Indian Fighter Research Articles

The Texas Rangers: Wearing the Cinco Peso, 1821-1900 (review)

126Southwestern Historical QuarterlyJuly Despite their reluctance to serve in the Department of New Mexico, all evidence indicates that Wallen and Evans carried out their duties competently. Indeed, both men produced detailed reports that provide an interesting portrait of life at frontier military outposts. Because of the nature of the inspectors' duties, the reports document the true conditions at the forts and obviously make no attempt to hide any problems. The documents note the inspectors' concerns with specific officers and soldiers, discipline, equipment and supplies, living conditions , payroll information, and include the inspectors' suggestions for improvements . The reports published in this volume pertain to Forts Marcy, Union, Craig, Sumner, West, McRae, and Stanton, and posts at Albuquerque, Los Pinos, and Mesilla in New Mexico Territory; Fort Garland in Colorado Territory; and Franklin, Texas. The book is comprised of thirteen chapters, most of which include an inspector 's report for one fort or post. Each chapter begins with a brief history of the installation in question, and illustrations include maps and several hand-drawn diagrams of the forts. Thompson's endnotes reflect extensive research in National Archives records and select published sources. The book will appeal to individuals interested in the Civil War period in the Trans-Mississippi West, particularly the Far West, and those interested in first-hand accounts of daily life at nineteenth-century frontier military posts. East Central UniversityBradley R. Clampitt The Texas Rangers: Wearing the Cinco Peso, 1821-içoo. By Mike Cox. (New York: Forge, 2008. Pp. 492. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 9780312873868, $25.95 cloth.) Mike Cox, storyteller and author of the entertaining and anecdotal Texas Ranger Tales and Texas Ranger Tales II, delivers a likewise readable but much more broadly historical perspective of the legendary frontier law enforcement agency from its beginnings and throughout the nineteenth century. While doing so, Cox considers the tangle of myth and fact—"as closely interwoven as a fine horsehair quirt" (15)—and concludes that it is difficult to separate the two strands from one another. He does confront the revisionist historians who have relentlessly attacked the Ranger lore of late, admitting that there were certainly acts committed above the law but that those instances were "rare and often exaggerated," and that in the final accounting the Rangers managed against great odds to keep the peace on a dangerous frontier. Cox divides his treatise into two large sections, the early period (1821-1873) of the Rangers as Indian fighters, and the later period (1874-1900) as peace officers with increasing responsibilities to track and capture criminals and fugitives across Texas. The Rangers were the only agency given authority to cross county lines in their pursuits of the lawless and, as the Indian threat subsided following Reconstruction, their response to the needs of civil and state agencies increased. During the formative period of Texas's history from Anglo colonization 20ogBook Reviews127 through the era of the Republic, the Texas Rangers evolved through several stages of incubation. There is a contingent of early Texas historians who continue to debate exacdy when and where and who the "first" Texas Rangers may have been—some suggest 1823, 1836, or 1846 or even 1874; here Cox is refreshingly able to include all of them in the narrative without having to decide on one or the other as the "real" date. And it is forgivable for Cox to quote extensively from Wilbarger's old-fashioned Indian Depredations in Texas early on; Wilbarger's book is, after all, good storytelling if not the best of accurate, objective history (where Indians and Mexicans were considered the intruders). In 1874 the Texas legislature created what became known as the Frontier Battalion of the Texas Rangers. Its broader responsibilities necessitated a larger force of men who were well organized and vested with nearly unimpeachable authority to enforce the law as they saw fit. A budget leveled at a remarkable (for that period) $300,000 provided die material support for a more permanent agency than had existed heretofore. Cox enthralls the reader with a dashing narrative through late nineteenthcentury Texas expansion, as MajorJohn B. Jones—who still does not have a biography worthy of his exploits—and the Frontier Battalion...

The Incoherencies of Empire: The "Imperial" Image of the Indian at the Omaha World's Fairs of 1898-99

The Incoherencies of Empire:The "Imperial" Image of the Indian at the Omaha World's Fairs of 1898-99 Bonnie M. Miller (bio) The Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1898, celebrated U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War with a weeklong Peace Jubilee. Attending was General Nelson A. Miles, Commander of the war's Puerto Rican campaigns and also an accomplished "Indian fighter." His record included subduing Sitting Bull in 1876, defeating Crazy Horse at the Battle of Wolf Mountains in 1877, and capturing Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé that same year. In 1886 at Skeleton Canyon, Miles captured Chiricahua Apache leader, Geronimo. Held prisoner at Fort Sill in 1898, Geronimo agreed to participate in the "Indian Congress" at the Omaha fair (See Figure 1), and his reunion with Miles in front of the crowd at the fair's sham Indian battle became one of its most publicized moments. Newspapers nation-wide circulated the Omaha Bee's account: At yesterday afternoon's battle General Miles and the members of his staff occupied front seats in the reserved section. . . . Geronimo looked up into the thousands of faces, apparently trying to locate a familiar one. . . . Suddenly he turned his eyes toward the place where General Miles was sitting. . . . He brushed aside the crowd with his hands and was soon at the side of General Miles. Mustering the best English at his command, he extended his hand and exclaimed: "Now general, I am glad [End Page 39] to see you." The general reached for the extended hand, but suddenly it was withdrawn and instantly Geronimo clasped the white warrior in his embrace and hugged him as affectionately as would a father who had not seen his son for years.1 Press and official fair texts framed this encounter as evidence of reconciliation, with a notorious warrior gesturing his consent to his fate in an act of paternalistic deference. Struck by the scene, one fair visitor claimed that "a new realization of what 'peace' means to this country was attained by those who saw the meeting of the once fanatical foe to civilization and the commanding general of a victorious army."2 Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Portrait of Geronimo at the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, 1898. Copyrighted by official fair photographer, Frank A. Rinehart, but likely taken by his assistant, Adolph Muhr. (From the collections of the Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZC2-6298]). The making of this imperial spectacle suggests an important correlation between representations of Indians and the imperial debates of the Spanish-American War. The alleged closure of the frontier and the defeat of the Lakota at Wounded Knee in 1890, largely conceived of as the last of the significant Indian wars, renewed authority in the romanticized image of the "noble" Indian destined to "vanish," literally or culturally. At the same time, political, diplomatic, and economic policy-making was increasingly directed outside American borders, culminating in the decisions to intervene in Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain in 1898, annex Hawai'i, and acquire Spain's remaining colonies: Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines. The world's fair became an important site for this imperial vision to take shape in the American cultural imagination and reach a broad audience. The two most prominent late-nineteenth-century American fairs, the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876 and Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, showcased visions of architectural grandeur, technology, and the arts to millions of fairgoers. These expositions fed the rise of mass tourism and consumerism, enticing visitors with exotic amusements including glimpses of "strange" peoples. The emergence of the idea of ethnographic villages at world's fairs began at the Paris Exposition of 1889 and later expanded in Chicago. The importance of these displays in the evolution of European and American expositions [End Page 40] points to a wider colonial project that positioned the United States beside the imperial regimes of Great Britain and France and in opposition to native societies. Historians of the Omaha Exposition have argued that fair organizers shaped the "Indian Congress" in the context of the imperial debates arising...

Shaheed Bhagat Singh and his Revolutionary Inheritance

This article deals with the revolutionary legacy of Bhagat Singh. We commemorate him for his sacrifice every year but the centenary year should give us an opportunity to go beyond his martyrdom and delve into the ideology and programme he stood for. He was not an emotional nationalist who decided to die or kill for the independence of the country. He actually had a serious alternative agenda for governance. I have tried to show how most of the issues he raised in the 1920s are still valid and can guide us to resolve our national and international problems. He should also be remembered as one of the first rationalists in the galaxy of Indian freedom fighters.

Elsa martinelli: Italy's audrey hepburn

Elsa martinelli: Italy's audrey hepburn

Reprinting the Legend: The Alamo on Film

The battle of the Alamo is a mythic event. One might be forgiven for thinking that it is a mythical event as well. As far as the movies have been concerned, it may as well have been. Back when schoolchildren actually knew anything about history, the stirring and heroic saga of the siege and fall of the Alamo was as well known as Washington's crossing of the Delaware or Teddy Roosevelt's charge up San Juan Hill. To tell the story was to sing a hymn to gleaming, unassailable patriotism and, as Alamo Commander William Barret Travis wrote in his most famous letter, everything dear to the American character. The story that those schoolchildren knew was roughly this: in February 1836 a small but determined band of Americans holed up in the Alamo, a crumbling old mission-turned-fort just outside San Antonio, Texas. Texas was at the time still a part of Mexico, and the cruel and despotic Mexican dictator, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, felt that these Americans were interlopers and revolutionaries. He and his army of thousands lay siege to the Alamo. There were not that many defenders inside the walls of the Alamo, but what they lacked in numbers they made up for in ferocity, bravery, and sterling goodness. Young William Barret Travis, a firebrand lawyer and revolutionary, was in command. His co-commander, Jim Bowie, was too ill to take an active role in the defense of the fort, but his legendary knife and exciting exploits were such that his presence was more important than his actions. But even Bowie's fame paled beside that of a recent arrival-Davy Crockett of Tennessee. Crockett's fellow fighters in the Alamo were inspired by his colorful history as a bear hunter and Indian fighter. He was possibly the greatest living frontiersman, and he had cast his lot with the outnumbered Texans in San Antonio. Santa Anna's cannon pounded the walls of the Alamo for thirteen days. Despite Travis' repeated pleas for assistance, only one group of thirty-two men arrived as reinforcements. Finally, knowing all was lost, Travis gave a stirring speech to his men, telling them that they would surely die if they continued to defend the Alamo. He drew a line in the dirt with his saber and invited every man who would volunteer to stay and fight to the death to cross over the line. Without hesitation, they all crossed over. In the early morning hours of March 6, 1836, the Mexican army attacked. By sunrise the battle was over and every defender of the Alamo lay dead. But each Texan had taken scores of Mexicans with him into death. As Travis had promised in his letter of February 24, Santa Anna's victory was worse than a defeat. A few weeks later a vengeful Texan army under Sam Houston surprised Santa Anna at San Jacinto and defeated him in a battle that lasted a mere fifteen minutes. Santa Anna was captured and, in exchange for his life, gave Texas to Houston. Now the territory was an independent republic thanks to the martyrdom of the heroes of the Alamo. Of course, as in all true stories, the actual event was far more chaotic and complicated than that pristine myth of patriotic sacrifice. Scholars and historians have spent decades uncovering new details, and, every time they do, it seems that the legend of the Alamo is chipped away just a little more. James Bowie was certainly an adventurer-but he was also a slave trader, land swindler, and a sometime partner of the pirate Jean Lafitte. And it appears that the famed Bowie knife was created by James' brother Rezin Bowie. William Barret Travis abandoned his pregnant wife to take up with a mistress and arrived in Texas under suspicion of having murdered a man back in Alabama. And David Crockett, while admittedly a fine hunter, did not have much of a career as a fighter of Indians or anybody else. His most striking achievement in life had been serving two terms in Congress. Nor was the Texas Revolution quite the pure-hearted enterprise of which the storybooks sing. …

Indian fighters turned American politicians: from military service to public office

Indian fighters turned American politicians: from military service to public office

That Body of Brave Men: The U.S. Infantry and the Civil War in the West (review)

There were two types of regular soldier in the U.S. Army during the Civil War. The archetype was a veteran of the Mexican War or an Indian fighter hurriedly moved east to the Virginia theater of war. Mark W. Johnson introduces the second type: young men, with little or no prior military experience, who enlisted in the regulars after war's outbreak. Some 58,000 men enlisted in the U. S. Regulars during the Civil War (p. 716n.8), many in eleven new regiments organized in the Regular Army in 1861. Four of these regiments, the 15th, 16th, 18th, and 19th Infantry and Battery H, 5th Artillery (collectively known as the Regular Brigade), fought in the Western, or Trans-Appalachian, Theater, campaigning from Kentucky to Georgia between 1862 and 1864. Johnson chronicles the story of these men, enlisted and commissioned, and the few old soldiers who provided the leavening that made these regiments formidable fighting organizations. This is useful, since the host of volunteer regiments raised to fight the war has long overshadowed the role of the regulars in the Civil War.

Excerpts from: Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806)

T HE Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806), sent by President Thomas Jefferson to the Columbia River, has had so important an effect on the subsequent history of the Pacific Northwest that all aspects of this epochal journey are of great interest. As leader of the Expedition, President Jefferson selected Captain Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809), of the United States Infantry. Lewis was an educated man with unusual qualities of leadership, and had been Jefferson’s private secretary. He asked that William Clark (1770– 1838), a 2nd lieutenant in the United States Artillery and a brother of George Rogers Clark, the well known Indian fighter, be appointed co-leader. Both men were born near Charlottesville, Virginia. Clark served as equal to Lewis in command of the Expedition and the leaders are referred to as Captains Lewis and Clark in historical records. Clark was a frontiersman and soldier of much experience and contributed greatly to the success of the venture. No regular physician was provided, but Lewis had sufficient medical knowledge to treat many of the ills of his company and Clark knew the simple medical practices of frontier life. After collecting the necessary supplies and selecting a personnel of 27 men, the captains placed the Expedition into winter quarters at River du Bois, near St. Louis, late in 1803. Rigorous training during the winter fitted the men for the anticipated hardships of the journey. The party, with 15 or 16 additional men1 who were to go only part of the way, started up the Missouri River in three boats on May 14, 1804. Its instructions were to make a geographical exploration of the country they

Wyoming as America: Celebrations, A Museum, and Yale

WHEN WYOMINGITES CELEBRATED THEIR ENTRY INTO THE UNION ON JULY 24, 1890, they did so in a decidedly forward-looking manner. The celebratory theme was "equality," as was fitting for the first state in the nation to give women the right to vote. The parade that commemorated statehood included the 7th Infantry Band, two companies of Girl Guards, and the Afro-American Club, of whom the Cheyenne Daily Sun noted, "our colored brothers followed [the Girl Guards], feeling warm and patriotic devotion to the state in which all men and women are free and equal by the terms of its magna charge." The parade also included two popular milkmen and their cows, hardware merchants, agricultural machinery, and the new state flag, presented by Mrs. I. S. Bartlett. "Wyoming . . . celebrates an event significant in the extreme," she declared, "new in the history of our country and without precedent in the world; that is to say, a State, in adopting its constitution, extends free and equal suffrage to its citizens, regardless of sex." In Mrs. Bartlett's eyes, the enfranchisement of women was consistent with progress in its other forms, all of which would move Wyoming along the path away from its isolated, frontier condition to a civilized end: If we look within the future, our prophetic eyes can see glorious views unfold before us of joy, wealth, prosperity. We can see the sons of Science, Music, Poetry and Art, coming to our grand dominion, in our growth to take a part. We can see the iron monster, rushing fiercely to and fro. We can see the sky over spread with smoke from furnaces below. We can see Wyoming mountains giving up their hidden stores. Tons on tons, by millions pouring, [End Page 437] of the base and precious ores. See her towns and cities rising, where the bison used to roam. And along her streams and valleys many a farmer's peaceful home. We can see great halls of learning well endowed and nobly planned, monuments of taste and culture for the children of our land. We can see the spires of churches, pointing upward to our gaze; chiming bells, harmonious sounding, calling us to prayer and praise. See the plains, now dry and barren, where the sage and cactus grow, desert plains, no longer barren, then shall "blossom like the rose." Thirsty lands no longer thirsty filled with moisture wisely stored, bounteous to the happy farmer, noble harvests will afford. In 1890, it appeared that instead of a state identity dependent on a "western" past, a guarantee of equality would become the distinguishing characteristic of Wyoming, its sobriquet. Fellow speaker Judge M.C. Brown added: [A]s descendants of the Anglo-Saxon, we view again with proud delight the field of Runnymede, and the English barons wringing from the grasp of a reluctant king the magna charta of human rights. . . . Look again along the line of progress. . . . It was ordained by the people of Wyoming that each citizen of the state should enjoy the same right guaranteed to every other citizen, whether high or low, black or white, male or female. 1 It would be these lofty principles, then boldly set into law, that would separate Wyoming from eastern states mired in complacency and old traditions. But, for all its loftiness, it was a self-definition that would, in the end, have a very short life. By 1897, Cheyenne residents again celebrated their distinctive local attributes. They found inspiration, however, not in the future but in Wyoming's past. The original 1897 Cheyenne Frontier Days program noted: It is especially appropriate that Wyoming, one of the youngest of our states, should celebrate "Frontier Days." The frontier line of advancing settlements has already disappeared like misty shadows vanishing before the Sun's rays. The varied and adventurous life of the early explorers, the hunters and trappers and Indian fighters, the dangers and privations of the first settlers, and the thrilling incidents of their...

General William S. Harney: prince of dragoons

Contents: List of Illustrations List of Maps Preface 1. Son of Tennessee Pioneers1 2. A Time for Learning 3. Boatman, Woodsman, Indian Fighter 4. That Infernal Pay Department 5. War to the Rope in Florida 6. The Road to Mexico City 7. Prince of Dragoons in Texas 8. Great White Chief on the Plains 9. Return to Riverine Warfare in Florida 10. Civil Unrest in Kansas and Utah 11. The Pacific Northwest, No Ordinary Sphere 12. Loyal Soldier in Missouri 13. Our Old Friend as Peace Commissioner 14. A Time for Reflection Notes Selected Bibliography Index

Kit Carson & the Indians

Often portrayed by past historians as the greatest guide and Indian fighter in the West, Carson has become in recent years a historical pariah - a brutal murderer who betrayed the Navajos, an unwitting dupe of American expansion, and a racist. Many historians now question both his reputation and his place in the pantheon of American heroes. In Kit Carson and the Indians, Thomas W. Dunlay urges us to reconsider Carson yet again. To Dunlay, Carson was simply a man of the nineteenth century whose racial views and actions were much like those of his contemporaries. Dunlay argues convincingly that historians have too often set their minds on elevating or suborning Carson's reputation and have paid too little attention to the man himself. Dunlay finds that Carson was capable of complex and seemingly contradictory feelings toward the various Indian groups he encountered. He was involved with Indians in many different kinds of relationships, from marriage to war. He led American troops against the Navajos and helped force them from their homeland despite the fact that many Navajos considered Carson an ally. He also tried to preserve Indians from extermination. It is at this juncture of historical experience and contradiction that Dunlay makes his analysis, presenting for the first time a fair and balanced treatment of Carson and his complicated relationship with the Indians. Tom W. Dunlay, a freelance writer and historian, lives in Lincoln, Nebraska. He is the author of Wolves for the Blue Soldiers (Nebraska 1982).

People of the Wachusett: Greater New England in History and Memory, 1630-1860

People of the Wachusett: Greater New England in History & Memory, 1630.1860. By David Jaffee. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,1999. Pp. xiii, 306. Illustrations, tables. $39.95.) The founding of New England and the development of its town-centered culture have long claimed a central place in the American historical imagination. In People of the Wachusett, David Jaffee argues that the distinctive pattern of serial town settlement in New England-the sequential founding of new towns by settlers from older towns-and the writing of local histories about town founding hold the key to understanding New England-and indeed emergent American-culture. To demonstrate his thesis, Jaffee undertakes a kind of genealogical exploration of one particular sequence of town settlements beginning in the Wachusett, an area of north central Massachusetts in what is now Worcester County. He shows how community growth was accommodated by what he describes variously as a hiving off ' or budding process (3) in which the English settlement of the town of Nashaway (later Lancaster) in the 1640s spawned a spreading matrix of towns at and beyond its borderlands, ultimately pushing northward along the upper Connecticut River into northern New England and finally into the South Shore of Nova Scotia. As town founding advanced, commercial activities intensified and commercial villages coalesced. Jaffee follows the conventions of recent western history in taking a transnational approach to the cultural development of a greater New England frontier that included Nova Scotia. But Jaffee argues that Frederick Jackson Turner's model of the democratizing frontier experience was not realized here because serial town formation tended to retard social change by promoting the replication of a conservative, largely consensual, agrarian order, permitting adaptive and evolutionary change but discouraging innovation (3). This conception of the creative yet conservative effects of serial town formation is one of the many strengths of this book. Another is Jaffee's textured account of the vicissitudes of NativeAmerican relations with English settlers in the Wachusett region and their significance in shaping frontier culture. An early relationship of peaceful exchange characterized by the coexistence of two Nashaways, one Indian and one English, gradually disintegrated in the face of rising Indian indebtedness, increasing pressures to alienate Indian land, and other factors. Growing hostility led the Nashaways into Metacom's War, during which Lancaster and many other settlements in the Washusett were destroyed or abandoned. Lancaster's residents resettled but faced intermittent warfare between 1688 and 1713 that was renewed in the 1720s and erupted sporadically over the next two decades. Town founding, then, was punctuated by retraction and resettlement, by episodes of defensive warfare and Indian-fighting forays; nonetheless, the process of serial town settlement and expansion of New England social institutions persisted, continually adapting to changing conditions. Employing Pierre Nora's notion of the lieu de memoire, Jaffee shows how the New England town became a powerful site of symbolic memory in the hands of its local storytellers. Throughout the progressive settlement of greater New England, local historians (including, of course, Mary Rowlandson) crafted narratives about the experiences of colonization, memorializing town founders and Indian fighters, reshaping the past to make meaning of early struggle and warfare, of adaptation and change, of advancing commercial development. …

Kit Carson: Indian Fighter or Indian Killer?

Journal Article Kit Carson: Indian Fighter or Indian Killer Get access Kit Carson: Indian Fighter or Indian Killer? Edited by Gordon-McCutchan R. C.. (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996. xiv + 105 pp. Notes, index. $24.95.) John H. Monnett John H. Monnett Metropolitan State College of Denver Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 29, Issue 1, Spring 1998, Page 112, https://doi.org/10.2307/970834 Published: 01 February 1998

An Indian freedom fighter recalls her life

An Indian freedom fighter recalls her life

The Military of Santo Domingo, 1720-1764

0 U R B 0 N historians present the military reforms of Charles III as a major discontinuity in colonial history.' Before the Seven Years' War, they tell us, the Indies were largely unarmed. Authorities do admit that major ports were fortified and garrisoned well before 1764, and that paid Indian fighters defended the frontiers from the earliest times.2 They recognize, in other words, that officers and soldiers were present in Spanish America, scattered among presidios and gathered in militias, before the advent of Charles III.' Bourbon Reforms studies, however, seem to assume that such small institutions, unlike the pOst-1764 army, could not shape the societies that

The New Political History and the Election of 1840

The New Political History and the Election of I840 The Log Cabin and Hard Cider election of I840 surely must rank as one of the most interesting and significant in United States history. Voter turnout, low in the early national period, had been rising steadily in presidential elections, and crested stunningly at over 80 percent. The Democrats and especially the Whigs employed techniques of campaigning and citizen mobilization never seen before. An egalitarian style triumphed decisively as the previously aloof Whigs imitated the Jackson Democrats' common man approach, nominated an Indian fighter and aging general, and, chanting Tippecanoe and Tyler Too, transformed the not very consequential William Henry Harrison into an icon. They succeeded in turning the campaign into a mixture of religious revival, folk festival, and mass entertainment. For the first time, too, a financial panic (1837) and ensuing hard times caused many voters to hold Van Buren's national administration responsible for depressed economic conditions and punish it by turning it out of office.

The American Dream of Captain John Smith

Here is a study of character, writings, and ideals of Captain John Smith, popularly recognized as greatest English explorer and colonizer of his time - perhaps of all time. Reading closely facts of Smith's life and, especially, Smith's own words, J. A. Leo Lemay offers fullest appreciation to date of Smith's contributions to American colonization and culture. The result is a new interpretation and appreciation of man who, more than any other of his time, saw potential of America for creating a new society unencumbered by feudal vestiges of Old World. Smith fulfilled heroic roles of both European Renaissance and American frontier. Before sailing for Jamestown in 1607, he fought in two major European theatres of war, finally serving as captain of a Christian cavalry company in Balkans fighting against Turks. In America, Smith became early Virginia's most famous and feared Indian fighter. Powhatan himself testified that if a twig but breake every one cryeth there commeth Captaine Smith. According to Lemay, Smith was also one of 17th century's greatest political and social egalitarians and visionaries. His American Dream prefigured and contributed to ideals that Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Joel Barlow, James Madison, and other founders of American republic built into their aspirations for a new nation and new society. The author describes Smith as an explorer whose skill was unmatched in his time. His maps of Chesapeake Bay area and New England coast provided essential information for colonization of Virginia, Maryland, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay colonies and remained most reliable guides to those areas until nearly end of century. Lemay also shows Smith to have been a skilled diplomat and trader who treated Indians fairly and with respect. He was, in author's words, the best friend among whites that Indians ever has as governor in early Virginia. He sympathized with Indians' situation and appreciated their point of view, although he conceded that in end progress would prevail.

Phil Sheridan and His Army.

Philip H. Sheridan's reputation in the Civil War often overshadows his longer and more significant roles as the nation's chief Indian fighter and commander of the army. Phil Sheridan and His Army is the first comprehensive biography and study of that later career. Formed by his experience in the Civil War and Reconstruction era, Sheridan came to see himself as the instrument of the United States' social and political destiny to open the West for white settlement and development. Paul Hutton analyzes Sheridan's relations with his subordinates, the institutional nature of his army, his campaigns, the logistics of them, and the special circumstances of defeating, pacifying, relocating, and negotiating with the Indians. At the same time, Gilded Age politics and laissez-faire capitalism shaped the grim future of the Indian--and of Sheridan's beleagured quasi-peacetime army. This definitive, abundantly illustrated history also fills out other sides of General Sheridan, who commanded Chicago after its great fire, quelled its labor riots, launched Buffalo Bill Cody on his career, served as an observed in the Franco-Prussian War, played a key role in the 1876 election crisis, and championed a national park system free from commercial exploitation.

Phil Sheridan and His Army

Philip H. Sheridan's reputation in the Civil War often overshadows his longer and more significant roles as the nation's chief Indian fighter and commander of the army. Phil Sheridan and His Army is the first comprehensive biography and study of that later career. Formed by his experience in the Civil War and Reconstruction era, Sheridan came to see himself as the instrument of the United States' social and political destiny to open the West for white settlement and development. Paul Hutton analyzes Sheridan's relations with his subordinates, the institutional nature of his army, his campaigns, the logistics of them, and the special circumstances of defeating, pacifying, relocating, and negotiating with the Indians. At the same time, Gilded Age politics and laissez-faire capitalism shaped the grim future of the Indian--and of Sheridan's beleagured quasi-peacetime army. This definitive, abundantly illustrated history also fills out other sides of General Sheridan, who commanded Chicago after its great fire, quelled its labor riots, launched Buffalo Bill Cody on his career, served as an observed in the Franco-Prussian War, played a key role in the 1876 election crisis, and championed a national park system free from commercial exploitation.

Indian Fighters and Indian Reformers: Grant's Indian Peace Policy and the Conservative Consensus

Indian Fighters and Indian Reformers: Grant's Indian Peace Policy and the Conservative Consensus