Diversity Index Values Research Articles

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS TUMBUHAN PTERIDOPHYTA DI HUTAN KAKAHA DESA PRAIWITU KABUPATEN SUMBA TIMUR SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BIOLOGI

Research to describe the prevalence of Pteridophyta species in the Kakaha Forest of Praiwitu Village, East Sumba, and to explain how Pteridophyta species are used as subjects of biological instruction in the form of textbooks. The data collection technique was carried out using a purposive sampling method, namely by making transect lines in several locations representing Ptedirophyta plants in the Kakaha Forest, Praiwitu Village. Data from this study will be analyzed descriptively, and samples will be identified based on morphological characteristics to match their characteristics with an index to help their knowledge of diversity. Based on the results of the data analysis and discussion that has been described, it can be concluded as follows: The results of the identification of ferns found in the Kakaha Forest are 17 species of ferns consisting of 4 classes, namely class filicinae 4 Order, flicopsida 1 Order, pteridopsida 3 Order, and lycopodiopsida class 1 Order, 9 families, and 13 genera. The results of the calculation of Pteridophyta plants in the Kakaha Forest from the observation of the ecological index are the value of the density totaling 127.4 individuals, the relative density is 1000 individuals, the dominance index is 0.068371 individuals in the low category, and the diversity index value is 3.279 individuals in the medium category.

The Existence of Predatory Insects in the Agroecosystem of Potato Plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) Integrated with Refugia Plants

Inappropriate handling of pests can cause substantial losses in both quantity and quality of potato plants. One of the promising alternative methods is by modifying the agroecosystem such as using refugia plants to conserve the diversity of predators in potato plants. This study aimed to determine the effect of refugia plants on the diversity of predatory insects in potato plants. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Sampling of predatory insects was carried out using traps, namely the yellow pan trap and direct (conventional) collection. The results of this study indicated that there were 3 orders of predatory insects from 3 families and 9 species. The most common insects were found in the treatment of marigold and sunflower flowers. The highest diversity index value was 1.33 obtained in the sunflower treatment, which is classified as moderate

Habitat and food habits of the endemic fish Oryzias eversi in Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Lamba T, Ambeng, Andriani I. 2023. Habitat and food habits of the endemic fish Oryzias eversi in Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5137-5145. The population of the medaka fish species, Oryzias eversi, was categorized as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2019 due to its restricted distribution and occurrence in a single threatened location. One way to protect this species from extinction is through captive breeding, which requires understanding its habitat conditions and food habits. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the habitat conditions and food habits of Oryzias eversi (Hadiaty & Nolte, 2012) in Tilanga Pool, Tana Toraja. Purposive random sampling was used to obtain fish samples, while habitat conditions were determined by measuring environmental parameters, and the abundance and diversity of plankton. Food habits were analyzed by calculating the Index of Preponderance (IP) and Relative Gut Length (RGL). The results indicated that O. eversi inhabited a highly polluted habitat with dissolved oxygen content that ranged from 3.95 to 4.16 mg/L. The abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton ranged from 185-435 cells/L and 10-25 ind/L, respectively. Phytoplankton diversity was in the moderate category, while zooplankton was low, with average values of Diversity Index (H’) ranging from 1.61-1.93 and 0.69-024, respectively. IP and RGL showed that O. eversi was an omnivore-carnivore fish. The average IP of zooplankton and phytoplankton ranged from 0.35-61.11% and 0.69-1.04%, respectively. Meanwhile, the RGL ranged from 0.48 to 0.62, respectively. Cyclops sp. larvae were identified as the primary food source for O. eversi with IP above 40% and Eurycercus sp. with IP range of 4-40% as additional food.

Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of Gastropoda in a Tropical Agricultural Village in Kadavoor, Kerala, India

Gastropods are an ecologically significant taxon which take part in crucial ecosystem services like nutrient cycling, food web, calcium cycle, pollination and seed dispersal. The gastropod diversity of Kadavoor village was studied for eight months in monoculture plantations of pineapple, rubber, banana, mixed crop agroecosystems, paddy fields and freshwater bodies. Random sampling was employed monthly in five quadrats of 1 * 1 square metre. A total of 14 species belonging to two subclasses, four orders and nine families were recorded. These include land snails, freshwater snails, slugs and semislugs. Six out of 14 species recorded are endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Two invasive species namely Laevicaulis alte and Allopeas gracile were recorded. It is notable that Achatina fulica was not recorded during our study. Ariophantidae was the most abundant family followed by Subulinidae. The mixed crop agroecosystem was found to be more species-rich than monoculture plantations which might be due to an increase in microhabitats and leaf litter layer. The Simpson’s diversity index values are highest for the rubber plantation and lowest for the banana plantation since the species are more evenly distributed in the rubber plantation. Mariaella dussumieri is a constant species in all three monoculture plantations since its constancy value is greater than 50%. Sorenson’s similarity index for species composition between monoculture ecosystems is high but variable. Microhabitats of snails in all these ecosystems were also recorded. The study is a first attempt at the gastropod diversity of agroecosystems in Kerala and would help in the conservation and management of the gastropods.

STUDY OF THE SPERM MICROBIOME OF BULLS USING METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS

The study aimed to obtain information about the microbial communities in bull sperm, which is used for artificial insemination. The research included ten samples of cryopreserved bull sperm obtained from domestic breeding farms and 24 imported sperm samples. Next-generation sequencing technology on the Illumina Miseq platform was used for the analysis. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the QIIME2 software package. The obtained whole-genome sequencing data showed a low level of biodiversity in the analysed samples. Diversity index values were determined for two groups of samples: sperm from domestic and foreign bulls. The Shannon index values were 1.40±0.12 and 1.30±0.08 for each group, respectively. Student's t-test calculations indicated no statistically significant differences in the α-biodiversity parameters between these groups. Up to 19 known bacterial types were detected in the samples, with only Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Tenericutes present at frequencies exceeding 5%. Fusobacteria and Firmicutes dominated Russian bull sperm samples, while the predominant type in foreign bull sperm was Proteobacteria. Of the 18 detected bacterial classes, genetic material from 11 classes was found in at least one of the samples at a frequency exceeding 5%. Russian bull samples contained up to 13 genera of bacteria with genetic material above 1%, while foreign bull samples contained up to 15 genera. The predominant genus for domestic bull sperm samples was Fusobacterium, while for alien bull sperm, it was an unidentified genus of the Clostridiales order. The presence of representatives from the Campylobacter and Pseudomonas genera was also noted in the samples. Possible associations between the presence of specific bacterial taxa and morphofunctional indicators of bull sperm quality are discussed.

The Structure of Mangrove Community in The Waters of Pare Mas Jerowaru East Lombok

Mangrove communities grow well in the tropics and are able to adapt to extreme environments, such as: high temperature, high salinity, extreme tides, high sedimentation, and oxygen-poor growing substrate conditions. Information about mangrove ecology is very important to provide an overview of the current condition of mangroves. The aim of this research is to determine the structure of the mangrove community in Pare Mas Jerowaru, East Lombok. This research used a purposive sampling method and a combination of line and quadrat transects. The research results obtained 3 types of mangroves in Pare Mas waters. The diversity index value is in the low category and the dominance index value is medium to high. The species Rhizophora apiculata had the highest frequency value (0.57 ind/m²) and the lowest was Avicennia marina (0.10 ind/m²). Density at the tree level is in the sparse category, while at the pole, sapling and seedling level it is in the medium to very dense category. The types of mangroves that have the highest cover values in the tree, pole and stake categories are Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora apiculata. The highest INP values in the categories of trees, poles, saplings and seedlings were 272.99% (Sonneratia alba), 173.58% (Sonneratia alba), 215.51% (Rhizophora apiculata) and 200.00% (Rhizophora apiculata).

The Development of Thematic Core Collections in Cassava Based on Yield, Disease Resistance, and Root Quality Traits.

Thematic collections (TCs), which are composed of genotypes with superior agronomic traits and reduced size, offer valuable opportunities for parental selection in plant breeding programs. Three TCs were created to focus on crucial attributes: root yield (CC_Yield), pest and disease resistance (CC_Disease), and root quality traits (CC_Root_quality). The genotypes were ranked using the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) method, and a truncated selection was implemented for each collection based on specific traits. The TCs exhibited minimal overlap, with each collection comprising 72 genotypes (CC_Disease), 63 genotypes (CC_Root_quality), and 64 genotypes (CC_Yield), representing 4%, 3.5%, and 3.5% of the total individuals in the entire collection, respectively. The Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index values generally varied but remained below 10% when compared to the entire collection. Most TCs exhibited observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity, and the inbreeding coefficient that closely resembled those of the entire collection, effectively retaining 90.76%, 88.10%, and 88.99% of the alleles present in the entire collection (CC_Disease, CC_Root_quality, and CC_Disease, respectively). A PCA of molecular and agro-morphological data revealed well-distributed and dispersed genotypes, while a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) displayed a high discrimination capacity among the accessions within each collection. The strategies employed in this study hold significant potential for advancing crop improvement efforts.

Diversity of arthropods on clove plantations (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Lemba Harapan village, Dampal Selatan district

This study aims to determine the value of the arthropod diversity index in clove plantations (Syzygium aromaticum L.) in the Dampal Selatan District. This research was conducted in Lemba Harapan Village, Dampal Selatan District, Toli-Toli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, at a coordinate point of 00.711228N 120.224933E with a coordinate point of 178 m. Sampling is carried out using light traps and pitfall traps. The data analyses used were the Diversity index Shannon Winner (H), the evenness index (E), and the richness index (R). The results showed that 865 individuals were obtained consisting of 3 classes, 8 orders, 17 families, and 19 species (morphospecies) with different functional roles. The results of the analysis of arthropod diversity in cloves showed moderate diversity, it can be seen that the diversity index value (H) of arthropods was 2.099, Evenness (E) was 0.713, and richness (R) was 2.662.

Diversity of predators and population Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith by application botanical insecticide and intercropping cover crops

Fall armyworm or Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith is one of the invasive pest in maize cultivation. Fall armyworm attacks can cause a decrease in production yields or even a loss of yields at high levels of pest investment. To control S. frugiperda populations, farmers use chemical insecticides to reduce pest populations. In Integrated pest management, preventive action needs to be taken, for example, by managing agroecosystems to increase the diversity of beneficial arthropods and as a control action by using botanical insecticides from plant extract. Therefore, this study aims to find out the effectiveness of various cover crops and application botanical insecticide to increasing the diversity of predators and decreasing S. frugiperda population. The method used in this study was descriptive experimental with a randomized group design consisting of 4 treatments of intercrop, Arachis pintoi (AMB), Portulaca oleracea (PMB), Desmodium triflorum (DMB) and without intercrop as control (MB), all of which were sprayed with botanical insecticides with concentration 5%. As a comparison, observations will be made on the farmer treatment. Data analysis for used ANOVA and those that were significantly different were tested futher with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the diversity index of predators on AMB was significantly higher than other treatments, while the S. frugiperda population at 8 observations was found most in the MB and farmer treatments but had no significant difference with the other treatments. The attack intensity of S. frugiperda on cover crops and botanical insecticide treatment showed lower results and was significantly different compared to MB and farmer treatment. Our results also show the index value of arthropod diversity in the AMB treatment is higher than the other treatments. We can conclude that agroecosystem management with combination of intercropping cover crops and application botanical insecticide can increase the diversity of predators and decrease population and attack intensity of S. frugiperda in maize cultivation.

Diversity of non-targeted species on blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus collapsible trap fishery in Pemalang, Central Java

A collapsible trap is one of the fishing gears commonly used by fishermen to catch blue swimming crabs. However, non-target species or by-catch are often caught by fishing gear. This study aimed to determine the diversity of non-target species caught by collapsible traps used in the blue swimming crab fishery. This study was conducted in Pemalang waters from January to June 2020. The Shannon-Wiener diversity, the evenness, and the Simpson dominance indices were analyzed. The results showed that the non-target species comprised seven crustaceans, six fish species, and four mollusks. The highest number of by-catches was observed in June from the mollusk group (5,762 ind of tiger snails), while the lowest catches were observed in Jan-March from the groups of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. The predominated by-catch from collapsible traps in Pemalang was Babylonia sp. (87.64%), Podophthalmus vigil (9.74%), Charybdis feriatus (1.5%), and Portunus sanguinolentus (0.36%). The highest diversity index value was estimated in Jan at 1.73%, while the lowest was in June at 0.05%. The evenness index was highest in May and lowest in June. The by-catch biodiversity of blue swimming crab fishery in Pemalang was classified as low diversity category, low evenness, and moderate dominance.

Biodiversity, community structure and potential uses of seaweeds and seagrass in transition zone of Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar biosphere reserve, Indonesia

Macroalgae and seagrass play an important role in marine ecosystems. These organisms have important ecological roles that include primary producers, food sources for other biota, shelters and carbon sinks. Economically, many macroalgae and seagrass species can be exploited as commodities due to their nutritional values and benefits. In Indonesia, macroalgae is traditionally used as food and medicines, especially by communities living in coastal areas. This study aims to unravel the diversity and potential uses of seagrass and macroalgae in Polassi and Tambolongan islands, which is part of the transition zone of the Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Identification was performed to analyse several parameters, such as: frequency, density, closure, IVI, dominance and diversity index. Based on the identification results, 7 species of seagrass and 17 species of macroalgae were obtained. Five seagrass species and five algae species are known to contain compounds that are beneficial to humans such as antibacterial, antifungal, and bioactive compounds. Four algae species are used for consumption. The diversity index values of seagrass and macroalgae obtained were categorized as low-medium, with H’ 1.05 - 1.55 for seagrass and H’ 1.22 - 1.56 for algae. This study provides information that are useful for future utilization of marine resources.

Quantifying Street Tree Regulating Heat Effects Using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model Approach

Climate change has emerged as a significant global environmental concern, prompting increased interest in utilizing trees as an alternative means to enhance human well-being and thermal comfort in urban settings. This study endeavors to assess the influence of street trees on the urban microclimate in tropical cities, employing a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) approach. The investigation was conducted in Cotonou, Porto-Novo, and Ouidah within Benin. Data collection was conducted along thoroughfares, where a systematic inventory was performed to measure various characteristics of each street tree. Meteorological data, encompassing air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, were recorded at three different heights thrice an hour from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Subsequently, these datasets were analyzed using GLMMs. A total of 1127 street trees belonging to 20 species and 13 families were identified. The Shannon Diversity Index and Pielou Equitability values ranged from 2.33 to 2.92 bits and 0.17 to 0.64, respectively. The GLMM analysis revealed that the presence of trees, daytime, and height significantly influenced air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Street trees on both sides of roadways induced an air temperature decrease from -0.6°C to -1.4°C and an increase in relative humidity ranging from +2.5% to +5.2% between 11 am and 5 pm, as compared to other layouts. Furthermore, closed canopy patterns exhibited the most favorable outcomes, resulting in an air temperature decrease from -0.4°C to -1°C and an increase in relative humidity from +2.4% to +5.5% between 11 am and 5 pm.

Keanekaragaman Makrozoobenthos di Sungai Logawa, Jawa Tengah

The Logawa River is one of the rivers in Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province and flows from a spring in the Windusari, Kalisalak village. The flow of the Logawa River experiences a lot of waste input from various sources, such as sand mining waste and household waste. This allows for a decrease in water quality in the Logawa River. One way to determine water quality is by using biological parameters, for example macrozoobenthos. This research was conducted to determine the quality of water in the Logawa River based on the diversity of macrozoobenthos which was analyzed using the calculation of the Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H') and Simpson Dominance Index (C). The sample collection method in this study was a field survey which was then observed using a stereo microscope. There are three sampling stations, namely the upstream, downstream and middle stations with two sampling times. The diversity index values obtained ranged from 0.62 - 1.89. The low value of the macrozoobenthos diversity index indicates the negative impact of the sand mining activity. The data obtained were then analyzed for the relationship between existing macrozoobenthos diversity and water quality using Pearson Correlation. Water quality parameters used include temperature, current velocity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The water quality parameter that has the most influence on macrozoobenthos diversity in the Logawa river is COD, with a correlation coefficient of -0.79 in the 1st sampler and -0.98 in the 2nd sampler. The results of the analysis show that the Logawa River is experiencing turbidity caused by sand mining activities

Fish biodiversity and abundance of Thomas Dam, Danbatta Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria

Thomas Dam is one of the largest reservoirs in Kano, Nigeria and supports diverse fish species. Present study was carried out to assess the fish diversity status of the reservoir. Fish sampling was done monthly for a period of twelve months (January-December, 2022) using gill nets, cast nets, long lines, and different traps. A total of 1,318 fishes belonging to 6 families and 10 species were recorded during the study period. The results indicated Cichlidae as the dominant family represented by 4 species while Clariidae had representation with 2 species. Alestiidae, Mormyridae, Latidae, and Protopteridae were represented by 1 species each. Monthly fish diversity analyzed using nMDS (stress=0.06031) indicated influence of seasonality on the biodiversity of the Dam. The analysis of similarity (ANOSIM, P < 0.008, R = 0.47) show significant difference in fish assemblage structure between rainy season (June-September) and dry season (October-May). Also, Similarity percentage (SHRIMPER) analysis indicated 74.40% cumulative dissimilarity among the two Seasons contributed by five species; Protopterus annectens (29.85%), Brycinus nurse (15.47%), Oreochromis aureus (12.56%), Late niloticus (8.44%) and Sarotheroden galilaeus (8.08%). The fish diversity indices were calculated using PAST (version 3.22) software. Result of the diversity indices indicated Simpson’s diversity Index (1-D) and Shannon-Wiener index (H) values were highest during the months of rainy season of (1-D=0.85-0.89, H=2.06-2.24) indicating influence of the season on the fish diversity. The study concluded on the fact that changes of seasons have impact on the fish abundance and distribution of the Dam.

Variations in species diversity and the role of butterflies in oil palm agroecosystems at PT BSM South Sumatra

Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and controlling pests/chemical diseases is one of the prerequisites for the realization of sustainable oil palm plantation management. In line with that, the paradigm of green economic development requires optimizing the utilization of biodiversity in various aspects of managing oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Therefore, research is needed that can describe the variation and role of biodiversity (one of which is butterfly taxa) in the agro-ecosystem of oil palm plantations. This study aims to identify variations in species diversity and the role of butterflies in the agro-ecosystem of oil palm plantations. Observation of butterfly species diversity was carried out on seven types of oil palm plantation land cover at PT BSM. The method used is pollard transect (2 km with a width of 10 m) and trapping. The role of various types of butterflies is carried out through a literature search. The results showed that there were 163 individuals from 30 species and consisted of 4 families namely Papilionidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae. The highest diversity and richness index values were found in smallholder plantations 1 (H′=2.42) and (Dmg=4.01), while the lowest were found in young oil palm areas (H′=0.87) and (Dmg=0. 99). The highest evenness index value was found in shrubs (E=1) while the lowest was in young oil palm land cover (E=0.54). Butterfly species that have potential as environmental bioindicators are Tanaecia pelea, Neptis hylas, Cupha erymantis, Neptis ida, Danaus affinis, Junonia atlites, Leptosia nina, Catopsilia pyranthe, Rapala iarbus, Papilio memnon, Losaria coon, Papilio polytes, Spindiasis lohita and Eurema hecabe. While the pollinators are Ypthima baldus, Catopsilia pyranthe, Hypolimnas bolina, Papilio polytes, and Neptis hylas.

Potential and diversity of bird species in various land covers in PT BSM, South Sumatera

Birds have an important role in the ecosystem, including as environmental indicators, natural pest controls, and tourist attractions. The existence of birds in a habitat type certainly plays an important role both ecologically and economically. Research that shows the ecological and economic potential of bird species in oil palm plantations is still not widely done. Therefore, research is needed to be able to show the potential and variation of bird species diversity in oil palm plantations. This research was conducted at PT Bina Sawit Makmur (PT BSM) on Desember 2019. The method used was a line transect that was carried out on five different land covers simultaneously. The results showed that a total of 28 species were found. High Conservation Value (HCV) land cover has the highest diversity, richness, and species similarity index values. The potential possessed by bird species in various types of land cover includes natural pest control, economic value animals, and environmental indicators.

Diversity of Gastropods and Bivalvia in Jukung Bay Waters, Pemongkong Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency

Several activities affect the distribution of gastropods and bivalves, one of which is the activity of the community around the coast which is thought to affect water quality. The entry of organic and inorganic contaminants into coastal waters is thought to cause a decrease in water quality followed by changes in physics, chemistry and biology. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of gastropods and bivalves in the waters of Jukung Bay, Ujung Betok Hamlet, Pemongkong Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. This research was conducted in Ujung Betok Hamlet (Tukung Bay Waters), Pemongkong Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. the study was conducted from October 2022 to July 2023. The results showed that the highest species abundance was found in the Gastropoda class Nassarius sp with an abundance of 31 individuals/m2. The highest gastropod and bivalves diversity index value was obtained at point 3, namely 0.42 individuals/m2. The highest gastropod and bivalves uniformity index value was obtained at point 2 with a uniformity index value of 0.28. The dominance index value obtained was 0.1-0.56 individuals/m2 included in the moderate dominance category. Based on the results and discussion it is known that the abundance of gastropods and bivalves in the coastal waters of Jukung Bay which were analyzed totaled 108 individuals. The diversity index (H') obtained in this study ranged from 0.41-1.39 individuals/m2. The uniformity found ranged from 0.14 to 0.28 individuals/m2. The dominance index obtained ranged from 0.1 to 0.56 individuals/m2.

BIODIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN RICE-FISH FARMING SYSTEM

Rice-fish farming system that is purposed to maximize land use by adding fish farming to its systems. In the Rice-fish farming system, the fish farm serves as a solution to overcome pests so it can provide benefits for the farmers. Fish farm maintenance is considered to be a solution to reduce farmers expenditures in the use of fertilizers. The reason is in the fish-maintaining process, fish will naturally excrete dirt which has a function as organic fertilizer which will increase the fertility of the waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of phytoplankton as well as the physical and chemical quality of the water in several Rice-fish farming system stations in Panembangan Village so that the condition of the ecosystem can be detected whether it is in good or bad condition. The Results showed that the diversity index value ranged from 0.61-1.99. The uniformity index value was obtained in the range of 0.15 – 0.50 and the dominance index value was obtained in the range of 0.20 – 0.72. While, the four stations still have good water quality, the conditions in the Rice-fish farming system area of Panembangan Village are still suitable for the growth of organisms.

Analisis Vegetasi Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Perdu di Bantaran Sungai Sebagai Materi Unit Pembelajaran Keanekaragaman Hayati

This study aims to determine the diversity of shrubs along the banks of the Rindu Hati River in Central Bengkulu, the output of which will be a Learning Unit Book (BUP). The research method is research and development limited to needs analysis and design framework. In this study, the location determination used the porposive sampling technique based on the presence of shrubs which were considered to represent places in the longing liver river. The results showed that the number of shrub species on the banks of the Miss Hati River found was 230 of 21 species of shrubs. The diversity index value (H') ranges from 2.311-2.511 which is included in the medium category, the evenness index (E) ranges from 0.759-0.83 which is included in the high category, and the dominance index (C) ranges from 0.09-0.1065 which is included in the high category. low. In conclusion, from this data it is necessary to develop a teaching material that can facilitate students in learning which contains a diversity of shrubs which is facilitated by teachers and students in facilitating learning to classify living things. The teaching material is in the form of a learning unit book (BUP).
 Keywords: Teaching Materials, Learning Unit Books, Shrubs, Sungai Rindu Hati

Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Hutan di Taman Hutan Raya Dr. Moh. Hatta, Padang, Sumatera Barat

According to Law of Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 1990, the Forest Park is a nature conservation area which collects natural and unnatural plants and animals. The composition and structure of stands can be used to estimate the density of trees in various diameter classes. This study aims to determine the composition and structure of the vegetation contained in the block protection, utilization, and collection. The research was conducted from January to February 2021 at Bung Hatta Forest Park Conservation Area Padang, West Sumatera. The research result show that dominant type found in the protection block for the tree’s level was Glochidion obscurum. In the utilization block, the dominant type called Pinus merkusii, then in the collection block dominated by Swietenia macrophylla. The diversity index value (H') on the three blocks is classified as the moderate with H' value between 1-2. Meanwhile, the wealth index is classified as the low with a value of R1 <3.5. The result also found that the pattern of species distribution is clumped. The stratification of Bung Hatta Forest Park Conservation Area’s crown is in the B and C stratum.
 Keywords: diversity index (H'), dominant type, composition, richness index (R1), vegetation structure