetes patients had a dementia diagnosis. Among AI/ANs with diabetes, similar proportions of patients had a history of hospitalization or ED visits for hypoglycemia only (3.6%) or hyperglycemia only (4.1%). About 0.8% had both types of acute diabetes complications. As shown in Fig1, after controlling for demographics, health care coverage, and comorbidities, dementia diagnosis was associated with 94% higher rate of severe hypoglycemia (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR = 1.94, 95% CI:1.50‐2.51), 52% higher rate of severe hyperglycemia (IRR = 1.52, 95% CI, 1.11‐2.08), and 92% higher rate of any acute complication (IRR = 1.92, 95% CI:1.53‐2.41). Dementia was not significantly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in the adjusted model (IRR = 1.82, 95% CI:0.83‐4.01). Further adjustments on clinical measurements and medications did not substantially change the estimated IRRs for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.ConclusionsAI/AN diabetes patients with dementia suffered from considerably higher rates of severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia than their counterparts without dementia. Clinical management of patients with comorbid diabetes and dementia is particularly challenging and requires individualized treatment approaches.

Pop art meets pop culture: A semiotic reading of Bephen Bahana’s The Curry Bunch

Inspired by Barthes’s analysis of a Paris Match cover image, our paper semiotically explores two oil-on-canvas images by New Zealand-born Indian artist Bephen Bahana. Within our exploration, we use constructs of denotation, connotation, myth and archetype to illuminate those images. Our research aim was to find the meaning behind the two portraits’ visual aesthetics. In doing so, we reveal Bahana’s images to be a visual shorthand signifying Indian history and the ways in which American media influence impacts notions of identity. Specifically, our insights reveal the ways in which many contemporary Indian people might ‘see themselves’. While our work concentrates upon Indian imagery, myth and archetype, those considerations have pan-cultural connections. In these ways, our paper links pop art to popular culture and, in doing so, raises questions about how the canon and hierarchy of art have come to reflect and reinforce wider sociocultural norms. Our paper offers a voice of resistance, in much the same style as Bahana’s images.

Smoking across adolescence and adulthood with cardiovascular risk among American Indian peoples.

American Indian peoples (AIs) have high smoking rates and cardiovascular risk factor burden. The present study aimed to (a) investigate latent smoking classes across adolescence and adulthood, (b) investigate adolescent predictors of smoking classes, and (c) assess how smoking class is related to adult cardiovascular risk in a sample of AIs. A sample of AIs (N = 338) from the National Adolescent to Adult Health Study self-reported on smoking across four assessment waves (W1: 7th-12th grade; W2: 8th-12th grade; W3: ages 18-26; W4: ages 24-32). The socioecological framework for addressing tobacco-related disparities was used to identify potential adolescent (W1) risk and resource factors. C-reactive protein, blood pressure, and lipids were collected at W4. Growth mixture modeling and regressions were used. Six smoking classes were identified: light smoking (36%), nonsmoking (23%), escalating, adult daily smoking (13%), chronic heavy smoking (12%), escalating, young adult daily smoking (9%), and reducing smoking (7%). Risk factors for being in the chronic heavy smoking class included peer smoking and older age at W1. Compared with the chronic heavy smoking class, AIs in the reducing smoking class lived in in more impoverished neighborhoods during adolescence. Relative to several classes with less smoking, being in the chronic heavy smoking class was associated with higher C-reactive protein and less favorable lipid levels. W1 social support was a resource factor for adult diastolic blood pressure and some lipids. Socioecologically informed tobacco interventions have the potential to reduce smoking and cardiovascular risk among AIs, and bolstering social support may be important. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Impact of local anesthesia block on pain medication use and length of hospital stay in elderly indigenous patients in Alaska hospitalized for fragility fracture.

Introduction: Fragility fractures (low-energy, minimal-trauma fractures) are common in the aging population and can lead to decreased function, increased mortality, and long-lasting pain. Although opioids are helpful in reducing acute postoperative pain, they present risks that may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of medical records of all Alaska Native and American Indian people older than 50 years, who received surgery for hip fracture repair between January 2018 and June 2019 (n = 128). Results: We found that receipt of a peripheral nerve block (PNB) is a predictor for decreased length of hospital stay. However, receipt of PNB did not predict a reduction in postoperative morphine milligram equivalents opioid doses. Discussion: Further study is required to determine whether one PNB method is superior to others based on individual-level characteristics.

Organic and Natural Farming- A Critical Review of Challenges and Prospects

Agriculture was, by default, organic throughout the world before the technique of manufacturing synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer was discovered in 1903. However, availability of agro-chemicals became very common after the Second World War and the agriculture started becoming more and more chemical based. Synthetic fertilizers were introduced in India during 1965-66 and their use grew rapidly along with the high yielding varieties during the green revolution period and Indian farming, by and large, became chemical based. However, by the end of the twentieth century the ill-effects of such chemical-based farming were very well understood by the common Indian people and demand for organically produced food started growing. Different methods and procedures of growing organic food got popularity among the growers, however, a sense of confusion on package of practices on organic/natural farming kept on growing simultaneously. This review article was designed to make various concepts related to organic/natural farming crystal clear for the readers. Principals of organic farming, crop cultivation strategies in organic/natural farming, challenges in organic/ natural farming and possibilities and suggestions in organic/natural farming have been elaborately articulated in this review.

Food Security and Psychological Distress among the Elderly in India

Food insecurity affects nutrition, physical health and consequently one’s psychological well-being. Using a nationally representative longitudinal cohort of 29,308 Indian elderly people (aged 60+ years), this article examines the relationship between food insecurity and psychological distress. Self-reported emotional status experienced over the week before data collection was considered to construct psychological distress at the individual level. Based on the results of logistic regression, controlling for several demographic and socioeconomic factors, a strong relationship was observed between food insecurity and psychological distress among the Indian elderly. This relationship is moderately higher in females than in males when accounting for demographic and socioeconomic confounders. These findings have important policy implications urging intervention to enhance food security in the elderly at risk and to improve their physical and psychological health.

Factors Associated with Child Removal Among American Indian and Alaska Native People in an Alcohol Intervention Study.

This study was a secondary data analysis of factors associated with alcohol-related child removal among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults enrolled in a clinical trial of an alcohol intervention. Among 326 parent participants, 40% reported ever having a child removed from their care in part because of the parent's alcohol use, defined here as alcohol-related child removal. Seventy-five percent of parents reported at least one separation during their own childhood (M = 1.3, SD = 1.0). In a multivariable analysis, alcohol-related child removal was associated with parental boarding school attendance. No relationship was found between alcohol-related child removal and alcohol intervention outcomes. Results may provide evidence of multigenerational child removal impacts of boarding schools on AI/AN adults receiving an alcohol use disorder intervention. Assessment of parental history of child removal by practitioners, strategies to prevent alcohol-related separation and to support reunification should be integrated into addiction treatment in AI/AN communities.

Economics and politics under Modi government: A synoptic view

In 2019, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won the general elections in India with a thumping majority for the second consecutive term. The BJP government has undertaken controversial policies which have been interpreted as flowing from its ideology of Hindutva, an ideology of aggressive Hindu nationalism. As a result of pursuing these policies, there has been a hollowing out of democracy in India according to scholars and reputed international organizations. On the other hand, in the last 8 years, the Indian economy has gone through major slowdowns and policy-induced crises, which the pandemic has further intensified. The paper tries to look at these political and economic processes under the Modi government simultaneously. It shows that the conditions of the Indian people have deteriorated during BJP rule. However, this has not affected the political fortunes of the government. The paper tries to answer how one can view the economic stagnation witnessed during the last 8 years together with the rise of Hindu nationalism in India. We argue that BJP wants to redefine the Indian nation in its Hindutva image. Such a re-imagination backed by state power has postponed the political blowback resulting from the economic crisis. Additionally, the BJP has articulated a new politics for the poor (without redistribution) and a new politics of caste to sustain its hegemony. The enduring dominance of BJP in the political domain of India even after a below-average economic performance during the last 8 years is therefore a result of multiple factors pertaining to Hindutva, nationalism and a new politics of caste and the poor.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTUS OF AGRIPRENEURS-AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

India is an agricultural nation with good land availability for agricultural activities, and a sizable population is still engaged in agriculture and enterprises that are related to it. Agripreneurship may boost the economy, increase revenue, and open many business opportunities in rural regions. Effective agricultural entrepreneurship efforts may also help the agripreneurs who are dealing with long-term economic issues including urbanization, poverty, and unemployment. They deal with issues like financial difficulties in supporting farmers, promoting agricultural products, transportation, women's emancipation, tribal youth development, and a few others. These issues include income diversification, growth, increased employment, new technology, and the best possible use of the available resources. The main issue with liberalization, privatization and globalization is that the entire region has become like a neighbouring market in which our farmers and commodities will have to compete with foreign companies in terms of quality and price. The Indian economy is primarily agrarian. Agriculture directly employs around 65 percent of the Indian people and accounts for 16-17 percent of India's GDP. The present survey is being conducted in the Ongole area of the Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. The paper is aimed at problems &prospects of agriprenures. The questionnaire is prepared with 21 relevant questions to collect primary data. Respondents were asked to respond on five points lickered scale. The questionnaire is given to 128 people among agriprenures and 105 are returned and 90 responded properly. To analyses, the primary M.S excel has been used. Channel of distribution & Financial support is as significantly affecting the agrepreneurs.

COVID-19 lockdown – Health and nutritional status of the general public in Lucknow

When the Indian Government announced a nationwide lockdown on March 24, 2020, the lives of Indian people were changed immediately as people started shifting to a different way of living. Therefore, to assess the impact and effect of the nationwide lockdown on the health status and lifestyle habits of the general population, this study was conducted on a sample size of 70 people based in Lucknow. The participants were administered a questionnaire with questions on their diet, lifestyle habits and health. Data was then analysed using Microsoft Excel. The results showed significant changes in the daily routine and habits of people during the lockdown. Lifestyle changes such as increase in snacking, smoking and consuming alcohol could lead to future problems such as increase in the development of non-communicable diseases.

Life of Mà-ka-tai-me-she-kià-kiàk, or Black Hawk, An Autobiography

From its initial publication in 1833, Black Hawk's autobiography has challenged readers to confront dominant narratives of race and progress, justice and inequality, and US territorial acquisition and Native sovereignty. A Sauk war chief, Black Hawk related the annual cycles of his peoples’ lives from the 1780s in the modern border area of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri, including their several relocations, aspects of their spirituality, society, and economy, their sometimes-violent relations with other Indian peoples as well as with British and Americans. Black Hawk credits the British with being more honest and trustworthy, particularly as the US perpetrated a fraudulent treaty in 1804 in which the Sauks and Foxes were supposed to have ceded much of their lands. While Black Hawk and his people had regular interaction with American traders over the years, the treaty fraud and intermittent violence led some Sauks to follow Black Hawk into siding with the British in the War of 1812 and later to fight the US again in the so-called Black Hawk War in the summer of 1832.Black Hawk's autobiography recounts the causes and course of the 1832 conflict as well as the subsequent tour of Eastern cities that he and his main Sauk advisors were compelled to take as prisoners at the insistence of President Andrew Jackson. As well explored by Michael Loraro, Black Hawk's message to white America was much more than an account of the eponymous war; it offered a broader criticism of the cultural and political context of the conflict and a vision for future peace and friendship. Black Hawk's autobiography both reflected and influenced Romantic literature and emerged as one of the most important and compelling works by a Native American in the nineteenth century, retaining a canonical place to the present day.Loraro's new engagement with Black Hawk's autobiography is a welcome update to Donald Jackson's 1955 edition from the University of Illinois Press. For those who may wonder whether they should upgrade their bookshelf with a new edition of Black Hawk's Life, I assure you that you should. Whereas Jackson's introduction and notes provided solid historical context from relevant primary sources, his book is obviously decades out of date regarding scholarship and includes some cringe-inducing verbiage. Loraro's update includes three main forms of editorial commentary. First, a brief introduction offers a sketch of Life's content, its implications for contemporary readers, and an overview of scholarly analyses. Second, Loraro includes a more developed version of this introduction as a distinct essay, “Resistance, Rebellion, Resignation, and Re-creation: Black Hawk's Life as Negotiation, Transition, and Testimony.” As suggested by the complicated title, the essay delves more thoroughly into literary analysis and modern scholarship, advancing several interesting observations and arguments, culminating in the idea that whereas Black Hawk failed militarily in 1832, he succeeded the following year in publishing a widely read and well-regarded Nativist criticism of American settler colonialism. Black Hawk influenced subsequent critics in the nineteenth century, and Native writers continue to reflect his ideas. Third, Loraro includes explanatory notes throughout Black Hawk's narrative, with clarifications, some primary sources, and references to recent historical and literary scholarship. Finally, Loraro adds to the Native voice element of Black Hawk's Life with inclusion of lines from Meskwaki (Sac and Fox) poet Ray A. Young Bear, “For You, a Handful of the Greatest Gift.”Loraro rightly points out that Black Hawk's Life continues to be considered and analyzed by new generations who bring their own interests and ideas to their reading of this foundational work. Loraro's edition reflects his own background as a literary scholar of frontier writings mostly east of the Mississippi River. He largely takes Black Hawk's authorship at face value with some limited consideration of his nineteenth century editor and mediator, J. B. Patterson. The third player in the production of Black Hawk's Life receives almost no attention, the interpreter Antoine LeClair, a culture broker of French and Indian descent, and the man who rendered Black Hawk's oral testimony and performance into written English. Perhaps a scholar will develop this crucial third element of the narrative's triangular production in a future edition Black Hawk's Life.

COVID-19 Among Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native People Residing in Urban Areas Before and After Vaccine Rollout-Selected States and Counties, United States, January 2020-October 2021.

Objectives. To evaluate COVID-19 disparities among non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and non-Hispanic White persons in urban areas. Methods. Using COVID-19 case surveillance data, we calculated cumulative incidence rates and risk ratios (RRs) among non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Hispanic White persons living in select urban counties in the United States by age and sex during January 22, 2020, to October 19, 2021. We separated cases into prevaccine (January 22, 2020-April 4, 2021) and postvaccine (April 5, 2021-October 19, 2021) periods. Results. Overall in urban areas, the COVID-19 age-adjusted rate among non-Hispanic AI/AN persons (n = 47 431) was 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 2.01) times that of non-Hispanic White persons (n = 2 301 911). The COVID-19 prevaccine age-adjusted rate was higher (8227 per 100 000; 95% CI = 6283, 10 770) than was the postvaccine rate (3703 per 100 000; 95% CI = 3235, 4240) among non-Hispanic AI/AN compared with among non-Hispanic White persons (2819 per 100 000; 95% CI = 2527, 3144; RR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.17, 1.48). Conclusions. This study highlights disparities in COVID-19 between non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Hispanic White persons in urban areas. These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination and other public health efforts among urban AI/AN communities can reduce COVID-19 disparities in urban AI/AN populations. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(10):1489-1497. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306966).

Being and Becoming Ute: The Story of an American Indian People

Tribal histories often suffer from a tendency to focus on one people in conceptual isolation from closely related neighbors. Ute history has long been plagued by this balkanization, as the Numic-speaking people ranged across a wide swath of the western slope of the Rockies, the Wasatch, and the basin and range provinces in between. Over the centuries, numerous kin-based clans coalesced into historic bands, then further reduced into the three composite Ute tribes that exist today. Historians have treated them as discrete peoples, widely divided by worldview and geography. Sondra Jones's marvelous book is a welcome relief from that approach. At last, we have a history of the Núu-ci, or “The People,” as the Utes call themselves, that examines them holistically and collectively.Being and Becoming Ute is impressive on several levels, not the least of which is its comprehensiveness. Beginning with their emergence from the southwest corner of the Great Basin around AD 800, Jones narrates the many adaptations and transformations of the Ute people to the present day. Interestingly, the description becomes denser as it moves forward in time. Rather than becoming bogged down in the nineteenth century, as many such histories do, Jones's rich chapters engage the cultural, economic, and resource conflicts that have confronted the Uintah and Ouray Utes, Southern Utes, and Ute Mountain Utes in recent decades. The author does not shy away from complex issues, examining, to cite two examples, the jurisdictional issues in the Uintah Basin and the political and environmental battles that accompanied Anima-La Plata reclamation project. These and many other complicated events receive thorough, measured treatment.This is not to suggest that the critical events of the nineteenth century are shortchanged. The narrative becomes quite gripping as Jones relates the disastrous events following the so-called “Meeker Massacre,” the expulsion of the White River Utes, and the forced march of 1,400 Uncompahgres from their homelands to the desolation of the Uintah reserve. The author is similarly unsparing in describing the extermination campaign against the Timpanogos Utes in Utah Valley or the subsequent campaigns of the Utah Territorial Militia against Wakara's Utes and later against Black Hawk's band of cattle thieves. If there is one deficiency, it is Jones's uncritical acceptance of the trope that Mormon leaders and settlers treated the Indians better than did the colonizers in surrounding territories. From a doctrinal perspective, that is undoubtedly true, but as a matter of application, Jones admits that the result was no different. Atrocities committed by the Mormon militia or settlers are blamed on “moral disintegration among hard hit Mormons” (164) and “nervous and poorly trained militias” (166). Conversely, we learn that the non-Indian colonizers of the San Luis Valley and the white residents of Meeker, Colorado, were simply people motivated by racism.To be fair, the author is more concerned with the actions of the Utes than the motivations of those of who oppressed them. The later chapters focus on the pivotal events of the past century and the social and legal changes that impacted Utes on all three reservations. In this regard, Jones masterfully distills key federal policies, such as the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act, which “finally untied their hands” and allowed the Utes to represent and negotiate for their own people (418). She pays considerable attention to the termination policy and Senator Arthur V. Watkins's campaign to sever the trust relationship with the Utes at Uintah and Ouray, resulting in the disastrous disenrollment of 490 members of the Uintah Band. Jones treads carefully here, and rightfully so, as the event left deep and lasting wounds and produced many distortions of history. This treatment tries too hard to be objective, as Jones does not quite want to admit that the two Colorado Ute bands, the White Rivers and the Uncompahgres, seized the opportunity to evict a large percentage of the Utah Utes from their own reservation. All of this was done using the false dogma of blood quantum, employing a standard of measurement that, if applied to, say, the Southern Utes, might have terminated most of the members. In the end, the focus remains on those who stayed on the rolls and on the many problems of the survivors: not the least of which concern the retention of language, culture, and vitality, as the contemporary Ute tribes find themselves awash in judgment money, energy royalties, and in the case of the two Colorado tribes, gaming revenue. Jones concludes on a hopeful note, believing that the resilience and adaptability that the Utes demonstrated in the past will carry them forward.

THE SPIRITUAL BELIEF TO PROTECT FROM COVID-19: THE CASE STUDY OF INDIA

The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has presented unprecedented health challenges, resulting in complete restrictions on lives across the world. This research assesses spiritual care as an essential component of comprehensive health management, particularly in terms of adaptation, acceptance of illness, suffering, and, ultimately, of death. This article provides information on the need to provide spiritual care as a means of coping and wellbeing for families, patients, and health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research examined how the Indian people understood the Indian Prime Minister’s announcement to adopt a ritual belief in this pandemic. The research questions examine how the pandemic has disrupted religious observances and how people changed their performance of ritual work in fear of the coronavirus. The authors found that, while people were spiritually motivated by the Prime Minister's appeal, the mass vaccination program was the solution to the pandemic, and was the primary factor decreasing new cases.

Myth, Tradition and Indian Beliefs in Shashi Deshpande's "The Dark Holds No Terrors"

Shashi Deshpande is one of India's most well-known novelists today. Women's writing in India has a shorter history than male writing, but we are seeing a rise in the number of women authors whose fiction is being recognized internationally. They have won a slew of national and international awards and grants, and it now appears that women's writing will rise to prominence shortly as they catch up to their male counterparts. While many other women authors, such as Kamla Markandaya, Nayantara Sehgal, Ruth Prawar Jhabvala, Anita Desai, Santha Rama Rao, Attia Hussain, Padmini Sen Gupta, Nargis Dala, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Gita Mehta, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai, enrich Indian English Literature, Deshpande occupies a special place She is one of the few authors working today who incorporates literary allusions, myth, and mythology into her work, effortlessly blending it with earlier results. 
 Deshpande has used Indian myths, legends, and people in many novels as metaphors for events, incidents, happenings, and characters. In many of her books, she incorporates Western folktales. Shashi Deshpande's writings, especially her novel "The Dark Holds No Terrors" (1980), paint a startlingly vivid picture of Indian womanhood's inner world. For too long, it has been made to stay quiet. Deshpande's use of myth and folklore in her novels exemplifies the decolonization of the Indian literary imagination. These devices are handy to the author for illuminating the inner world of women's minds since many of her novels contain female protagonists.

Measuring Attitudes About Alcohol Misuse and Dependence Among Alaska Native People Within a Tribal Health Care System.

Attitudes about alcohol misuse and dependence influence alcohol use and help-seeking behavior. Alaska Native and American Indian (AN/AI) people have higher rates of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality but engage in treatment at lower rates than the general population. No validated instruments exist to assess attitudes of AN/AI people about alcohol misuse and dependence to inform treatment and prevention efforts. This study aimed to develop an instrument to assess public attitudes among AN/AI people of alcohol misuse and dependence. This multiphase, mixed-methods study was conducted at Southcentral Foundation, a tribally owned health system serving 65,000 AN/AI people in Alaska. We conducted focus groups and interviews with health system users, providers, and leaders to adapt the Public Attitudes About Addiction Survey. The adapted instrument was piloted with 200 people. Cognitive interviews and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to refine the instrument, which were then administered to 777 AN/AI people. Initial exploratory factor analysis identified 5 factors, including 3 from the original Public Attitudes About Addiction Survey (moral, disease, nature), a combined psychology and sociology factor (psychosocial), and a new factor (environment). A final 4-factor model (psychosocial, moral, disease, nature) with 14 items had good fit with root mean square error of approximation (0.035; comparative fit index = 0.977; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.970; standardized root mean residual = 0.040) and loadings ranging from 0.41 to 0.80. This study developed the first instrument to assess AN/AI attitudes about alcohol misuse and dependence. This instrument has potential to inform alcohol-related treatment in AN/AI communities. Future research is warranted to adequately measure place-based contributors salient to AN/AI people.

Analysis of Women Safety in Indian Cities Using Machine Learning on Tweets

Women and girls have been experiencing a lot of violence and harassment in public places in various cities starting from stalking and leading to abuse harassment or abuse assault. This research paper basically focuses on the role of social media in promoting the safety of women in Indian cities with special reference to the role of social media websites and applications including Twitter platform Facebook and Instagram. This paper also focuses on how a sense of responsibility on part of Indian society can be developed by the common Indian people so that we should focus on the safety of women surrounding them. Tweets on Twitter which usually contain images and text and also written messages and quotes which focus on the safety of women in Indian cities can be used to read a message amongst the Indian Youth Culture and educate people to take strict action and punish those who harass the women. Twitter and other Twitter handles which include hashtag messages that are widely spread across the whole globe sir as a platform for women to express their views about how they feel while we go out for work or travel in a public transport and what is the state of their mind when they are surrounded by unknown men and whether these women feel safe or not?

The New Image of Indian Girl in Sherman Alexie’s The Search Engine

The current paper examines the Native American people's identity, especially the main female character's cultural identity in the short story entitled The Search Engine. Sherman Alexie, the author of the story, is a Native American writer who harnesses the Indian identity as one of the main topics. The identity presented in the main character, Corliss, shows the challenges of the stereotypes of Native American girls. For that reason, the paper aims at exploring the new Indian woman’s cultural identity represented in the main character, Corliss, in the short story The Search Engine. The study applies feminist literary criticism that enables the writers to deeply explore the issue of woman's identity among the American native people. The main character, Corliss, shows the new female image identity, in which she can challenge traditional stereotypes of Native American women. Corliss is represented as a highly literate woman, with a lot of reading on English literary works, and has concern on her Indian-ness, which is often incommensurable to her big family’s views. The main character shows the new female image of an Indian girl evidenced in her excellent literacy and attitude toward Indian and White people. She has new consciousness in seeing the Indian men and women and their relation to White people.

CDC-Funded HIV Testing and Linkage to HIV Medical Care Among American Indian and Alaska Native People in the United States, 2014-2020.

An estimated 1 in 5 American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults living with HIV are unaware of their status. We investigated HIV testing among AI/AN people receiving a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-funded test from 2014 through 2020. We analyzed data on CDC-funded HIV tests reported by health departments and community-based organizations in the United States. We described the number of CDC-funded HIV tests, the percentage of people with newly and previously diagnosed HIV, and linkage to HIV medical care within 90 days of diagnosis. CDC-funded health departments and community-based organizations provided 99 227 HIV tests to AI/AN people during 2014-2020. Seven hundred thirty-five (0.7%) AI/AN people were diagnosed with HIV; 361 (0.4%) were newly diagnosed, 319 (0.3%) had a previous HIV diagnosis, and 55 (0.1%) had a previously unknown HIV status. Positivity for new diagnoses was highest among the following population groups tested in non-health care settings: men who had sex with men (MSM; n = 72, 1.2%), MSM who inject drugs (n = 12, 1.8%), and transgender people (n = 12, 1.5%). The percentage of linkage to HIV medical care was 80.6% for newly diagnosed people and 78.2% for previously diagnosed people. MSM AI/AN, including those who inject drugs, and transgender AI/AN may benefit from prioritized HIV testing. All AI/AN people with HIV, whether newly or previously diagnosed, should rapidly link to HIV medical care and receive support throughout the continuum of care. Our findings can inform which AI/AN population subgroups may benefit from enhanced HIV testing efforts and interventions.