Indian System Of Medicine Research Articles

Comparative Macroscopic and Microscopic Characterization of Raw Herbal Drugs of Abrus precatorius L. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,1,100-106.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.1.14Published:December 2021Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Pankaj Kumar, Javaid Fayaz Lone, and Sumeet Gairola Author(s) affiliations:Pankaj Kumar1,2, Javaid Fayaz Lone1,2, Sumeet Gairola1,2,* 1Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, U.T. of J&K, INDIA. 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., also known as ‹Licorice,’ is used as an expectorant in cough and cold preparations, used to treat hepatitis, and have therapeutic benefit against some other viruses. The roots of Abrus precatorius L. belonging to the family Leguminosae are commonly known as ‘Indian wild Licorice.’ The roots of both of these plants are used in Indian systems of medicine (I.S.M.) to treat various health ailments. The root of A. precatorius is used as a substitute or sometimes as an adulterant of G. glabra. Objectives: The present study aimed to develop comparative standards for easy and fast identification of root drug samples of two selected species. Materials and Methods: The present study involved a comparative macroscopic and microscopic characterization of the root drug samples of G. glabra and A. precatorius using compound and stereo microscopes. Results: Comparative study of qualitative and quantitative characters revealed significant differences in surface and microscopic characters. Anatomical characters such as cortex and phloem zone appearance, the appearance of vascular rays, and some powder characters, i.e., color and taste of powder and shape and size of starch grains, clearly differentiated the genuine ‘Liquorice’ drug root samples from other drug species. Conclusion: Botanical characters compiled in the present study can be used as a reference standard for future identification of individual raw root drug samples and the comparative distinction of both species’ root samples. Keywords:Identification characters, Licorice, Macroscopic and microscopic studies, Raw root herbs, Reference standards.View:PDF (1.11 MB) Full Text

A Review on Medicinal Properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy)-The Magic Herb

Since the advent of human civilization, plants have been rich sources of medications. A survey of constituent compounds present in Tinospora cordifolia and their pharmacological activities is discussed in this paper, since there has been a developing interest for plant based drugs, wellbeing items,drugs, foods supplements, makeup and so on in the present era. Tinospora cordifolia is a standard restorative plant which is used in a couple of standard meds to fix various contaminations. It is regularly known by the names Amrita and Guduchi and falls in the group Menispermaceae. It has been used in the treatment of a lot of illnesses like skin sickness infection, diabetes, fever, urinary issue, and diarrhea and is viewed as one of the most fundamental herbal plant in the Indian system of medicines(ISM).An attempt is made in the current review to explore the pharmacological & phytochemistry effectiveness of T.cordifolia.

In silico Investigation of Natural compounds identified from Ocimum species as Dengue NS3 and NS5 Protein Inhibitors

Nature has bestowed on us a very rich botanical wealth. Plants are the richest resource of drugs molecules for modern medicines, nutraceuticals, traditional medicine and even chemical entities for synthetic drugs. Ocimum species (Tulasi) is a well-known medicinal plant which has used in the six Indian systems of medicine from ancient times. The latest review on the Ocimum species revealed that the species holds a very good antiviral activity. For last few years the prevalence of dengue has increased dramatically in both urban and rural area of India. The current management of Dengue is mainly symptomatic and supportive treatment with fluid management. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the inhibitory action of phytochemical compounds were identified from the plant species Ocimum through literature survey by computational docking studies. Thus docking result revealed that only one compound Bornyl acetate exhibited the best binding interaction with in the active site of the dengue viral protein through hydrogen bonding interaction. Further in vitro studies on Bornyl acetate compounds from the Ocimum species can lead to the discovery of novel viral inhibitor.

Evaluation of an Ayurvedic preparation-‘Ekangaveera Rasa' for possible metal toxicity: Behavioral, Biochemical and Histopathological Analysis

Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicinal system, is highly regarded as complementary and alternative medicine in recent years. However, there are reports to show the toxic effects of specific Ayurvedic preparations, which use metals as an ingredient in them. One such medicine is 'Ekangaveera Rasa' This herbo-minero-metallic preparation is used to treat the pain of neurological origin. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the possible alteration caused by Ekangaveera Rasa on the brain, liver, and kidneys by histological, biochemical, and behavioral analysis. For this evaluation, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Group 1- normal control; group 2, 3 and 4 were treated with Ekangaveera Rasa at doses of 120, 240 and 600 mg/kg bodyweight for 30 days. Behavioral parameters were assessed on the 15th and 30th day by using the passive avoidance test. At the end of the treatment period, blood was collected and subjected to the basophilic stripling and biochemical analysis. Tissues were processed for histopathological evaluation. The histopathological, biochemical, and behavioral analysis did not show any harmful effect, thereby rendering Ekangaveera Rasa nontoxic and further glorifying the healing benefits of Ayurveda.

In-silico efficacy of potential phytomolecules from Ayurvedic herbs as an adjuvant therapy in management of COVID-19.

The recent COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has sparked a new spectrum of investigations, research and studies in multifarious directions. Efforts are being made around the world for discovery of effective vaccines/drugs against COVID-19. In this context, Ayurveda, an alternative traditional system of medicine in India may work as an adjuvant therapy in compromised patients. We selected 40 herbal leads on the basis of their traditional applications. The phytomolecules from these leads were further screened through in-silico molecular docking against two main targets of SARS-CoV-2 i.e. the spike protein (S; structural protein) and the main protease (MPRO; non-structural protein). Out of the selected 40, 12 phytomolecules were able to block or stabilize the major functional sites of the main protease and spike protein. Among these, Ginsenoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, Hespiridin and Tribulosin exhibited high binding energy with both main protease and spike protein. Etoposide showed good binding energy only with Spike protein and Teniposide had high binding energy only with main protease. The above phytocompounds showed promising binding efficiency with target proteins indicating their possible applications against SARS-CoV-2. However, these findings need to be validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments with above mentioned potential molecules as candidate drugs for the management of COVID-19. In addition, there is an opportunity for the development of formulations through different permutations and combinations of these phytomolecules to harness their synergistic potential.

Characterization of Solanum surattense Burm. F Fruit through Chromatographic, Chemical and Analytical Methods

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background: </strong><em>Solanum surattense </em>Burm.f. is an important medicinal plant in Indian traditional medicinal systems. Fruits of the plant are used for curing asthma, fever, gonorrhoea, respiratory disease and rheumatism. The aim of the study is to investigate the physicochemical, chromatographic analysis and spectral characterization of fruits of <em>S. surattense</em> Burm.f. <strong>Methods:</strong> Fruit powder was subjected to loss on drying, total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive and pH, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) studies were carried out for identifying the active phyto constituents. Minerals of <em>S. surattense</em> in the form of ash was analysed for exploring the elements through instrumental characterization such as X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Powder X-Ray Diffractometer (PXRD) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). <strong>Results: </strong>In HPTLC photo documentation under 254 nm, 366 nm and after derivatization with vanillin sulphuric acid reagent observed six, nine and six spots respectively. HPLC chromatogram at 235 nm showed separation of eleven peaks. In the characterization techniques, carbon, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, sulphur, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium were the elements identified. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study pay way to quality control parameters as well as mineral value of the plant. <strong>Key words: </strong><em>Solanum surattense</em>, Kantakari, Respiratory troubles, Chromatography, Elemental analysis.

An Alternate Approach in the Management of COVID – 19 in Unvaccinated / Vaccine Allergic Population – A Case Study

The COVID-19 vaccines offer protection against the severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by developing an immune response to the same. Further, there are mass vaccination programs being conducted across the globe. India administered COVID – 19 vaccines for more than 90 crores of people as on October 2021. However, there are still a bunch of people yet to receive vaccination. Adding to this, very few are found to be allergic to COVID – 19 vaccines. Hence there is a need for an alternative approach till the whole population of the world gets vaccinated. One such approach is prescribing Nilavembu kudineer and Kabha sura kudineer, a polyherbal Siddha medicine formulation of Traditional Indian system of Medicine. This case study highlights the positive effects and importance of the above mentioned polyherbal formulations in the management of mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. Hence, the same can be advised to the individuals who are yet to receive COVID-19 vaccine and persons who are allergic to COVID -19 vaccines.

Chemical Studies on Fatty Oil of Trewia nudiflora Kernels

Abstract-Trewia nudiflora Linn belongs to family Euphorbiaceae, sub-family Acalyphoideae and it is one of the important medicinal plants in Indian systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, etc. It has numerous phytochemical and pharmacological significance. The kernels ofTrewia nudiflorawere chemically examinedand fatty oil was isolated and characterized by Gas Liquid Chromatography. The fatty oil content in the kernels was found to be 20.99% on moisture free basis. Arachidic acid (40.25%) and Linolenic acid (30.26%) were identified as major constituent. Physico-chemical analysis of fatty oil was also carried out.

Fustin Inhibits Oxidative Free Radicals and Inflammatory Cytokines in Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus and Protects Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The phytogenic flavanol component of the plant Rhusverniciflua Stokes is fustin which is implicated in various disease aliments and has promising therapeutic efficacy and a long history of its uses in the Indian medicinal system. The present study investigated the ameliorative effect of fustin in streptozotocin (STZ) induced cognitive impairments in the diabetic animal paradigm. A total of five different animal groups were used for the present study.The preclinical efficacy of fustin at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg was studied in diabetic male rats by employing a 35-day study design. In the present investigation the Morris water maze test (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test were employed as behavioral paradigms for the assessment of memory impairments. The study design also carried out certain biochemical parameters which include glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), relative interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1B in samples obtained from cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The behavioral parameters with MWM and EPM were significant restored in fustin treatment groups as compared to elevated levels in the diabetic control group. Furthermore, fustin significantly improved the altered levels of several biochemical parameters for cognitive dysfunction such as GSH, SOD, CAT, MDA, NO, and relative IL-6 and IL-1B compared to a diabetic control group. The present investigation highlights certain preclinical pieces of evidence that strongly indicate that fustin might restore the normal cognitive function in the experimental animal paradigm.

Genetic diversity in Terminalia arjuna from the North Western region of Himachal Pradesh, India

Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn is used in the Indian traditional medicinal system for the treatment of various cardiac disorders and has been used for the treatment of various human problems like blood diseases, anemia, viral disease, fractures, ulcers, hepatic problems. This study was designed to understand the genetic variation in T. arjuna from different geographical regions of North-west Himalayas. Using the RAPD-PCR method, a total of 183 DNA bands were amplified from 30 accessions of T. arjuna with an average of 6.1 bands per primer. The amplified band size ranges from 150-1700 bp. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value ranges from 0.244 (OPB-10) to 0.781 (OPA-02). The Marker Index (MI) values ranged from 0.6075 to 6.248, with an average of 3.1378. The effective multiplex ratio (EMR) values range from 1.33 (OPC-12) to 9 (OPC-20). A positive correlation was observed between PIC and MI (r = 0.83), MI and EMR (r = 0.873) values. The percentage of polymorphic loci among T. arjuna populations was found to be 71.17%, while AMOVA showed 85% variance within the populations and 15% among the populations. From UPGMA cluster analysis, intermixing of accessions of different populations was observed. This study concludes a genetic variation among different accessions of T. arjuna , indicating good cross-pollination, leading to gene flow between closely located accessions without affecting the gene pool. The genetic diversity information of T. arjuna reported in this study is a very important component for efficient conservation and effective management of its genetic resources.

Curcumin: An Insight into Molecular Pathways Involved in Anticancer Activity.

Curcuma longa has been mentioned in the Indian system of medicine for the management of a wide range of diseases. C. longa and its metabolites like curcumin, ar-turmerone, methylcurcumin, demethoxy-curcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin have also been reported to be beneficial in various types of cancer. Curcumin elicits anticancer properties chiefly by triggering apoptotic pathways in cancer cells. The properties are facilitated through diverse signaling pathways viz. pathways mediated by NF-kB, WNT/β-catenin pathway COX-2, LOX, STAT3, prostaglandin E2, phosphorylase kinase, VEGF, AKT, AP1, STAT3, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, ERK5, AP-1, TGF-b, PPARc, EBPa, NLRP3 inflammasome, p38MAPK, Nrf2, Notch-1, AMPK, TLR-4, etc. The present article highlights curcumin biosynthesis, phytochemistry and diverse molecular pathways involved in regulating several types of secondary messengers to exhibit anticancer activity in almost all the forms of cancer.

Garbhini Paricharya With Special Reference to Nutrition

The well-being of humanity is the focus of Ayurveda, an Indian system of medicine and science of life. The health and well-being of a newborn begin before conception and are influenced by the mother's health and nutrition. It is a crucial component of a woman's life; her health and adequate nutrition (aahar) will undoubtedly aid in the healthy development of the foetus, birth, breastfeeding, and the health of the mother. Our Acharyas construct a concept in Ayurveda about what kind of diet, behaviour, conduct, and drugs pregnant women should follow. The purpose of this study is to explore the nutrition and value of Garbhini paricharya in today's environment.

Study of achievement and progress in the sector of AYUSH after independence

Continuous and right development means such achievements, which cares for the needs of the present as well as the needs of the future. Good health is an essential requirement in past, present, and future periods. Development is considered an achievement only when it is fully grown. This process started with Ayurveda, after the rise of development from Homeopathy and Siddha after independence, along with Unani and Yoga, today is providing health benefits in the field of health in the name of Ayush treatment system. As integrated medical system, patients should get complete all-round health benefits at one place; this is the aim of Ayush treatment system. Post independent India, saw the ‘Ayush’ system grow at a faster pace as a result, considerable infrastructure of health care is available in public, private and voluntary sectors. Policy support to the Indian system of Medicine and Homoeopathy has been there since independence in 1947. The objectives of the strategies outlined in the policy include expansion of health care through Ayush, mainstreaming of Ayush facilities, quality control and standardization of Ayush drugs, education research and development relevant to emerging health needs, and awareness generation about the potentials and strengths of Ayush system.

Botanical and pharmacognostic evaluation of Caesalpinia bonduc seed, a prevalent Indian traditional drug having vivid therapeutic prospects

Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb is a vital remedy for treating several ailments in Indian traditional systems of medicine. This perennial medicinal plant grows as a hedge plant up to 15 m tall and is found worldwide, particularly in Sri Lanka, India, Burma, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In the current study, we attempted to assess the botanical and pharmacognostic properties of C. bonduc with special reference to the seeds. The pharmacognostic study of the anatomical section of the seeds as well as microscopic studies of the powder was conducted to determine their morphological and anatomical features. The qualitative and quantitative microscopy as well as physiochemical properties and TLC profile of the seed sample were carried out as per standard procedures recommended by WHO. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations revealed the characteristic features of C. bonduc. The transverse section also revealed the characteristic features of the C. bonduc seed, including the cotyledon, epidermis, osteosclereids, parenchyma cells, sclereids, starch grains, sub-epidermis; and testa. A quantitative pharmacognostic analysis of the powder of the seed revealed a moisture content of 6.61%. Physiochemical investigation of the seed recorded total ash, water-soluble ash and acid insoluble ash as 3.26, 1.69 and 0.39 %w/w, respectively. The highest extractive value was recorded for ethanol, followed by hexane. The residence of toxic heavy metals was conducted using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and was found to be within the permitted limit, proving the safety profile of the seed material tested. The TLC profile of the raw seed extract recorded various spots in visible, short UV and long UV lights, which gives a clear idea of the abundance of various phytochemicals. Diverse pharmacognostic features recorded in this study will surely help to identify and standardize C. bonduc in quality control and drug formulation in the future.

In vitro Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. F.

Clerodendrum phlomid is was a common shrub of arid plains, low hills, and tropical deserts. It belongs to the family Verbenaceae. Many species of this genus have been documented in traditional system of medicine in India. The roots of the plant have been extensively studied in Ayurveda but in folk and traditional medicine, it is the leaf that finds more application in alleviating many diseases. Oxidation byproducts of metabolism was responsible for many pathophysiological conditions. Anti-oxidants are molecules that quench the free radicals. The present study aims at evaluating the in-vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by three in vitro models, namely the DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and NO radical scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the RBC membrane Inhibition method. The aqueous extract was found to have better anti- oxidant activity than the ethanol extract in DPPH and NO radical scavenging activity. The RBC membrane inhibition method clearly states that the aqueous leaf extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis was found to have a comparatively an effective anti-inflammatory activity than ethanol extract.

Cleome Viscosa Exhibits Cytotoxicity in Vitro and improves Tumor Inhibitory Properties in Vivo in Liquid Tumor Model

Cancer is one of the major causes of death in the world today. Although chemotherapeutic regimen remains the prime treatment of cancer, it is important to explore for newer compounds due to their adverse reactions and the growing rate of resistance. Traditionally, some plants are used for the treatment of cancers in India. However, no scientific data backing the evidence exists for the same. Among such plants is Cleome viscosa Linn, which is used in the Indian system of medicine for cancer treatment. To test its anticancer activity and generate scientifically reliable data, the extraction of whole plant has been carried out using methanol and fractions were generated using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The fractions were first tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activity and mechanistic studies. In this paper, we report the anticancer potential of the fractions by a preliminary cytotoxicity activity in vitro using cell lines followed by the liquid tumor (EAC) model in mice. Upon screening on a panel of cancer cell lines, the fractions of petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate were found to possess significant cytotoxic activity on Hela and U343 cell lines. With this evidence, we have then tested the in vivo activity on mice using the liquid tumor model in which the fractions of pet ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate exhibit a potential anticancer activity which is evident in characteristics like inhibition of tumor progression, increase in the mean survival time and percentage increased life span along with a decrease in tumor volume. The fractions also showed significant anti-oxidant properties.

Characterisation of current pharmacotherapeutic COVID-19 clinical trials in India: A registry-based descriptive analysis

COVID-19 has emerged as a global pandemic. There is currently a spurt of clinical research to generate evidence to treat this novel disease. The aim of the current study is to characterise the pharmacotherapeutic intervention-related clinical trials registered in India. COVID-19 clinical trials registered in India were analysed from data retrieved from Clinical Trial Registry-India, ClinicalTrials.gov and International Clinical Trial Registry Platform. Parameters such as study design, sample size, pharmacotherapeutic interventions and primary outcomes were evaluated. A total of 267 studies were screened among which 103 clinical trials were assessed for descriptive analysis. Majority of registered trials (55.3%) were in Indian System of Medicine followed by antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (10.5%) and plasma therapy (7.1%). Most commonly used study design was randomised parallel group in 63%. Open-label study was seen in 47.5%. Primary outcome was improvement of clinical symptoms in 46.6% followed by rate and time of viral load reduction in 18.2%. Maharashtra (n = 35) followed by Delhi (n = 29) had the maximum number of registered trial sites. The study gives broad perspective on the current trend of clinical trials on COVID-19 being conducted in India. The outcomes of these trials will lead to generation of valuable data for evidence-based treatment of COVID-19.

A REVIEW ON KUTAJA: A CLASSICAL POTENT MEDICINAL PLANT

Indian system of medicine or Ayurveda has been recognized throughout the world in the current era due to its wide spectrum therapeutic utility mainly using plant-based medicine in various ailments. Scattered information of Medicinal plant usage is available in various literature of Ayurveda like Samhitas, Nighantus etc. to cure different ailments as well as for the prevention of diseases. According to Raja Nighantu, there are two types of Kutaja namely Sita and Asita Kutaja, which are botanically identified as Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall and Wrightia tinctoria R Br belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Acharya Charaka also opined the two varieties of Kutaja namely Pum and Sthree Kutaja which are botanically identified as Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall and Wrightia tinctoria R Br respectively. The plant Kutaja in general is used in the management of Rakthapitha, Atisara, Kushta, Jwara, Visarpa etc. Hence there is the need of compiling the scattered information present in the various literature in a systematic way to encourage further study on this drug from a different perspective and better utilization of this drug.

ETHNO BOTANICAL APPROACHES, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL BENEFITS OF GENUS SIDA USED IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINES

The four species of Sida genus viz: Sida cordifolia L., Sida acuta Burm. f., Sida cordata Burm. f. and Sida rhombifolia L. are medicinal herbs plants reported for its used in Indian system of traditional medicines of Ayurveda and Siddha. The main objective of the review is to deliver detailed information on botanical descriptions, traditional uses, ethno medicinal benefits, pharmacological activities and meaningful knowledge on these plants for future research. Plants were collected from Agra region and identified by RARI, Jhansi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India for exact information. Scientific literature collected from journals, books and libraries, electronic sources like PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Scopus and major search engines to obtain get relevant information. Several parts of Sida plants used by the traditional system of herbal medicine which are traditionally used in diarrhea, leucorrhoea, gonorrhea, asthma, wheezing, fever, cold, flu, headache, weight loss, sexual strength, hair strength, hypertension, diuretic, piles, ulcer, cancer, aphrodisiac, rheumatism, urinary, venereal, skin, respiratory and heart diseases. Pharmacological activity viz: antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-diabetic property are present, and rich in saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, coronaric acid, coumarins, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and ethno medicinal property. This review will serve as a database to provide knowledgeful information about the medicinal significance, traditional uses, ethno medicinal and ethno pharmacological benefits and contribution of Sida plant

PHARMACEUTICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF ASHOKA [SARACA ASOCA ROXB. DE WILDE.

Presently Ayurvedic medicines are becoming ultimate medicine rather than alternative medicine. The plant Asoka (Saraca asoca Roxb.)is one of the important plants of the Indian system of medicine known for its numerous pharmacological activities. After analysing the physicochemical and phytochemical properties of different parts of Ashoka, various formulations of different parts of Ashoka have been prepared. Hence, to establish the different parts of Ashoka as medicine, an attempt has been made to conduct a pharmaceutical and analytical study on various parts of Ashoka. In the present study, it can be conclusively said that the face pack of the root powder is beneficial in blackish discolouration of the face, root ointment in acne and blackish discolouration of the face, stem syrup is beneficial in eczema and acne, stem powder soap is useful in skin disease, bark Kashaya in gynaecological disorders, bark syrup in dysfunctional uterine bleeding and anaemia, bark granules in general debility and anaemia, tender leaves Tambuli in gastritis, leaf ointment in acne, flower Tambuli in gastritis and menorrhagia, flower syrup in gastritis and seed powder is useful in urinary calculi and burning micturition. The pharmaceutical evaluation of all the prepared products of Ashoka was done and analysed systematically. The multiple formulations of different parts of Ashoka (S. asoca) which are useful as food and medicine are the outcomes of the present study