Liberalization In India Research Articles

A Blueprint for Legal Services Market Liberalisation in India

A Blueprint for Legal Services Market Liberalisation in India

A Study on the Impact on International Trade Post Liberalization in India

This research paper aims to examine the impact of liberalization on international business by analyzing how economic reforms and trade policy changes have shaped global business dynamics. On the verge of formulating foreign trade plans, India exhibited a surplus of imports over exports. The surge in imports primarily stemmed from accumulated demand during and after the war, a result of diverse controls and limitations. Similar to other emerging economies, India confronts inherent imbalances in its trade equilibrium. Starting from the inaugural economic plan, the revenue generated from India's exports has consistently fallen short of covering the expenses incurred on importing goods. India recognized the negative impact of its protectionist policies on long-term economic performance and began dismantling trade barriers to foster economic development. The paper investigates the effects of liberalization on trade flows, foreign investment, and market competition, highlighting both the benefits and challenges faced by countries in the post-liberalization era.

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALISATION IN INDIA

The impact of trade liberalization in India has been a subject of significant academic and policy interest, particularly since the early 1990s when the country embarked on a path of economic reforms. This research paper explores the multifaceted consequences of trade liberalization on India's economy. Through a comprehensive analysis of empirical data, economic indicators, and scholarly literature, the paper examines both the positive and negative impacts of trade liberalization. The positive effects of trade liberalization are evident in India's impressive economic growth, driven by increased exports, foreign direct investment, and enhanced efficiency and competitiveness of industries. The opening of international markets has expanded consumer choices and improved product quality. Export growth has bolstered foreign exchange reserves and positively influenced the balance of payments. However, this paper also delves into the challenges posed by trade liberalization. It highlights the vulnerability of the Indian economy to external shocks due to increased global integration. Income inequality has widened as the benefits of liberalization have not uniformly reached all segments of society. Job displacement, particularly in industries facing stiff competition from imports, and agricultural challenges arising from competition with cheaper imported agricultural products, are significant concerns. The paper emphasizes the need for policymakers to address the negative consequences of trade liberalization by implementing measures to mitigate income inequality, support displaced workers, and strengthen the agricultural sector. The method used here was the empirical method. The sampling method taken here was the convenient sampling method and the sample size was 200. The sampling frame was established within the city of Chennai, located in the state of Tamil Nadu. The dependent variables are level of awareness regarding the impacts of trade liberalization in India, positive impact of trade liberalization on India's GDP, negative implications of trade liberalization on the Indian economy, main objectives of economic liberalization are the effective distribution of resources and competitive advantages and the independent variables are age, gender, educational qualification, salary and occupation. The research tools used here are simple bar charts, independent sample T test, univariate analysis of variance and correlation . It also underscores the importance of strategic economic planning to manage potential trade imbalances and prevent undue concentration of economic power. In conclusion, this research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of trade liberalization in India, highlighting its dual nature bringing both opportunities and challenges. By examining empirical evidence and drawing insights from scholarly sources, the paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between trade liberalization and economic outcomes in India. KEY WORDS: Trade liberalisation, Global market, Trade barriers, Domestic sectors, Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Understanding the Function of Folk Media as Popular Culture During the Indian Liberation Fights

Folk media refers to traditional means of information and message dissemination through demonstration of native songs, dance, plays, stories, myths or symbols in a visually appealing and entertaining manner performed in front of local audience aware of the context and the background of performance art. The outreach of modern media was severely limited in pre-independence era with limited and exclusive access to print and electronic media. However, the folk media was ingrained deep into the local culture like a bestowed legacy passed from one generation to next. Local plays (Natak Mandali) were a hot-spot for deliberation and diffusion of ideologies popularising need for armed-struggle or subtle non-cooperation. Songs of valour and courage were sung and dramatised on stage in a hope that people develop resistance and defiance against the ruling monarch. Bahurupiya (Master of disguise) was one of the most ancient folk media practice prevalent during British era and is even practiced in modern times. They (Bahuripyas) were skilled in art of mimicry and imitation and this practice was used by the legendry freedom fighter Azaad. His comrade Bhagat Singh was known to mobilise people through stage and role plays where the bravery of native warriors was praised and celebrated through patriotic poetry and songs. Gandhi took a local folk symbol Charkha and established it as epitome of boycott and non- cooperation and a beacon of self-reliance in an attempt to reduce the country’s economic burden. Historical evidences suggest that such events were quite popular means to mingle with people and prepare them to revolt or disturb the ruling regime. It also helped in development of new materials of resistance through a sort of cascading effect. This study makes an attempt, through extensive literature survey and anecdotal evidence, to investigate the role of folk media during freedom struggle with particular focus on plays/drama, bhajan/kirtan and native symbols centered on the Bengal province (Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal) and how it helped in restoring the native pride and eventually preparing them to stand up and fight against the English.

Relationship between fixed capital formation and carbon emissions: Impact of trade liberalization in India

Relationship between fixed capital formation and carbon emissions: Impact of trade liberalization in India

Indian Ideology in The Warpath: Lehman Brightman’s Red Power Journalism

The Warpath, the “angry Indian” newsletter founded by the militant but oft overlooked journalist Lehman Brightman, was one of several Red Power publications founded in the late 1960s as part of the social and cultural upheavals of that era. Brightman’s publication deployed several major themes as he argued for Native American rights and against the federal Indian bureaucracy, especially “America’s colonial office,” the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In The Warpath, Brightman demanded Indian liberation and self-determination, calling for direct political action at places like Alcatraz and Mount Rushmore, a place Brightman and other activists occupied in 1970. Brightman also celebrated Indian history and culture, criticized Indian stereotypes, excoriated moderate Indian leaders and, perhaps most significantly, investigated the appalling conditions at underfunded and understaffed Indian schools. His principal achievement was the articulation of a strident anti-racist and anti-colonial ideology that continues to resonate in Indian Country.

Tata group and business response to disability (1951 to 1992) medical interventions, rehabilitation, and livelihood

PurposeThis paper aims to trace Tata Group’s role in responding to disability in the decades immediately following India’s independence until the preliberalization period of the Indian economy, i.e. from the 1950s to the 1990s.Design/methodology/approachThis study’s methodology entailed a historiographical approach and archival engagement at Tata Archives (Pune, India) of the company documents. Materials and records of the Tata Company between 1942 and 1992.FindingsAdopting the corporate culture lens, the study findings show that Tata Group demonstrated an active prosocial corporate approach toward disability. In a period governed by the ideology of a state-dominated developmental approach, Tata Group’s initiatives were related to medical interventions for a wide spectrum of disabilities, rehabilitation and efforts to ensure persons with disabilities (PWDS)’ livelihood.Originality/valueDisability, in the neoliberalized economic landscape of India, is an emergent business issue for companies espousing workplace diversity. The historical understanding of business engagement with disability from postindependence to liberalization in India remains, however, limited. In postindependence India, the passive business response to disability emerged within an ethical and discretionary framework, with charity and philanthropy as the main modes of engagement. In this background, this paper explores Tata’s response to disability and PWDs, which was distinct.

Does financial development improve economic growth? The role of asymmetrical relationships

This paper investigates the impact of financial development on economic growth in India, a major emerging economy. We estimate more flexible models than typically found to capture potentially asymmetric relationships while accounting for trade openness, foreign direct investment, and technological development. We document a cointegrating and asymmetric relationship between the key variables using nonlinear and standard autoregressive distributed lag models. We find a consistently negative impact of financial development and foreign inflows on economic growth in India in the long and short run, while trade liberalization and technological development have positive effects. Our findings, therefore, suggest caution regarding financial market liberalization in India.

INDIA, GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: A STUDY ABOUT INDIA’S RACE FOR INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION IN THE REALM OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Global Governance is a continuous process that transcend national boundaries to provide action for public good. This is done through a purposeful order of international organizations and mechanisms, policies and laws and strategies for global cooperation. India has been an important part of Rising Asia and has established itself as a competent authority to play in the big boys club of global governance. India after the end of World War II maintained itself as a part of NonAligned Movement and remained so during the Cold War. This greatly reduced the pace of India’s engagement with the outer world. However, the end of Cold War era coincided with the Economic Liberalization in India and it helped India break free from the practice of Universalism of the Weak.In this paper we will revisit the multilateral strategies incorporated by India to embrace the new liberal global world order to voice itself not just as a rule taker but as global contributor. India has come a long way from being a mere dissident and its role in Climate Change Initiatives, Nuclear Non-Proliferation and International Trade manifest the fact that India has risen in the sphere of Global Governance. India with its principled past often finds itself in debate with its pragmatic present and such are the factors which will ultimately decide India’s future in New World Order.

Trade Liberalization in India: Poverty’s Pal or Foe?

Poverty is the greatest challenge to the mankind. Gandhi, described poverty as worst form of violence. Poverty may be defined as a state of spiritual and financial deprivation, preventing people from attaining their full potential and realizing their self fulfillment. Since decades, the development economist's worlds wide are worried about the solution to eradicate poverty. The solutions suggested from time to time include providing education, health facilities, land reforms, micro credits, self help groups, infrastructure, debt relief programmes, public vaccine programmes. The governments too acting on the suggestions of the good economists tried to boost purely the economic growth indicators especially the GNP and Per capita income expecting trickledown effect thereby effecting in reduction of poverty.

Some Reflections of Jain Ahimsa thought on the Current COVID-19 Pandemic

The teaching of Non-violence (अहिंसा, Ahimsa) refers to not harming all sentient beings. It is the core idea of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and the other religions originated in India. Especially in Jainism, the teaching and practicing on “Ahimsa” were heavily emphasized. In modern times, Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and non-cooperative thoughts were deeply influenced by the creed of Jainism, which served as a banner to win the national independence and liberation of India from the British. The Nonviolence thinking possesses respect for one's own life, all life forms as well as restraining and balancing on three levels of one’s physical body, speech, and mindset. In order to achieve “harmlessness” in behavior, speech, and thinking. When the COVID-19 Pandemic was raging around the world since early 2020, and countries from all over the world are facing a massive crisis, the teaching of non-violence (अहिंसा, Ahimsa) in Jainism thus becoming very precious. Under the circumstances of the overwhelming consumerism addition to the deterioration of human morality. In consequence, the natural environment is seriously damaged at the global scale. Today, what will we learn from the teachings of Jain Thirthankaras, such as Mahavira, the ancient Indian philosopher and founder of Jainism? The question is becoming quite reflective.

Freedom or Suffering: Post-Partition Memories and Fractured Identity Reflections in Jhumpa Lahiri’s Select Short-Fictions

The liberation of India from British domination in 1947 was the most significant historical event in the South Asian history. Despite the fact that freedom promised only liberty, equality, and fraternity, the only result was widespread violence, which eventually led to British-India being divided into two sovereign dominions (India and Pakistan). This Partition resulted in the loss of houses, properties, friends, relatives, and, most importantly, identity. The purpose of this paper is to look at how Jhumpa Lahiri addresses diasporic concerns, unpleasant partition experiences, and fractured cultural identity in two of her short- stories, “When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine” and “A Real Durwan”, from her collection, Interpreter of Maladies. Lahiri, an Indian immigrant from the United Kingdom, is well aware of the difficulties that immigrants experience in their host country. She has brilliantly depicted the painful consequences of partition in the works described above, especially the bloodshed that occurs during the civil war between East and West Pakistan. The goal of this article is to examine how Lahiri uses these two short stories to emphasize the deceiving features of freedom.
 Green University Review of Social Sciences Dec 2021; 7(1-2): 105-111

Elena Valdameri. Indian Liberalism between Nation and Empire. The Political Life of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. 2022

Elena Valdameri. Indian Liberalism between Nation and Empire. The Political Life of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. 2022

Mergers and its Effects in Select Indian Iron and Steel Companies - A Study

As an important sphere of corporate strategy, Mergers and Acquisitions have been undergoing a sea change within the economic set -up since liberalization in India. Massive growth in both Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Institutional Investors has been witnessed by the economy. Rather than Greenfield Investment, a substantial fraction of the growth in FDI during the late 1990s tends to rapid increase of cross-border deals in form of Mergers and Acquisitions. This study has attempted to identify the performance of some selected Indian Iron and Steel Companies as a regime study through applying techniques like Economic Value Added and Operating Profit.

Poet V.V. Murugesa Bhagavatar's Abstinence Anthem: A Sociological View

Born in 1887, poet Murugesa Bhagavathar has been fascinated by his mother tongue Tamil since his earliest days and admired for his erudition. He is 14 years older than Bharatiyar. He is also a pioneer in the world of poetry. He is strong in writing conventional poetry. Even the illiterate laymen were accepted by his poetry. So he taught the old people of those days to write poetry when there was time left after family time. So countless people from areas including Willivakkam have come to him and learned poetry properly. Also, Murugesa Bhagavatar's poetry had a fan base in Dharavi, Mumbai. He was close to leaders like Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar. Realizing the poetry of Bhagavatar, Mr. V. Kalyana Sundaram and Scholars including C.N. Annadurai also went to Bhagavatar's residence and presented his books with greetings and praises. In poet Murugesa Bhagavatar's works the exaltation of the Tamil language and mother tongue can be widely seen. He has natural musical knowledge. So in his songs mostly rhythm and chantam are scattered in his poetry. Not only that, he saw the misery prevailing in the society at that time and against it caste liberation, women's liberation, social liberation, Indian liberation, nature, etc. are the subjects of his poetry. Similarly, in 1929, he campaigned against alcohol through his poetry at the request of the Congress party, Gandhiji. In that way, this article aims to reveal the history of alcohol prohibition through the poems he wrote.

Changing Food Habits of Urban Middle-Class Youth in India: ‘Ordering In’

The liberalisation of the Indian economy facilitated significant changes in the eating habits of urban middle-class Indians since the 1990s. While there have been studies on food and Indian society before liberalisation, on ‘street food’ and the impact of restaurants and practices of eating out after liberalisation in India, the rising phenomenon of ‘ordering in’ has remained relatively under-researched. This article examines the impact of online food delivery service providers on the food habits of urban middle-class youth in India. It finds that the combined effects of demonetisation and the related push towards digitalisation strengthened online food delivery services in the market. Subsequently, ordering in has become a regular part of the eating culture of urban middle-class youth, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study offers new insights into remarkable recent changes in the psycho-social and socio-economic structures of Indian society, affecting both consumers and service providers.

Human Rights Violations In Jammu And Kashmir And Post Abrogation of Article 370

Kashmir has been a peaceful locus to live in ancient times. Every individual was living peacefully with one another and there was a religious diversity. All religious communities were living in peaceful ways with cultural unity and prosperity. However circumstances changed after the liberation of India. Some historical decisions changed whole scenario and status quo of Kashmir which resulted in humongous deployment of Indian troops in Kashmir, birth of terrorism and widespread gross human rights violations. The state of Jammu and Kashmir remains a constant headache for both India and Pakistan. Lack of constant efforts in resolving political differences and snatching the basic human rights had led the people of Kashmir in segregation, fear and uncertainty. Hence, in this research study I shall be highlighting atrocities, misuse of authority, onerous and brutal laws, post 1987 political turmoil, insurgency after 90s, exodus of Kashmiri Pundits, gross human rights infringement, post article 370 abrogation and old historical errors done by government of India. I shall be highlighting the real injustice done to people of Kashmir, failure of the judiciary to protect the fundamental rights of its people, widespread abuse of power and violation of international and territorial law. In this research study, documented and archival methods, field works, perceptions of inhabitant victims of my valley especially residents of my place, personal and collective experiences of conflict regions and qualitative methods of research.

Parambumalai (Piranmalai) in the Liberation Struggle

Parambumalai, which days back to the Sangam period, is now known as Piranmalai. It was a separate area from the rule of the Chera, Chola and Pandya empires. Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram were part of the princely state during the Indian Liberation War. The battlefield where the heroes Maruthupandiyar, Velunachchiyar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman and Oomaithurai fought valiantly is Piranmalai. There is a huge fort and an armoury here. History has shown that the greatest wars against the British army took place here. Rocket launchers, artillery, guns, etc. had been used in combat. The Battle of Piranmalai has been hailed as the foremost and most important war in the history of the Indian liberation struggle. T hese histories are scattered without being fully compiled. The English general Welsh’s notes, military records, and folk songs are now updating these histories. These will help to open the unknown pages of the history of Indian independence struggle. Thus, the unknown Piranmalai will become as important as other symbols of India's liberation struggle.

Mahatma Gandhi about Jews and Jewish question

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the leader of Indian liberation struggle and nonviolence adept, paid a lot of attention to the status of the Jews and the Jewish Question. According to the author, Gandhi considered the Jews to be a part of the Indian nation, and their participation in civil disobedience campaigns together with the Hindus and the Muslims to lead to the achievement of Home Rule. Gandhi condemned the idea of making the Jewish National Home in Palestine as well as the idea of making the state of Israel due to the fact that Palestine belonged to the Arabs like England belonged to the English and France belonged to the French. Therefore, Gandhi thought that the migration of the Jews to their historical motherland depends on the Arabs’ good will. Gandhi offered his own way of solving the Jewish Question. He thought the Jews should stay in the countries they were born in and lived in and oppose to the discrimination and pursuit with nonviolence actions following the example of the Indians in South Africa. M.K. Gandhi tried to persuade the Jews that nonviolence was in their interests and it was able to lead to the realization of the Jews’ ambitions even in the Nazi Germany. The author concludes that the reasonable criticism of Gandhi’s naïve beliefs did not affect his trust in universal abilities of nonviolence. Gandhi’s position of condemning the partition of Palestine and the making of the Jewish State had a tremendous impact on the external policy of India in the Middle East. This position made the dialogue between India and Israel rather complicated. As a result India was the latest country among the leading non-Arab and non-Muslim ones to send its ambassador to Israel in 1992.

Hungama ho gaya? (An uproar has happened?): the erotic threat of female intoxication in Hindi film songs

ABSTRACT A recurring staple of the popular Hindi film is when actresses dance as if they were drunk. Underlying such performances are notions of nasha (intoxication) and sharam, or shame. This article explores the recurring tendency of Indian women to either feign or otherwise embody states of intoxication in popular Hindi film songs from the late 1960s up to the present era, as well as the underlying motivations for such intoxicated performances. In the process, this article will also consider the erotic threat posed by such figures and the historical and contemporary methods used to contain such threats, both within and by the Bollywood film. This article also examines how such moments of intoxication have evolved with the advent of liberalization in India in the 1990s and how such changes have, in turn, reshaped contemporary narratives and representations of women who perform in an intoxicated manner. In relation to these themes, this article also considers tropes surrounding the public woman and the dancing woman as well as what such representations imply for questions of female agency and sexuality within an Indian frame.