Indexing Techniques Research Articles

Experimental investigation of the crossflow of water in a 7-pin wire-wrapped rod bundle

In this study, the crossflow of water in a 7-pin wire-wrapped rod bundle was investigated experimentally using particle image velocimetry and the technique of matching index of refraction. Three Reynolds numbers, 3000, 6000, and 9000, were used to examine the effect of the Reynolds number on crossflow. A large-dimension rod bundle was utilized to provide sufficient space for high-resolution measurements. The cross-sectional flow distribution in the wire-wrapped rod bundle was obtained. Both global circulation flow in the bundle outer region and local reverse flow in the bundle interior were identified. In general, crossflow distribution is complex and is characterized by vortices of various scales. Previously, a large-scale vortex has been observed near the rod, which is related to the wall-fluid interaction. However, small vortexes are likely to appear on the lead side of the wire, which is attributed to the blockage effect of the wire. The distributions of the dimensionless velocity and turbulent kinetic energy in three typical subchannels were studied. The features of streamwise flow were also examined briefly. The flow blockage and redistribution caused by the wrapped wires were observed. The experimental data can be applied to validate CFD codes, turbulence models, and subchannel crossflow models.

DATA_SPHERE

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS) and their significance in modern information management. DBMS technology plays a crucial role in the storage, organisation, retrieval, and manipulation of vast amounts of data in various domains, ranging from business operations to scientific research. This abstract highlights the key aspects covered in the paper, including the evolution of DBMS, its architectural components, and the challenges and advancements in the field. The paper begins by discussing the historical development of DBMS, tracing its origins from file-based systems to the emergence of relational databases and the subsequent rise of object-oriented and NoSQL databases. We explore the motivations behind these advancements and their impact on data management. Next, we delve into the fundamental architectural components of a DBMS. We examine the storage layer, which encompasses data structures and access methods, and discuss different indexing techniques for efficient data retrieval. The query processing and optimization module are explored, focusing on query execution plans and cost-based optimization strategies. Additionally, we analyse the transaction management component, highlighting concepts such as ACID properties, concurrency control, and recovery mechanisms. The abstract also highlights the challenges faced by modern DBMS. With the proliferation of big data and the advent of cloud computing, scalability, availability, and performance have become critical concerns. We examine techniques such as parallel and distributed databases, replication, and sharding to address these challenges. Furthermore, we discuss the integration of DBMS with emerging technologies like machine learning and blockchain to leverage their capabilities in data analytics and secure data transactions. Lastly, the abstract touches upon recent advancements in DBMS, including the rise of graph databases for managing interconnected data, the adoption of in-memory databases for high-performance applications, and the exploration of new database models to handle unstructured and semi-structured data. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of DBMS, covering its historical evolution, architectural components, challenges, and recent advancements. By understanding the principles and advancements in DBMS, researchers and practitioners can effectively harness the power of data management systems to tackle the complexities of modern data-driven applications.

Customer Segmentation Based on Loyalty Level Using K-Means and LRFM Feature Selection in Retail Online Store

Customer experience is a key component in increasing sales numbers. Customers are important assets that must be kept up for a corporation or firm. Prioritizing customer service is one way to protect client loyalty. To ensure that service priority is right on target, this research was conducted on groups of consumers who are anticipated to have high business prospects. The 2011 retail online shop sales dataset with 379,980 records and eight char-acteristics was used. The length, recency, frequency, and monetary (LRFM) feature selection approach was used in the study process to select features for further segmentation using the K-Means data mining method to define consumer types. Following the completion of the research, clients were divided into four categories: Premium Loyalty, Inertia Loyalty, Latent Loyalty, and No Loyalty. The correct clustering results are displayed in the vali-dation test using the Silhouette Score Index technique, which yielded a score value of 0.943898. Based on the outcomes of this segmentation, business actors may prioritize providing clients with the proper service.

Comprehensive green growth indicators across countries and territories

A sustainable transition to green growth is crucial for climate change adaptation and mitigation. However, the lack of clear and consistent definitions and common measures for green growth implies a disagreement on its determinants which hampers the ability to proffer valuable guidance to policymakers. We contribute to the global debate on green economic development by constructing green growth measures from 1990 to 2021 across 203 countries. The pillars of green growth are anchored on five dimensions namely natural resource base, socio-economic outcomes, environmental productivity, environmental-related policy responses, and quality of life. Contrary to the aggregated methods used in constructing indices in the extant literature, we employ a novel summary index technique with generalized least squares attributed-standardized-weighted index that controls for highly correlated variables and missing values. The constructed indicators can be used for both country-specific and global data modeling on green economic development useful for policy formulation.

Development of indoor work environmental air quality index for a dyeing and printing industry

Introduction: Due to various components, materials, and processes, industrial indoor air quality differs from building indoor air. Air quality and the working environment impact health, performance, and comfort. This study developed an Indoor Work Environmental Air Quality Index (IWEAQI) to assess and characterize industrial work environments.
 Materials and methods: Surat “Textile city” is situated in the western part of India in Gujarat state. The small-scale dyeing and printing industry has been selected as a study area. The industry locations like Jet dyeing machine area, stenter machine area, printing machine area, looping machine area and washing basin area has been selected. Various chemicals, adhesives, solvents, dyes, and varied temperature and humidity conditions are used to transform the raw cloth into the finished product. CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, O3, Total Volatile Organic compounds (TVOC), Formaldehyde, Particulate Matters (PM10, PM2.5), WBGT index, humidity, noise, and light were considered to construct IWEAQI. Continuous observations were recorded at minute intervals with a real-time monitoring system. To account for all contributing aspects, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) air quality index technique was updated for index formulation. IWEAQI was validated using the Pollution Index approach.
 Results: The proposed approach calculated IWEAQI from results. Both approaches gave an index value of 46-80. The developed approach and pollution index method were compared using regression analysis. All study locations had regression values between 0.93 and 0.99.
 Conclusion: The technique classifies IWEAQI as excellent (0-20), good (21-40), moderate (41-60), poor (61-80), and very poor (81-100). From the developed index value, which parameters are influencing the most can be judged.
 

Patients aged 50-75years take longer to achieve the patient acceptable symptom state than patients aged 20-34years following primary hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.

Though an increasing number of adults older than 50years are undergoing hip arthroscopy for treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome (FAIS), it is unclear how their timeline for functional outcome improvement compares to that of younger patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of age on time to achieving the Minimum Clinically Important Difference (MCID), Substantial Clinical Benefit (SCB), and Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) following primary hip arthroscopy for FAIS. A retrospective comparative single-surgeon cohort study of primary hip arthroscopy patients with minimum 2-year follow-up was conducted. Age categories were 20-34years, 35-49years, and 50-75years. All subjects completed the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) prior to surgery and at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up. MCID and SCB cutoffs were defined as pre-to-postoperative increases in mHHS by ≥ 8.2 and ≥ 19.8, respectively. PASS cutoff was set at postoperative mHHS ≥ 74. Time to achievement of each milestone was compared using interval-censored survival analysis. The effect of age was adjusted for Body Mass Index (BMI), sex, and labral repair technique using an interval-censored proportional hazards model. Two hundred eighty-five patients were included in the analysis with 115 (40.4%) aged 20-34years, 92 (32.3%) aged 35-49years, and 78 (27.4%) aged 50-75years. There were no significant differences between groups in time to achievement for the MCID (n.s.) or SCB (n.s.). However, patients in the oldest group had significantly longer time to PASS than those in the youngest group, both in the unadjusted analysis (p = 0.02) and after adjusting for BMI, sex, and labral repair technique (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.96, p = 0.03). Achievement of the PASS, but not the MCID or SCB, is delayed among FAIS patients aged 50-75years who undergo primary hip arthroscopy compared to those aged 20-34years. Older FAIS patients should be counseled appropriately about their longer timeline to achieving hip function comparable to their younger counterparts. III.

Tree-based indexing technique for efficient and real-time label retrieval in the object tracking system

Tree-based indexing technique for efficient and real-time label retrieval in the object tracking system

MillenniumDB: An Open-Source Graph Database System

Abstract In this systems paper, we present MillenniumDB: a novel graph database engine that is modular, persistent, and open source. MillenniumDB is based on a graph data model, which we call domain graphs, that provides a simple abstraction upon which a variety of popular graph models can be supported, thus providing a flexible data management engine for diverse types of knowledge graph. The engine itself is founded on a combination of tried and tested techniques from relational data management, state-of-the-art algorithms for worst-case-optimal joins, as well as graph-specific algorithms for evaluating path queries. In this paper, we present the main design principles underlying MillenniumDB, describing the abstract graph model and query semantics supported, the concrete data model and query syntax implemented, as well as the storage, indexing, query planning and query evaluation techniques used. We evaluate MillenniumDB over real-world data and queries from the Wikidata knowledge graph, where we find that it outperforms other popular persistent graph database engines (including both enterprise and open source alternatives) that support similar query features.

Modified Capsulorrhaphy Technique in Open Reduction of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.

Neglected patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) are not uncommon. Various treatment modalities have been used. Capsulorrhaphy is one of the most critical steps during the process of open reduction of DDH. Inadequate capsulorrhaphy technique can increase the failure rate of open reduction procedures. This study presented the clinical and radiographic results of using a new capsulorrhaphy technique. Between November 2005 and March 2018, 540 DDH in 462 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age at surgery was 31 months. All patients underwent a modified capsulorrhaphy technique developed by the main author (with or without additional pelvic or femoral procedures). Postoperative patient assessment during the follow-up period was performed both clinically and radiologically. Follow-up period ranged between 36 months and 12 years. Based on the modified McKay score, good and excellent outcomes were obtained in 90.3%. Functional results were better in younger age (less than 39mo). Both acetabular index and lateral center edge angle showed significant improvement at 3 years follow-ups. Proximal femoral growth disturbance (PFGD) was encountered in 92 hips. Classes 2 and 3 did not affect the functional results, whereas patients with PFGD classes 4 and 5 had fair to poor functional outcomes. There were 12 hips with redislocation. Revision was done using the same capsulorrhaphy technique. Using the index technique of capsulorrhaphy in DDH surgery is safe, reliable, and yields good functional and radiologic outcomes with a relatively low complication rate. Level IV-therapeutic retrospective case series.

Indigenous farmers’ perception of climate vulnerability, barriers and factors influencing farmers adaptation intention: evidence from mountainous area of Vietnam

Climate change has adversely affected the agriculture of indigenous farmers. Farmers can lessen agricultural losses by using adaptation strategies to climate change. However, the adaptation process depends on several factors, including barriers. This paper examines the farmers’ opinion toward adaptation barriers and tries to identify how the barriers influence farmers’ adaptation intention. We collected data from 362 randomly selected farmers by using face to face interview method and focus group discussions in Backan province, Vietnam. The severity index technique was applied to calculate farmers’ perception of barriers and climate change vulnerability indexes, and we used the probit model to determine the factors affecting farmers’ adaptation intention. The results indicate that farmers identified 10 internal factors and 14 external barrier factors that influence the adaptation intention. Moreover, probit model confirmed that farmers’ adaptation intention was significantly affected by education level, major occupation, income, lack of technical process, high cost of farm labor, lack of access to pesticides, and lack of technical officers. As a result, climate vulnerability indexes and barriers, and adaptation factors should be considered for designing and performing the policies in the future for indigenous farmers.

Early satisfactory results of percutaneous repair in neglected achilles tendon rupture

PurposeThis investigation aimed to study the outcome of percutaneous repair of Achilles tendon ruptures regarding patient-reported and objective outcomes.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of a cohort of patients (n = 24) who underwent percutaneous repair of neglected Achilles rupture in the period between 2013 and 2019. Included patients were adults with closed injuries, presented 4–10 weeks after rupture, with intact deep sensation. All underwent clinical examination, X-rays to exclude bony injury and MRI for diagnosis confirmation. All underwent percutaneous repair by the same surgeon, using the same technique and rehabilitation protocol. The postoperative assessment was done subjectively using ATRS and AOFAS score and objectively using a percentage of heel rise comparison to the normal side and calf circumference difference.ResultsThe mean follow-up period was 14.85 months ± 3 months. Average AOFAS scores at 6,12 months were 91 and 96, respectively, showing statistically significant improvement from pre-op level (P < 0.001). Percentage of heel rise on the affected side and calf circumference showed statistically significant improvement over the 12 month follow up period (P < 0.001). Superficial infection was reported in two patients (8.3%), and two cases reported transient sural nerve neuritis.ConclusionPercutaneous repair of neglected Achilles rupture using the index technique proved a satisfactory patient-reported and objective measurement at a one-year follow-up. With only minor transient complications.

Application of water quality index (WQI) and statistical techniques to assess water quality for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes of the Ghaghara River, India

Application of water quality index (WQI) and statistical techniques to assess water quality for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes of the Ghaghara River, India

LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index Based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves

The recently proposed learned indexes have attracted much attention as they can adapt to the actual data and query distributions to attain better search efficiency. Based on this technique, several existing works build up indexes for multi-dimensional data and achieve improved query performance. A common paradigm of these works is to (i) map multi-dimensional data points to a one-dimensional space using a fixed space-filling curve (SFC) or its variant and (ii) then apply the learned indexing techniques. We notice that the first step typically uses a fixed SFC method, such as row-major order and z -order. It definitely limits the potential of learned multi-dimensional indexes to adapt variable data distributions via different query workloads. In this paper, we propose a novel idea of learning a space-filling curve that is carefully designed and actively optimized for efficient query processing. We also identify innovative offline and online optimization opportunities common to SFC-based learned indexes and offer optimal and/or heuristic solutions. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method, LMSFC, outperforms state-of-the-art non-learned or learned methods across three commonly used real-world datasets and diverse experimental settings.

ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF GINGER IN SINDHULI DISTRICT, NEPAL

This study investigates the economics of production and marketing of ginger in the Sindhuli district of Nepal in 2022. The production economics was assessed by the household survey in purposively selected Kamalamai Municipality, Marin and Hariharpurgadhi Rural Municipalities. A total of 60 respondents 20 from each municipality were selected using simple random sampling technique. Primary data were obtained through questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and Key Informant Interview (KII). Secondary data were obtained by reviewing relevant publications. The average farm size was 9.45 kattha (0.32 ha) while average land under ginger cultivation was 2.43 kattha (0.08 ha). The result showed that the total cost of ginger production was NRs. 15,676.84 per kattha and a major portion (44.71%) of the cost was found to be incurred by the seed alone in ginger cultivation. The B:C ratio (1.26) indicates the ginger production enterprise was profitable. Producer- Collector- Wholesaler- Consumer was the major marketing channel found in the study area. Marketing margin was found NRs. 71.5 per kg with 51.14% producer’s share. The indexing technique identified unavailability of quality seed rhizome and fluctuating market price as the major problems associated with the production and marketing of ginger respectively. The study revealed that ginger production was a profitable and potential agriculture enterprise for the study area.

Temporal Dynamic of Soil Erosion and Rainfall Erosivity Within Srou River Basin (Middle Atlas / Morocco)

Soil erosion is a major cause of land degradation worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In Morocco, soil loss is the most prevalent form of land degradation. The Srou river basin, located in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco, has been greatly affected by soil erosion due to physical and human factors. The basin is characterized by an arid and semi-arid climate, with high temperatures, low rainfall, and flash floods, making it particularly vulnerable to soil erosion. Furthermore, the soil is shallow and lacks proper protection from vegetation cover. Livestock and agriculture, mainly consisting of sheep and goats, are the dominant activities in the area. This study employs the rainfall erosivity index (RI) and GIS techniques to evaluate soil erosion in the Srou river basin during three representative years (1995, 1996, and 2010). The objective is to assess the temporal dynamics of soil erosion and its impact in this region. The results indicate that rainfall is irregular and often characterized by intense showers due to climate change. During wet years, the rainfall erosivity index is high, exceeding 200 in 1996 and 2010, while during the dry season of 1995, it was very low, less than 85.

A Study on Factors Influencing Cost Overrun in High-rise Building Construction across India

Cost overrun is common problem in construction projects worldwide. Most Indian construction projects, particularly those involving high-rise buildings, have had severe cost overruns. For managers, architects, engineers, and contractors, completing building projects within the specified cost budget has become the most important and hard assignment. Since it is common for high-rise building projects to go over budget, the aim of this study is to find out the causes of cost overruns and provide effective measures. The study found 70 cost overrun factors based on a comprehensive literature review and expert opinions. A Google form questionnaire was distributed to 150 construction professionals across India. After following up, 101 of the 150 responses were received. A five-point Likert scale was used and the acquired data was analyzed and ranked using the Relative Importance Index (RII) technique. According to the findings of RII, the top ten critical factors influencing cost overruns were frequent change orders during construction by the owner, delay in construction, escalation of material prices, market inflation or deflation, rework, frequent changes in design, inaccurate evaluation of the project timeline, unforeseen ground condition, inaccurate quantity take-off, and delay in progressive payment by the owner. Spearman’s rank correlation test revealed that there is a very significant relationship between the rankings of factors provided by the owner, the consultant, and the contractor. In addition, a factor analysis tool in the SPSS software was also used to categorize the seventy factors into sixteen core components. The top ten critical factors were presented to subject matter experts, and their suggestions were being compiled. These results are expected to help construction professionals minimize cost overruns, improve cost control measures, and initiate future research.

Socioeconomic inequalities in employees' health-enhancing physical activity: Evidence from the SHAHWAR cohort study in Iran.

Increasing level of physical activity (PA) among working population is of particular importance, because of the high return of investment on employees' PA. This study was aimed to investigate socioeconomic inequalities in Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) among employees of a Medical Sciences University in Iran. Data were extracted from the SHAHWAR Cohort study in Iran. Concentration index (C) and Wagstaff decomposition techniques were applied to determine socioeconomic inequality in the study outcomes and its contributors, respectively. Nearly half of the university employees (44.6%) had poor HEPA, and employees with high socioeconomic status (SES) suffered more from it (C = 0.109; 95% CI: 0.075, 0.143). Also, we found while poor work-related PA (C = 0.175; 95% CI: 0.142, 0.209) and poor transport-related PA (C = 0.081, 95% CI: 0.047, 0.115) were more concentrated among high-SES employees, low-SES employees more affected by the poor PA at leisure time (C = -0.180; 95% CI: -0.213, -0.146). Shift working, and having higher SES and subjective social status were the main factors that positively contributed to the measured inequality in employees' poor HEPA by 33%, 31.7%, and 29%, respectively, whereas, having a married life had a negative contribution of -39.1%. The measured inequality in poor leisure-time PA was mainly attributable to SES, having a married life, urban residency, and female gender by 58.1%, 32.5%, 28.5%, and -32.6%, respectively. SES, urban residency, shift working, and female gender, with the contributions of 42%, 33.5%, 21.6%, and -17.3%, respectively, were the main contributors of poor work-related PA inequality. Urban residency, having a married life, SES, and subjective social status mainly contributed to the inequality of poor transport-related PA by 82.9%, -58.7%, 36.3%, and 33.5%, respectively, followed by using a personal car (12.3%) and female gender (11.3%). To reduce the measured inequalities in employees' PA, workplace health promotion programs should aim to educate and support male, urban resident, high-SES, high-social-class, and non-shift work employees to increase their PA at workplace, and female, married, rural resident, and low-SES employees to increase their leisure-time PA. Active transportation can be promoted among female, married, urban resident, high-SES, and high-social-class employees and those use a personal car.

Comparative evaluation of chemically modified Jatropha oils as sustainable biolubricants in boundary lubrication regime

Petroleum lubricants are toxic to the environment and non-biodegradable. The oils extracted from the plants are renewable and could be used as biolubricants. Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) is one such promising biolubricant, whose application is limited due to poor oxidative stability. In this research, JCO is subjected to different chemical modifications viz. transesterification, epoxidation, estolide formation and partial hydrogenation. The functional groups and molecular structure of oils are determined by gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Physiochemical, thermal, rheological, oxidative stability properties are also assessed. A tribological study is conducted with different loads (50 N, 75 N and 100 N) and sliding frequencies (15 Hz and 30 Hz) in boundary lubrication regime with mating surfaces lubricated and the responses like frictional coefficient, surface roughness and wear scar diameter are measured. Under an identical condition, estolides and epoxidized Jatropha reduced the frictional force by about 58% and 57.1% with a corresponding reduction in frictional coefficient by 40% and 46%. Shallow grooves observed on the surfaces, lubricated with epoxide and estolide affirmed the tribological results. Preference selection index (PSI) technique ranked the epoxidized Jatropha atop as potential biolubricant over other chemically modified oils.

An integrated risk assessment framework using information theory-based coupling methods for basin-scale water quality management: A case study in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Basin, China

As the second largest reservoir in China, the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR) serves as the water source of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (MRSNWDPC), i.e., the currently longest (1273 km) inter-basin water diversion project in the world, for more than eight years. The water quality status of the DJKR basin has been receiving worldwide attention because it is related to the health and safety of >100 million people and the integrity of an ecosystem covering >92,500 km2. In this study, basin-scale water quality sampling campaigns were conducted monthly at 47 monitoring sites in river systems of the DJKRB from the year 2020 to 2022, covering nine water quality indicators, i.e., water temperature (WT), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), permanganate index (CODMn), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia nitrogen (NH3−N), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and fluoride (F−). The water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques were introduced to comprehensively evaluate water quality status and understand the corresponding driving factors of water quality variations. An integrated risk assessment framework simultaneously considered intra and inter-regional factors using information theory-based and the SPA (Set-Pair Analysis) methods were proposed for basin-scale water quality management. The results showed that the water quality of the DJKR and its tributaries stably maintained a “good” status, with all the average WQIs >60 of river systems during the monitoring period. The spatial variations of all WQIs in the basin showed significantly different (Kruskal-Wallis tests, P < 0.01), while no seasonal differences were found. The increase in built-up land use and agricultural water consumption revealed the highest contributions (Mantel's r > 0.5, P < 0.05) to the rise of nutrient loadings of all river systems, showing the intensive anthropogenic activities can eclipse the power of natural processes on water quality variations to some extent. The risks of specific sub-basins that may cause water quality degradation on the MRSNWDPC were effectively quantified and identified into five classifications based on transfer entropy and the SPA methods. This study provides an informative risk assessment framework that was relatively easy to be applied by professionals and non-experts for basin-scale water quality management, thus providing a valuable and reliable reference for the administrative department to conduct effective pollution control in the future.

Assessment of potability of surface water and its health implication in Mahanadi Basin, Odisha

Surface water resource plays a crucial role in economic development, human health, and ecological diversity. Population growth, climate change, and water contamination that result from rising residential, agricultural, and industrial needs have put a great deal of strain on the Mahanadi River in Odisha. The study was conducted to analyse surface water quality fluctuations using monitoring data of 20 water quality indicators at 19 locations during 2012–2022. The proposed work includes Weighted Arithmetic (WA) Water Quality Index (WQI), Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) WQI, Synthetic Pollution Index (SPI), Numerow's Pollution Index (NPI), Overall Index of Pollution (OIP), Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI), Eutrophication Index (EI), Organic Pollution Index (OPI) and multivariate techniques like Cluster analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to analyse surface water quality. The results showed that the surface water was contaminated with high TC and TKN. The WQIs results demonstrated that the categories of excellent, good, poor, extremely poor, and unsuitable water quality that fluctuated at the chosen sampling points. Most of the locations fell into the excellent to good zone, as determined by the WQIs and Pollution indexes (PIs). According to several indexing methods, the results show that WA WQI (15.79%), CCME WQI (10.53%), SPI (15.79%), NPI (15.79%), OIP (15.79%), and CPI (15.79%) of the samples had poor, extremely poor, or unsuitable drinking water quality. The watercourse was highly susceptible to eutrophication at few locations as EI was above zero. Three locations (sites 8, 9 and 19) at the downstream of the river are polluted with organic substances with OPI > 1. To examine the link between the water quality measures, the correlation matrix has been developed. To find out the commonalities in the features of the water quality, hierarchical CA divided the 19 monitoring sites into three groups. Five principal components (PCs), which together account for 93.91% of the total variance, were identified via PCA. The first PC was devoted to mineralization, whereas the remaining PCs were constructed using characteristics that suggested contamination. To investigate the spatial distribution, the spatial analyst tools (IDW method) were used. Combining results with GIS also allows for a deeper analysis of drinking water quality. Ultimately, the combined use of various water quality indices along with GIS, CA, and PCA results in the conclusion that samples from the locations ST-8, ST-9 and ST-19 are the most prevalent and fall into the poor to extremely poor group. Considering the entire study, it was determined that the polluting factors were the fertilizers, land development, storm water runoff, and domestic waste water discharge. It is recommended that the sources of contaminations can be further explored to reduce the pollution load, that might be helpful in the promotion of sustainable ecotourism.