Indian Nations Research Articles

Linguistic minorities and strategic mobilisation in eastern India: Bengali-Biharis during the era of linguistic territorialism (1935–57)

This article analyses how linguistic minorities in the province of Bihar navigated the era of linguistic territorialism, when mainstream political organisations and figures within India largely agreed that specific linguistic communities ‘belonged’ in particular regions. Indian scholarship has tended to focus on the mechanisms that brought about the linguistic reorganisation of states in India, therefore, concentrating largely on the ways in which territory and language became intrinsically connected. This article will examine the link of language and belonging with regard to a ‘community’, which demanded that states remain linguistically and culturally heterogenous. It focuses on the section of Biharis that identified Bengali as their ‘mother-tongue’ and tracks the transformation of Bengali politics within the province/state during the transition from colonial rule to independence. It explores the ways in which narratives of historical Bengali settlement were deployed for different reasons across this period, and argues that Bengalis in Bihar conceptualised the ordering of the Indian nation in a way that was inherently different from mainstream understandings of how the country should be ordered during this period. Bengali-Bihari figures and publications deployed rhetoric that attached much greater value to territorial belonging than to linguistic or cultural belonging. This article demonstrates that contrary to common assumptions, there were large groups of people who conceptualised India not just as a linguistically heterogenous nation, but one that consisted of linguistically heterogenous states that protected minority linguistic communities.

“Dishonourable Blacks”? The 1983 “Rebel Tour” and Jamaican Nationhood and Identity

The efforts at nation-building in the West Indies have had to (and still have to) confront obstacles that are legacies of centuries of European colonization and enslavement in the region. Postcolonial challenges have included overcoming structural racism and the negative impact on identity of limiting stereotypes and prejudices; the empowerment of marginalized populations; the provision of greater socioeconomic opportunities; and the creation of more just and equitable societies. These were challenges they had in common with many other colonial and postcolonial societies across the globe. Cricket played a significant role in many of these struggles, and in so doing became an important part of anti-imperial movements within the region. It was, therefore, unsurprising — and perhaps inevitable — that West Indian nations and the West Indian cricket world would become involved in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. Examining social attitudes towards the anti-apartheid campaign within West Indies cricket provides us with insight that can help us to evaluate the broader nation-building efforts. One particularly illuminating episode was the formation of a West Indian “rebel” cricket team that toured South Africa in 1983 and 1984 in contravention of an international sporting boycott. These tours were a shock to many in the West Indies, with one commentator referring to them as “a collective affront to West Indian society, nationhood and history”. However, attitudes in the West Indies to the tour were by no means uniform: in fact, there were many voices in support of the cricketers. This paper examines the reactions in Jamaica to the initial announcement of the “rebel” tour in 1983 to see what light they shed on perspectives of identity and nationhood in the Jamaican society, and what they reveal about the state of the postcolonial project. It poses the question: was the action of the “rebels” an affront to Jamaican society, or rather a reflection of it?

Behavioral determinants of arsenic-safe water use among Great Plains Indian Nation private well users: results from the Community-Led Strong Heart Water Study Arsenic Mitigation Program

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral determinants associated with exclusive use of arsenic-safe water in the community-led Strong Heart Water Study (SHWS) arsenic mitigation program.MethodsThe SHWS is a randomized controlled trial of a community-led arsenic mitigation program designed to reduce arsenic exposure among private well users in American Indian Great Plains communities. All households received point-of-use (POU) arsenic filters installed at baseline and were followed for 2 years. Behavioral determinants selected were those targeted during the development of the SHWS program, and were assessed at baseline and follow-up.ResultsAmong participants, exclusive use of arsenic-safe water for drinking and cooking at follow-up was associated with higher self-efficacy for accessing local resources to learn about arsenic (OR: 5.19, 95% CI: 1.48–18.21) and higher self-efficacy to resolve challenges related to arsenic in water using local resources (OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.11–8.71). Higher commitment to use the POU arsenic filter faucet at baseline was also a significant predictor of exclusive arsenic-safe water use for drinking (OR: 32.57, 95% CI: 1.42–746.70) and cooking (OR: 15.90, 95% CI: 1.33–189.52) at follow-up. From baseline to follow-up, the SHWS program significantly increased perceived vulnerability to arsenic exposure, self-efficacy, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms. Changing one’s arsenic filter cartridge after installation was associated with higher self-efficacy to obtain arsenic-safe water for drinking (OR: 6.22, 95% CI: 1.33–29.07) and cooking (OR: 10.65, 95% CI: 2.48–45.68) and higher perceived vulnerability of personal health effects (OR: 7.79, 95% CI: 1.17–51.98) from drinking arsenic-unsafe water.ConclusionsThe community-led SHWS program conducted a theory-driven approach for intervention development and evaluation that allowed for behavioral determinants to be identified that were associated with the use of arsenic safe water and changing one’s arsenic filter cartridge. These results demonstrate that theory-driven, context-specific formative research can influence behavior change interventions to reduce water arsenic exposure. The SHWS can serve as a model for the design of theory-driven intervention approaches that engage communities to reduce arsenic exposure.Trial registrationThe SHWS is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03725592).

Natural Law, Assumptions, and Humility

This review of Natural Property Rights celebrates Eric Claeys’s efforts to resuscitate natural law as a viable approach to property law. Although readers unlikely to be convinced that natural law is the way to best understand property rights, Claeys succeeds in breathing new life into natural law. Natural Property Rights’ emphasis on use as property law’s fundamental value creates space to reconceptualize the rights of property owners and the place of non-owners within a just theory of property rights. The main critiques of Natural Property Rights offered in this review center around the choice to prioritize rights over duties and the logically inconsistencies involved in Claeys’s attempts to defend the justice of non-Indian claims to land that had belonged to Indian nations.

Choctaw Confederates: The American Civil War in Indian Country. By Fay A. Yarbrough

This is the second major book publication by Rice University history professor Fay Yarbrough. Building upon her earlier work on Cherokee gender, race, and legal history, Yarbrough here explores how Choctaws enslaved African Americans and built a legal framework that denied Black rights and contributed to Choctaw support of the Confederate States during the U.S. Civil War. Yarbrough provides insightful analysis of Choctaw government legislation and constitution writing from before Removal through the Civil War and into the Reconstruction era. This legal history aspect exposes the hardening racial dynamics of the Choctaw Nation leading up to the Civil War (especially against unrelated free Blacks and non-married, unrelated White men), gendered discourses, and efforts to support and strengthen tribal sovereignty. Intermixing of Choctaw and Cherokee sources to illustrate slave life among the Indian nations and to explain the problems with trying to remain neutral during the secession crisis causes some confusion but direct sources on the Choctaws are limited.

The Barbados effect: Will other West Indian nations ditch the British monarchy, too?

The Barbados effect: Will other West Indian nations ditch the British monarchy, too?

Beyond Rape Culture? Toward A Theory of the Work of Rape

Beyond Rape Culture? Toward A Theory of the Work of Rape

Fissured legacies in Roysten Abel's In Othello

In Othello (2003) offers both a critique and inadvertent affirmation of racial and colonial hierarchies and a reflection on the postcolonial nation. The film fosters Orientalist sensibilities via a fetishisation of ‘otherness’, in order to subvert it. It is a hybrid and ambivalent production in which the characters possess intersectional identities that are always multiple, in line with Hindu philosophy. This hybridity can also be observed in the mixture of traditions on which the film is based, and as such, it serves as a ‘rhizomatic interrelation’. The film shows how Shakespeare's play may provide a meditation on the Indian nation, where issue ssuch as transgressive romance, ostracisation, and gender roles remain unsettled.

Case study of a Brothertown Indian Nation cultural heritage site—Toward a framework for acoustics heritage research in simulation, analysis, and auralization

The Brothertown Indian Nation and their ancestors have a centuries old heritage of group singing beginning along the Northeast Atlantic coast of what is now the United States and following them along their migration to the Midwest. The 18th century Curricomp cabin still stands in Connecticut and was an important location in the singing history and political movement that built Brothertown (Eeyamquittoowauconnuck). In this paper, a collaboration with Brothertown Indian Nation and an ongoing public humanities project regarding the Tribe’s aural traditions, a case study will be presented that investigates (1) the results of acoustic modeling and simulation of the Curricomp cabin and (2) auralizations for both binaural listening and a spatial audio installation using those models. Significantly, this paper employs a novel theoretical framework for acoustic heritage research that allows for (3) an analysis of how the scientific process and technological practices mediate intangible heritage. The acoustic models and auralization techniques created in this case study provide acoustic access to a heritage location that would otherwise be inaccessible to the Brothertown Community. The auralizations used in the spatial audio installation serve as a public humanities tool to amplify the contemporary voice of the Brothertown Indian Nation.

Gifted Earth: The Ethnobotany of the Quinault and Neighboring Tribes by Douglas Deur

Reviewed by: Gifted Earth: The Ethnobotany of the Quinault and Neighboring Tribes by Douglas Deur David Harrelson GIFTED EARTH: THE ETHNOBOTANY OF THE QUINAULT AND NEIGHBORING TRIBES by Douglas Deur and the Knowledge-Holders of the Quinault Indian Nation Oregon Sate University Press, Corvallis, 2022. Photographs, maps, bibliography, index. 272 pages. $29.95 paper. The author’s collaboration with Quinault Tribal Government and its citizens has created a field guide conveying aspects of human-plant relationships and cultural obligations known to the Quinault people. This compilation is presented as a gift to the Tribe, insuring that the lessons, responsibilities, and practices of stewardship are available for future generations. In the author’s words: “By respecting this natural and cultural inheritance, and by continuing to learn of it and embrace it, countless future generations of Quinault people will be sustained, along with their new neighbors in the Pacific Northwest — This place we together call home” (p. xvii). This volume is centered on the point where Indigenous voice, knowledge, and responsibilities intersect with the floral-botanical world of southwest Washington State. In this manner, it distinguishes itself from many other field guides catering to a Euro-American extractive approach to floral resources. Readers are invited into an understanding of People’s and Tribe’s interaction with plants today as the result of relevant, ongoing, cultural practice. Prior to this guide, readers with a desire to understand the region’s Indigenous botanical information turned to Erna Gunther’s Ethno-botany of Western Washington: Knowledge and Use of Indigenous Plants by Native Americans, a volume with inconstancies in tribal understanding of the flora of the region. It is commonly known among tribal people that Gunther’s book was based on anthropological work done with tribal peoples that was not focused on ethnobotany. In refreshing contrast, this book is the outcome of ethnobotanical research conducted in partnership with tribal people. Indigenous voices are present throughout as direct and relevant citations from community. This volume follows a trend seen elsewhere by which publication of ethnobotanical information is understood to be the information and authority of sovereign tribal governments. It is theirs to share, translate, or limit to outside audiences. This is significant because voices of Indigenous peoples and their nations have long been seen as an extractive commodity by which uninvited authors reap personal benefit. This volume, however, upholds the best intentions of collaborative informed consent centered on Indigenous understanding and intellectual property. It is important to note [End Page 99] that the monetary value of time for this project sponsored by Quinault as well as volunteered by others is unlikely to be recaptured within a person’s lifetime. The value of this work is an assurance that the knowledge will not be forgotten. Gifted Earth will be of interest to future generations of the Quinault people. Other audiences who will find interest in this volume include Quinault’s neighbors in the Pacific Northwest. Neighbors who are likely to find the greatest interest are those engaged in conservation, applied anthropology, and botany. The guide’s color-coded section tabs make identifying sections of the book accessible. Headings such as “Traditional uses,” “What it looks like,” “Where to find it,” “When to gather,” “Traditional management and care,” and “Cautions” encourage readers to develop their own understanding of plants. It is clear that Douglas Deur and Quinault staff gave deliberate care and consideration to responsibly sharing cultural knowledge regarding the treatment and transmission of the Tribe’s intellectual property. Sensitive information has been paraphrased or redacted and numerous warnings and advisories provided. Nevertheless, this guide is likely to be of interest to individuals identified by tribal communities as culture vultures. This term is reserved for the type of person who seeks cultural information from tribes to fulfill their own selfish needs, profits, or other extractive practices. Those who choose this path disregard relationships, customs, responsibilities, or obligations associated with knowledge. They do not seek to be in a reciprocal relationship with the people from whom the knowledge originates, nor the plant communities depended on. Individuals using this book can honor what is asked of them in the book: “The tribe chooses to share this information so that the...

Fashioning a ‘Buddhist’ Himalayan Cartography: Sikkim Darbar and the Cabinet Mission Plan

In the months leading up to the transfer of power in India, the eastern Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim made several representations to the Cabinet Mission and other constitutional bodies that were giving shape to the successor Indian government. The Sikkim Darbar was worried that its ambiguous position under colonial treaties might lead India to treat it as one of the five-hundred odd princely states that were slowly merging with the union. In letters, memoranda, legal briefs, and personal meetings, the Darbar argued that it was racially, religiously, socially, and culturally distinct from India, and that its allegiance lied to its north with Tibet. This article traces the vocabulary for the Sikkim Darbar’s assertion of difference from India back to the racialised imperial writing and realpolitik that had informed colonial policy towards the Himalayan states since the nineteenth century, most notably Olaf Caroe’s 1940 thesis on the ‘Mongolian Fringe’. This archival evidence emphasises Sikkimese agency and helps excavate an imagination of the Himalaya from within the region. The article also nuances the history of the forging of Indian republic by foregrounding the processes of negotiation and compromise that continued to shape the territorial contours of the Indian nation long after the moment of decolonisation. 1

Choctaw Confederates: The American Civil War in Indian Country by Fay A. Yarbrough

Reviewed by: Choctaw Confederates: The American Civil War in Indian Country by Fay A. Yarbrough Christine A. Rizzi Choctaw Confederates: The American Civil War in Indian Country. By Fay A. Yarbrough. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021. Pp. [xii], 268. $32.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-6511-5.) Fay A. Yarbrough’s latest book, Choctaw Confederates: The American Civil War in Indian Country, provides a much-needed corrective to scholarship on Native experiences during the Civil War era. Yarbrough’s research does not focus on land loss, military tactics, or outside factors that influenced Native alliances with either the United States or the Confederacy. Rather, this new work highlights the internal debates and decisions that led to the Choctaw Nation’s early and consistent alliance with the Confederate States of America. Informed by sources ranging from military records to Choctaw policy, personal correspondence, and oral histories, Yarbrough’s study compellingly demonstrates that internal demands for the maintenance of slavery and the strengthening of tribal sovereignty drove the nation to support the Confederate war effort in 1861. The book provides important context by opening with two chapters that examine the role of slavery in the Choctaw Nation both before and after removal. Yarbrough demonstrates that, rather than feeling exclusively outside pressure to take on Euro-American ideas about property, race, and enslavement, Choctaws “adopted the practice of racialized slavery . . . in a manner that preserved Choctaw identity,” maintaining certain aspects of their traditional livelihoods while also building bonds with white southerners that they [End Page 149] hoped would insulate the nation from land theft (p. 48). Even after that possibility faded in the wake of removal, the Choctaws strengthened the institution of slavery in order to enshrine their own sovereignty and distinctiveness. According to Yarbrough, Choctaws’ demands for the protection of slavery and sovereignty directly informed their enthusiastic support for the Confederacy. The linchpin of her book is arguably the third chapter, which examines the internal debates within the nation regarding a potential Confederate alliance. Yarbrough’s close examination of Choctaw and Confederate treaty negotiations shows that the decision to form this alliance was far from “a foregone conclusion” (p. 111). Instead, Choctaw leaders saw “that the Confederacy proposed principles that were more in line with Choctaw goals than with federal ones” (p. 91). Yarbrough also shows that “the concrete benefits offered by the Confederate government” proved far more compelling to the Choctaws (p. 112). She demonstrates that ordinary Choctaw men and women enthusiastically supported the alliance, providing martial and material support to the Confederate war effort. Enlistment records, government policies, and personal correspondence suggest that Choctaw men willingly enlisted in the Confederate forces, especially in response to crises that threatened the status quo of slavery and sovereignty. Yarbrough further argues that Choctaw men were able to preserve traditional ideas about masculinity through their service in the war effort. The book closes with a chapter examining Reconstruction in Indian Country, comparing and contrasting the Choctaw experience with that of the larger postwar South. While the Choctaws similarly resisted efforts to incorporate freedpeople into the body politic, freedpeople within the nation had more immediate access to land than did their counterparts in the former Confederate states. According to Yarbrough, issues of kinship, sovereignty, and traditional ideas of labor and land led to the creation of complex policies regarding freedpeople in the Choctaw Nation. Choctaw Confederates succeeds mostly because of the careful use of oral histories and “side-streaming” in order to flesh out a story many considered difficult to tell due to a dearth of sources (p. 9). Using oral histories from the Indian Pioneer History Collection and ex-slave narratives recorded by the Works Progress Administration in Oklahoma, Yarbrough is able to tell this story from multiple perspectives, including those of enslaved people in Indian Territory. She uses sources from other Indian nations to supplement sources from the Choctaw Nation itself, allowing her to build a more detailed and nuanced understanding of how slavery and sovereignty informed decision making among Native peoples in the Civil War era. Christine A. Rizzi Broward College Copyright © 2023 The Southern Historical Association

Process improvements of a cane sugar plant

The sugar industry is one of the world’s major agro-based industries that provide employment to skilled and semi-skilled workers mostly from rural areas. The sugar industry plays a very important role in the country’s economy. Though this industry contributes a lot to the socioeconomic development of the Indian nation, the sugar producers are facing challenges such as a low sugarcane yield per hectare, the high cost of production due to a short crushing season, the small and uneconomic size of mills, a low sugar recovery and old technology. For sustainability, improvements are required in sugar processing to produce the best quality sugar with minimal sugar losses. This paper describes improvements in sugar processing adopted at The Andhra Sugars Ltd., India.

The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections

The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections

Judiciary institutions and violent crime in American Indian nations

AbstractIn many American Indian nations the security situation is dire. While scholars have studied how institutions shape economic development in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) nations, the role of AIAN institutions for security and violent crime has received much less attention—despite the extensive literature highlighting the important role of effective and legitimate institutions in the long‐term decline of violence. We analyze how varying types of American Indian polities and judiciary institutions fare in tackling violent crime using data across 146 American Indian polities. Our findings indicate that more autonomous American Indian criminal justice institutions with specialized court systems are associated with lower violent crime. However, customary justice institutions do not appear to be effective in reducing violent crime, highlighting the problem of cultural mismatch between traditional and formal justice systems. We argue that analyzing AIAN nations provides important insights into how institutional legitimacy can shape violent crime.

The association between shift work schedules and the risk of developing mood and anxiety disorders among female nurses in Saudi Arabia

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety, examine how different shift work schedules (day, evening, night, and rotation) relate to mood and anxiety disorders in female nurses in Saudi Arabia, and identify the least impactful shift in mental health. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, community-based study that used validated questionnaires to assess depression Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) in female nurses in Saudi Arabia. Results: The study included 418 female nurses in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The majority of them were aged 25-34 years and had Indian nationality. Most nurses were married, held a diploma degree, and had 10-20 years of experience. Around 33% experienced minimal or no depression, and 49.3% had minimal or no anxiety, while the rest experienced mood disorders during their working shifts. Day shifts were the least associated with depression and anxiety. While rotating shifts were significantly associated with no depression. Previous mental disorders (OR = 2.6) and the working department (Pediatric Ward) (OR = 0.12) were two significantly associated factors with poor quality of life in nurses. Conclusion: Depression and anxiety were common during work shifts. Daytime shifts had lower levels of mood disorders, and rotating shifts showed no significant depression. Tailored interventions are crucial for fostering resilience and enhancing patient care.

Exploring Nation and History: An Analysis of Chaman Nahal’s Selected Novels

The struggle for Indian independence spanned nearly a century and was an epic endeavor. The winds of change that swept across the Indian subcontinent after the 'Sepoy' Mutiny in 1857 left lasting imprints on the political and social landscape. The Indian nation had to overcome centuries of lethargy, transcend religious, caste, and provincial divisions, and move forward on the path of progress. This transformation occurred with the onset of the Gandhian movement, which disrupted established political and social norms, introducing innovative ideas and methods. Mahatma Gandhi's relentless pursuit of freedom marked significant milestones such as the non-violent non-cooperation movement of 1920-22, the civil disobedience movement of 1930-31, and the Quit India movement of 1942. The non-violent non-cooperation movement triggered an unparalleled awakening, shifting Indian nationalism from a "middle-class movement" to a widespread emotional movement. An exploration of Nahal's fiction reveals his alignment with the humanistic tradition pioneered by Anand in the thirties and carried forward by Bhabani Bhattacharya and Kamala Markandaya in the fifties and sixties. Nahal's themes encompass tradition versus Westernization, spousal relationships, internationalism, East-West interactions, satire on anglicized Indians, the three phases of India's epic struggle for freedom, the partition of India into India and Muslim Pakistan, and the resulting agony for millions on both sides of the border.

Vandana Shiva: An Icon of Environmental Sustainability

Vandana Shiva is a well-known environmental activist and philosopher. She started her green journey with ‘Chipko Movement’. She is the founding director of ‘Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology’. She formed ‘Navdanya’ to protect the native seeds sideways promoted biodiversity conservation, organic farming and intellectual property rights. She also put efforts on ecofeminism approach, indigenous people and human sustainability. The article comprises a brief introduction of Vandana Shiva, her personality and her contribution towards the Indian society, culture, nation, and environment at large.

Making History: The IAIA Museum of Contemporary Native Arts ed. by Nancy Marie Mithlo (review)

Reviewed by: Making History: The IAIA Museum of Contemporary Native Arts ed. by Nancy Marie Mithlo David Titterington Making History: The IAIA Museum of Contemporary Native Arts. Edited by Nancy Marie Mithlo. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2020. ix + 185 pp. Illustrations, contributors, index. $39.95 paper. We use Making History at Haskell Indian Nations University (mentioned more than once in its pages), because the book is a perfect demonstration of new pedagogies and fresh theoretical approaches to the rich, creative lives of Indigenous people. Countless little surprises and new insights fill the text, and while traditional approaches to art history often deprioritize the artist in favor of theory and analysis, Making History presents a much-needed "view from the inside." Making History is more than just a book of essays. It is a catalogue of almost 200 artworks from the Institute of American Indian Art's (IAIA) historic collection (some works, such as Bill Soza War Soldier's Ghost Dance triptych, cannot be found elsewhere or online). It is also a student workbook with vocabulary lists, writing prompts, sample interview questions, and large margins perfect for taking notes, as well as a teacher's manual with sample handouts by educators at the top of their fields, all connected to IAIA. This book is the first of its kind. The authors demonstrate the research practices they describe so that, as one critic put it, teaching and modeling simultaneously take place on the page. The constant use of "we" and "us" makes the reader feel included and spoken to. As editor and contributor Nancy Marie Mithlo (Chiricahua Apache) explains, "our focus is on providing a scaffold of resources for emerging Native arts scholars, Native and non-Native readers, students, and academics who wish to understand the tenor and tone of what this field is about and how to approach teaching and learning about Native American Indian arts" (xvi). Although the text's focus is on Southwest artists, there is some Great Plains representation. In the chapter "Mapping Indigenous Space," John Paul Rangel (Apache, Navajo, Spanish) writes about the work of Edgar Heap of Birds (Cheyenne/Arapaho), Anita Fields (Osage/Muskogee Creek), and Norman Akers (Osage), each focusing on the physical and psychological geographies associated with the Great Plains. There are also multiple perspectives on the Ghost Dance phenomenon, and an essay by IAIA museum director Patsy Phillips (Cherokee) on the work of C. Maxx Stevens (Seminole/Muscogee Nation of Oklahoma), who uses objects to bring to life her memories of Kansas and Oklahoma. Similar to the visual arts, poetry activates deep memories and alter-logic, and Mithlo bookends the six chapters with two poems by Indigenous authors that further help unsettle [End Page 107] our ordinary thinking. There are also four "gallery" sections of 102 colored plates. It is not clear how the galleries relate to the chapters, for each chapter also contains its own images, and so we are left wondering if they are perhaps a cache of images for the student reader to draw from in order to curate their own imaginary exhibition. As Cree scholar Shawn Wilson would put it, engaging with this book is ceremony. Although one impressive work cannot redress the lack of resources available to teach Indigenous art from Indigenous perspectives, Making History is a start, and mandatory reading for any serious student of art history. David Titterington College of Humanities Haskell Indian Nations University Copyright © 2023 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Perception and expectations of newly enrolled students from the Optometry profession – a study from Northern India.

Aim: This study provides information regarding the perception &expectations of newly enrolled optometry students in the optometry profession.
 Scope: the knowledge generated from this study will give a basic picture to key decision-makers and educators concerning the support needs of future students in neglected areas, creating awareness strategies for students, and developing informed human resources which would be more efficient in-service delivery in eye health care. 
 Methodology: It’s a questionnaire-based study. The data collected through an online questionnaire from students of different optometry colleges.
 Statistical Analysis Used: 
 Result: 152students responded to the questionnaire, Majority of students 91(59.9%) selected Optometry as a first choice. The majority of students 93(61.2%) know that optometrist can work as a researcher. 80 (52.6%) feels they should get a salary between 25000 – 35000 Indian nation rupees (339.63 – 475.48 US$) after completing the four years optometry profession
 Conclusion: Our study shows newly enrolled students are aware about optometry profession and its scope however areas like salary expectations and language skills are concerned areas in students.