Species Similarity Index Research Articles

Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) di Kawasan Ekowisata Dusun Kaliurang Timur, Yogyakarta

Butterflies act as bioindicators and pollinators of the environment. Ecotourism development poses a threat to butterfly life due to high human activity and land degradation. This study aims to determine the diversity of butterflies (Rhopalocera), diversity index, evenness index, dominance index, similarity index, and abiotic parameters at each sampling location. The data was collected at Tlogo Putri, settlements, and Tankaman Natural Park, whose location selection was based on purposive sampling and using the point count method. Based on the research obtained 55 species with a total of 294 individuals, diversity index (TP: 2.88; P: 2.51; TNP: 2.66), evenness index (TP: 0.86; P: 0.75; TNP: 0.84), dominance index (TP: 0.08; P: 0.14; TNP: 0.09), species similarity index (TP & P: 46.42; TP & TNP: 27.45). Abiotic parameters in the ecotourism area of Kaliurang Timur Hamlet are altitude of 814-889 meters above sea level, temperature of 26-28°C, air humidity of 10-45%, light intensity of 7571-4877x10 lux, wind speed of 0-1 m/s, and rainfall of 0-20. The conclusion of this study is that 55 species of Rhopalocera order were found, the diversity index is moderate, the evenness index is high, the dominance index and the similarity index are low at each sampling location. Abiotic parameters measured were in the normal range for Rhopalocera life in the ecotourism area of Kaliurang Timur Hamlet.

The Increase of Insect Pest Population in Paddy Field Managed with an Ecological Approach using Refugia Plants and Biopesticides

Insect pests can damage plants and act as vectors of diseases such as brown planthoppers which can transmit dwarf virus disease. The presence of insect pests is influenced by the type of variety, planting patterns, and excessive use of chemical pesticides so that insect pests increase and are difficult to control. This research wanted to provide insights into the effectiveness of combining insectary plants and biopesticides as ecological strategies to manage paddy (Oryza sativa Linnaeus) insect pests. The study was conducted in February-April 2024 in Sukodadi Village, Sukodadi District, Lamongan Regency. Method of study was conducted using a combination of direct observation, insect traps, and quantitative analysis to evaluate the impact of refugia plants and biopesticides on insect pest populations in paddy fields. The analysis includes the species diversity index (Shannon-Winner), species evenness index, species richness index (Margalef), dominance index (Simpson) and similarity index (Bray-Curtis). The study obtained 2,687 individual insect pests in paddy fields with refugia and fobio and 1,761 individuals in paddy fields without refugia and fobio. Insect pests were more abundant in paddy fields with refugia and fobio compared to fields without refugia and fobio. Refugia provides alternative habitats and additional resources for insect pests, and the use of biopesticides can create temporary ecosystem imbalances, and increase the population of insect pest.

Community Structure of Dragonflies (Odonata) at Garahan Resort, Sempolan, Perhutani, Forest Management Unit (KPH) Jember

A community is a conglomeration of diverse groups coexisting within a shared geographical location and temporal framework. Different approaches can be used to explain community structure, focusing on species diversity, species interactions, and functional organization. The biodiversity of dragonflies in Indonesia is significantly abundant. Dragonflies play multiple ecological roles and inhabit diverse habitats, as evidenced by recent research conducted in January 2023. This study aimed to investigate the composition and organization of the dragonfly community. The research design employed in this study is exploratory and descriptive. The identification of station sites through the purposive sampling method. The sampling locations consisted of a pine forest and the Garahan jungle. The road sampling approach utilizes the sweeping technique. The investigation yielded a total of thirteen distinct species of dragonflies. The study reveals the presence of two endemic species, Paragomphus reinwardtii and Heliocypha fenestrata, with a diversity index value (H’) of 1.653, falling into the medium group. The dominance index (D) exhibits a value of 0.263, indicating its classification within the low group. The evenness index (E) value at 0.401 falls into the medium group. A species similarity index (SI) of 75% is categorized as high. Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) reveals a positive correlation between the species Ortherum Sabina, Orthetrum glaucum, Vestalis luctuosa, Diplacodes trivialis, Euphaea variegata, Coeliccia membranipes, Gynacantha subinterrupta, Paragomphus reinwardtii, and Zygonix ida with light intensity, air humidity, and wind speed.

ИХТИОПЛАНКТОН ПРИБРЕЖНЫХ АКВАТОРИЙ ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОГО КРЫМА В ЛЕТНИЙ НЕРЕСТОВЫЙ СЕЗОН 2023 г.

Background. The last systematic studies of ichthyoplankton in the coastal waters of Southeastern Crimea were carried out 30 years ago. However, despite the high importance of this aquatic area for fish reproduction, the current data on it remain extremely scarce. Relevance. Monitoring surveys of ichthyoplankton carried out by the Karadag Biological Station make it possible to analyze the current state of ichthyoplankton complexes and predict the success of recruitment to the natural fish populations. The aim of this article is to analyze the data obtained during monitoring studies of ichthyoplankton in the coastal waters of Southeastern Crimea during the summer spawning season of 2023. Methods. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected in May–September 2023 in the coastal waters along the south- eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula over a depth of 3 to 20 m. Fifteen expeditions were carried out in the aquatic area of the Karadag Nature Reserve, in Tikhaya (Quiet) Bay and Lisya (Fox) Bay. Results. Eggs and larvae of 30 fish species belonging to 20 families have been identified. The average number of eggs was 145.9 pcs./100 m3, and for larvae it was 15.1 ind./100 m3. Species similarity index for the summer ichthyoplankton in 2020 and 2023 was 0.79. Diversity indices in 2023 decreased by an average of 1.2 times compared to 2020 due to the pronounced dominance of anchovy, which had not been previously observed. Conclusion. The highest number of species (28) was recorded in the coastal waters of the Karadag Nature Reserve: the abundance of eggs was 153.2 pcs./100 m3, and the abundance of larvae was 12.0 ind./100 m3. The lowest number of species (14) was observed in Tikhaya (Quiet) Bay: the abundance of eggs was 113.0 pcs./100 m3, and the abundance of larvae was 7.7 ind./100 m3. In the samples, the eggs of Engraulis encrasicolus (52.0 %) and Mullus barbatus (20.6 %) prevailed. Among larvae, the most prevalent were those of anchovy (46.4 %) and hatched from demersal eggs of Chromis chromis, as well as the fish species belonging to the families Gobiidae, Blenniidae, and Labridae (40.2 %).

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ СТРУКТУРА ЗАСОРЕННОСТИ ЗЕРНОТРАВЯНО-ПРОПАШНОГО СЕВООБОРОТА НА СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДЕ РОССИИ

The study was carried out to analyze the spatial distribution of weeds in grain-grass-row crop rotation in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. Based on calculations of the index of pairwise species similarity and the coefficient of commonality of specific abundance, it was revealed, on the one hand, a high similarity in the species composition of weeds within the studied crop rotation (0.81...0.94), on the other hand, significant differences in the structure of weediness in fields (30, 4…70.6). The differences in weediness between some fields, both in terms of the number and above-ground mass of weeds, turned out to be statistically significant. Species abundance varied within 6...10 species/m2, numerical composition - 150...312 specimens/m2, phytomass - 51.2...272.5 g/m2 with an average value of this indicator for crop rotation fields of 8 species/m2, 251 ind./m2 and 161.7 g/m2, respectively. Uneven or aggregated distribution in the crop rotation territory, confirmed by high values of the coefficients of variation (151...567) and aggregation (2.1...16.2), turned out to be characteristic of all widespread species of weeds. Geostatic features of the distribution of their mass species in the area of grain-grass-row crop rotation were quite clearly visible on digital maps compiled using special programs. Significant differences in the weed structure of crop rotation fields and the distribution of individual weed species were a consequence of differences in the agrochemical characteristics of the soil, primarily acidity, the amount of exchangeable bases and the content of organic matter. When using herbicides in crop rotation, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of weediness in each field and the spatial distribution of mass species of weeds, which have developed under the influence of long-term agricultural use.

Hippopotamus and livestock grazing near water points: consequences for vegetation cover, plant species richness and composition in African savannas

Large mammals, such as hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius), can significantly alter the landscape, vegetation composition, and structure in savannas through their grazing habits and ecosystem engineering effects, especially around rivers. However, livestock grazing can strongly change these effects, as seen in the Kenyan Maasai Mara Ecosystem. In this region, the increasing intensity of livestock grazing along local rivers, resulting from the transition of Maasai pastoralists from a semi-nomadic lifestyle to one based on pastoral ranches near the Maasai Mara National Reserve, may alter the impact of hippo grazing on riparian vegetation. We investigated the differences in vegetation structure, plant species richness and composition between landscapes predominantly grazed by hippopotami and livestock. We studied 25 transects, each measuring 5 km and having 13 sampling plots of 10 × 10 m2 located at varying distances from rivers in the reserve (n = 16) and pastoral ranches (n = 9). We measured the height and estimated the percent cover of grasses, forbs, shrubs, and bare ground, as well as plant species composition and richness and grazing intensity. Our results show that the riverine areas were more intensely and homogeneously grazed in the pastoral ranches than in the reserve, and in the dry than in the wet season in both landscapes. In addition, grazing intensity decreased with distance from rivers in the reserve in both seasons, but only in the wet season in the pastoral ranches. The mean plant species richness was similar in both landscapes and decreased linearly with distance from rivers, but varied with grazing intensity due to differences in forb and shrub species. However, plant species composition differed significantly between the reserve and the pastoral ranches. Furthermore, species similarity indices declined with increasing distance from water. These results suggest that the effects of livestock and hippo grazing intensity on vegetation structure and spatial heterogeneity interact, and vary with landscape and season. While both hippopotamus and livestock grazing can modify riparian vegetation, livestock grazing impact on plant species composition, vegetation structure, and spatial heterogeneity appears to be more persistent, declining less rapidly with increasing distance from water. Consequently, hippo and livestock differentially impact landscape heterogeneity.

Combining Multiple Plant Attributes to Reveal Differences in Community Structure in Two Distant Deserts in Central Asia.

International interest is growing in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in drylands. Desert ecosystems across arid Central Asia are severely affected by global change. Understanding the changes in a plant community is an essential prerequisite to revealing the community assembly mechanism, vegetation conservation, and management. The knowledge of large-scale spatial variation in plant community structure in different Central Asian deserts is still limited. In this study, we selected the Taukum (TD, Kazakhstan) and the Gurbantunggut (GD, China) deserts as the research area, with similar latitudes despite being nearly 1000 km apart. Thirteen and 15 sampling plots were set up and thoroughly investigated. The differences in community structure depending on multiple plant attributes (individual level: plant height, canopy diameter, and plant volume, and community level: plant density, total cover, and total volume) were systematically studied. TD had a better overall environmental status than GD. A total of 113 species were found, with 68 and 74 in TD and GD, respectively. The number of species and plant attributes was unequally distributed across different families and functional groups between deserts. The values of several plant attributes, such as ephemerals, annuals, dicotyledons, and shrubs with assimilative branches in GD, were significantly lower than those in TD. The Motyka indices of six plant attributes (26.18-38.61%) were higher between the two deserts than the species similarity index (20.4%), indicating a more robust convergence for plant functional attributes. The community structures in the two deserts represented by different plant attribute matrices demonstrated irregular differentiation patterns in ordination diagrams. The most variance in community structure was attributed to soil and climatic factors, while geographic factors had the smallest proportion. Consequently, the community structures of the two distant deserts were both different and similar to an extent. This resulted from the long-term impacts of heterogeneous environments within the same region. Our knowledge is further deepened by understanding the variation in community structure in different deserts on a large spatial scale. This therefore provides valuable insights into conserving regional biodiversity in Central Asia.

Potential and diversity of bird species in various land covers in PT BSM, South Sumatera

Birds have an important role in the ecosystem, including as environmental indicators, natural pest controls, and tourist attractions. The existence of birds in a habitat type certainly plays an important role both ecologically and economically. Research that shows the ecological and economic potential of bird species in oil palm plantations is still not widely done. Therefore, research is needed to be able to show the potential and variation of bird species diversity in oil palm plantations. This research was conducted at PT Bina Sawit Makmur (PT BSM) on Desember 2019. The method used was a line transect that was carried out on five different land covers simultaneously. The results showed that a total of 28 species were found. High Conservation Value (HCV) land cover has the highest diversity, richness, and species similarity index values. The potential possessed by bird species in various types of land cover includes natural pest control, economic value animals, and environmental indicators.

Diversity, evenness, dominance, and similarity index of river fish in Krueng Teunom water, Aceh Jaya

The objective of the study was to determine the diversity of fish species found in the Teunom River, Aceh Jaya Regency, Aceh Province. The research was conducted from August 2019 until Juli 2020. This research used an Exploration Method. The research station was determined by purposive sampling based on environmental conditions along river flow. Fish samples were collected using fishing rods, traps, and nets. The results of identification indicate there were 431 individual fish that were divided into 11 families and 16 species. Fish species were commonly found from the family of Cyprinidae with six species namely Labtobarbus hosii, Anematichthys apogon, Rasbora sp., Tor tambroides, Osteochilus kappenii, dan Osteochilus vittatus. The five stations’ diversity index (H’) was classified as low to moderate criterion with a value range of 0,80 to 1,86. The dominance index (C) ranged from 0,17 to 0,52. The evenness index (E) ranged from 0,43 to 0,97. While the similarity index of fish species between stations ranged from 0,0% to 0,89%. The physics-chemical condition of Teunom River water was considered to be optimum for the survival of fish.

Exploración de los cationes intercambiables del suelo y auditoría del potencial de Phoenix dactylifera y Mangifera indica en el secuestro de CO2 en la biomasa del suelo en una parcela arbóroles de origen natural

Antecedentes: El experimento investigó los cationes intercambiables (EC) del suelo y auditó el potencial de Phoenix dactylifera y Mangifera indica en el secuestro de CO2 en la biomasa del suelo y en otros actos como factor de remediación para la sostenibilidad de la agricultura. Metodología: El estudio utilizó un diseño de investigación de muestreo estratificado en el que se utilizó el analizador de gas infrarrojo (IRGA) para muestrear ubicaciones estandarizadas dentro de la masa terrestre experimental para detectar el CO2 capturado en la biomasa del suelo en un período de cinco (5) meses. El índice de similitud de especies de Sorensen se aplicó en el estudio para obtener una radiografía y validar el rendimiento de las dos especies de árboles para el rendimiento de similitud potencial de secuestro de CO2. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que existe un potencial de las dos especies de árboles para secuestrar CO2 atmosférico en un valor de 1.25± 0.13 y 0.47±0.19 para Phoenix dactylifera y Mangifera indica respectivamente en un intervalo de cinco (5) meses. Conclusiones: La distribución de cationes intercambiables de Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ indicó que existe incremento de los cationes intercambiables en la solución del suelo al final de los cinco (5) meses con un Coeficiente de Variación (CV=101%). Se observó un aumento en la capacidad de intercambio de cationes (CEC) del suelo de 7,3 cmolkg-1 al comienzo del experimento a 7,47 cmolkg-1 al final del experimento, lo que indicó un aumento en el estado de fertilidad de los suelos.

Dampak Konversi Hutan Menjadi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Kupu-kupu Superfamili Papilionoidea

The research was conducted in June to August 2022 in Ubiyau Village, Yanamaa Village and Yuwanain Village, Arso District, Keerom, Papua. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of forest conversion to oil palm plantations on the diversity and abundance of the Superfamily Papilionoidea butterfly. The line transect count method was used for sampling butterflies with a transect length of 1500 m at each study area. Sampling was carried out along a line transect in an imaginary box measuring 10 x 10 x 10 m which was carried out on sunny days from 09.00 am to 14.00 pm. The highest species diversity of the Superfamily Papilionoidea was found in Secondary Forest (HS), namely 70 species consisting of Papilionidae (8 species), Pieridae (5 species), Lycaenidae (21 species) and Nymphalidae (36 species). There were 42 species of butterflies recorded from Non-Productive Oil palm Plantations consisting of Papilionidae (5 species), Pieridae (4 species), Lycaenidae (11 species) and Nymphalidae (22 species). While the lowest number of butterfly species was encountered in Productive Oil Palm Plantations namely 32 species consisting of Papilionidae (5 species), Pieridae (3 species), Lycaenidae (8 species) and Nymphalidae (16 species). These data indicated that conversion of secondary forest to oil palm plantations reduced butterfly species by around 40-53%. The highest Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') and Margalef Diversity Index (Dmg) values were found in secondary forest (H'=3.4; Dmg =13.7) followed by Non-Productive Oil Palm Plantations (H'=2.5; Dmg=7.2) and Productive Oil Palm Plantations (H=2.0; Dmg=6.1). The highest species similarity was between Secondary Forest and Productive Oil Palm Plantations with Sorensen Index value IS=60%, followed by Non-Productive Oil Palm Plantations and Productive Oil Palm Plantations (IS=51%) and the lowest species similarity index was between Secondary Forests and Non-Productive Oil Palm Plantations (IS = 46%). In Secondary Forest the composition of the number of individuals per species tends to be more evenly distributed compared to oil palm plantations. Forest conversion to Oil Palm Plantations has a negative impact on butterfly species diversity of the Superfamily Papilionoidea. The lost species that were not found in oil palm plantations were forest specialist species with small range sizes and niches as well as specific diets that were only found in forest. Key words: Papilionidae; primary forest; Pieridae; Nymphalidae; Lycaenidae; Keerom.

Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar District

The Mount Seulawah Agam area is an active volcanic area that has an impact on the emergence of symptoms of volcanism. Such environmental conditions will cause the vegetation that grows in the area to be unique and not commonly found in other areas. Apart from that, the area is still relatively natural and has not experienced much disturbance by human activities. This study aims to determine the composition and similarity of vegetation types in the geothermal area of Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar District. Data collection in the field was carried out using the multiple square method which was placed in a stratified sampling based on the specified soil temperature zone. Each zone was laid out in 4 square plots in a systematic random manner. Each plant contained in the observation plot is recorded in the name of the plant species using a flora identification book, and the number of individuals of each type is recorded. Data analysis was carried out using the Important Value Index analysis, and the Sorenson Similarity Index. The results showed that there were 65 species from 611 individual plants identified starting from the growth rate of seedlings, sapling, poles, and trees. The similarity index of plant species at each growth stage in the Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar District generally has different species similarity in each observation zone, that is, the average is below 50%. This condition indicates that there are significant differences in plant structure at various growth rates in each zone

Composition, Relative Abundance, and Diversity of Medium and Large Mammals in Tirba Lake Awi Zone, Ethiopia

Understanding the diversity, abundance, and habitat preferences of the fauna is essential for determining the status and suggesting effective conservation actions. A study was conducted in Tirba Lake Awi zone, Ethiopia, to evaluate the wealth, diversity, and composition of the medium and large mammal communities. It is also important to consider how these parameters differ from one habitat type to another and from one season to another. Researchers collected data using a transect method. As a result of the study, 330 individuals and 11 different species of mammals were identified across four orders and six families. The result shows that globally threatened species like the Leopard (Panthera pardus) were included. In terms of seasonal variation in wild mammal abundance, the difference was statistically significant (P $$\le$$ 0.001). A total of 330 ± 26.2 wild mammals were recorded, of which 180 ± 11 (55%) were observed during the wet season and 150 ± 6.5 (45%) during the dry season. Olive Baboons (Papio Anubis) accounted for 30.61% of the 11 mammalian species with 101 individuals, followed by Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) with 16.67% and 55 individuals, respectively. Mammalian populations were statistically significant among habitat types, with the highest similarity index (SI = 0.8) observed between open forests and shrubland, followed by shrubland adjacent to Cliff sites (SI = 0.7). The shrubland habitat type (Hʹ = 1) supports the greatest diversity of mammalian species, followed by the open forest habitat type (Hʹ = 0.8). In terms of diversity among habitat types, dense forests had the lowest Hʹ value (0.5). Based on the species similarity index, open forest and shrubland shared the most similarity of mammalian species (Sl = 0.8), while shrubland and cliff sites hosted the least similar species (SI = 0.7). To conclude, our findings contribute significantly to the conservation of Ethiopia's mammal populations. As a result of our findings, managers of the area will be able to make effective conservation decisions, and researchers wishing to conduct related studies will be able to use the findings as a baseline for their research. Studies in the study area have revealed that anthropogenic factors interact with the mammals in the area, putting them at risk. It is imperative that these animals are protected through an urgent conservation program.

Studying of Polymorphism of Some Grain Crop from GenBank Collection of Armenia

During the research, 15 genotypes of grain crop (4 spiecies of Hordeum and 11 of Triticum) from the genbank collection of the Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology were studied. The gluten locus of all studied cultivated and wild species is polymorphic consisting of GluA, GluB, GluC, GluD, GluE alleles. Moreover, GluB, GluC and GluD alleles have the highest meeting frequency, it is 82.35%. The GluE allele has the lowest frequency of occurrence at 41.17%. The following genotypes were formed in the gluten locus: GluAA, AB, BB, BC, CC, CD, DE, EE, EF, the frequency of which is equal to 47.05, 29.53, 70.58, 82.35, 76.47, 17.65, 52.94, 35.29, 23.53 and 23.53%. The highest frequency was recorded for GluBC genotype (82.35%), and the lowest for GluAB, EE, EF (25.53%) genotypes. In the studied species of wild barley, homozygosity is 60-100%, in the case of wild wheat - 66.7-71.42%. Indicators are close to the genetic makeup of free-breeding populations. It ranges from 50-80% in wheat amphidiploids and 25-60% in non-amphidiploids. The genetic similarity index of wild barley species ranges from 0.488 to 0.648, which indicates a unique and rich biodiversity. Meanwhile, it is quite high (r=0.844) in wild types of wheat. For amphidiploid x wild einkorn wheat, it is 0.982-0.982. In other cases, the genetic similarity index ranges from 0.488 to 0.648.

Studi Keanekaragaman Kupu-kupu (Papilionoidea) Berdasarkan Ketinggian di Kawasan Gunung Galunggung Kabupaten Tasikmalaya

Papilionoidea or better known as butterflies is a type of insect that is often found around us. This study aims to analyze the diversity of butterflies in the Mount Galunggung Region, Tasikmalaya Regency based on different heights. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative with the VES (Visual Encounter Surveys) technique for 6 days within 4 weeks, 09.00-11.00 WIB and 13.00-15.00 WIB at 3 observation stations, including: Cimedang waterfall area (700 masl ), Gado Bangkong waterfall area (800 masl), and Cikahuripan waterfall area (950 masl). The calculated observational data includes: Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), species evenness index (E), species richness index (R), dominance index (D), and similarity index (IS), as well as environmental parameter measurements including: height , temperature, light intensity, humidity, and wind speed. The results of the observations showed that there were 1,071 individual butterflies from 41 species that were successfully found. The Nymphalidae family is the most common butterfly with 22 species, and the most common butterfly species are Jamies celeno, Ypthima pandocus, and Lampides boeticus. Overall, the diversity value of the Galunggung Mountain Area as a whole is 3.10 which is classified as a high category, an evenness index of 0.84 is classified as a stable category, a species richness index of 5.73 is classified as a high category, and a dominance index of 0.06 is classified as a low category.

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF GASTROPODS IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF NORTH RUPAT DISTRICT

Community structure is a concept that studies the composition or composition of species and abundance in a community. Coastal waters are areas with a depth of less than 200 meters and there is a littoral area located between the highest tide and the lowest low tide or called the intertidal area. One of the community of organisms in this intertidal area is gastropods. This research was conducted from December 2021 to January 2022. The purpose of the study was to determine the structure of the gastropod community in the coastal waters of North Rupat District consisting of species, density, diversity index, uniformity index, dominance index, distribution pattern, and community similarity. As supporting data in this study, several environmental parameters were also measured which included water quality, sediment type and sediment organic matter content. The research method used is a survey method, where sampling using the quadrant transect method is carried out at 3 stations. Based on the results of the study found 14 species of gastropods. The species that were found in all stations were Indothais gradata. Gastropod density is 15.800 ind/ha. Diversity index value (H') 1.85, uniformity index (E) 0.70, dominance index (C) 0.24, distribution pattern (Id) 3.24 is clustered, species similarity index (Ss) between stations Tanjung Medang and Teluk Rhu 83% of species are almost the same and between stations Tanjung Medang and Tanjung Punak 15% and between stations Teluk Rhu and Tanjung Punak 17% are not the same. Water quality parameters as follows: temperature 27-28oC; salinity 30-31 ppt; pH 6-7. Sediment organic matter 0.50-2.28%, sand sediment type

Effect of Drainage Channels on Vegetation Diversity of Tropical Peatswamp Forest of Sebangau National Park, Indonesia

Peat swamp forests are playing important role in climate change by carbon storage, biodiversity conservation, and crucial local livelihoods. The construction of drainage channels in Sebangau National Park, Indonesia negatively affects the Peatland ecosystem and degrades the vegetation diversity. This research aims to study the composition and vegetation diversity of secondary peat swamp forests in Sebangau National Park (SNP), especially around large and small drainage channels. For the observation of vegetation composition and diversity, each observation block consisted of 3 transects that were 300 m apart from each other, and perpendicular to the channel. For observations on small drainage channel blocks, transects are made to continue the previous transect at a distance of 500 m from the end of the large drainage channel. On each transect, 5 plots of vegetation were made using the plot line method with a distance of 50 m between each plot. A total of 15 plots of 30mx30m size were prepared for each drainage channel category. Observations were made on the growth rate of seedlings in a 2m x 2m plot, poles in a 5m x 5m plot, saplings in a 10m x 10m plot, and trees in a 20m x 20m plot. The results of the study showed that Shorea spp., Combretocarpus rotundatus, Cratoxylum arborencens, and Calophyllum sp. are the dominant plant species of the study area. Overall 92 species were reported from the Large Drainage Channel block and 86 species from the Small Drainage Channel block. Further, the Species Diversity ranged between 1.43 - 1.57 while Species Richness ranged from 16.80 – 23.03, and the Evenness Index ranged from 0.83 – 0.92 at all levels of vegetation growth. Results of the study can be concluded that the channel dimensions do not have any effect on species number, diversity index, species richness, and species evenness at all levels of vegetation growth. The Similarity Index of species at seedlings, saplings, and poles is more than 50%, while at the tree level it was reported less than 50%.

Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Jenis Burung di Kawasan Mangrove Mangunharjo Semarang

The Mangunharjo mangrove area is one of the mangrove ecosystems in the coastal area of Semarang City. This study aims to determine the diversity and abundance of bird species, as well as the similarity index of bird communities in the Mangunharjo mangrove area. Data were collected using the point count method in the observation area including ponds, mangroves, rice fields, and beaches. Data collection was carried out periodically from July 2019 to February 2020 with three replications in each area. The results showed that in the Mangunharjo mangrove area there were 66 species of birds from 32 families. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the observation area, from the highest to the lowest, were ponds 3.10 (high), mangroves 2.81 (medium), rice fields 2.75 (medium), and beaches 2.66 (moderate). The dominant bird species in the area are the Linci Swallow (15.73%) and the Little Egret (10.61%). While the areas that had the highest Sorensen species similarity index were ponds and mangroves with an index value of 62.5%.

Soil water use sources and patterns in shrub encroachment in semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia

Soil water sources for shrub encroachment in arid and semiarid regions have not been fully understood. This study used stable δ2H and δ18O isotope ratios of plants, soil water and precipitation, coupled with proportional similarity index of species to identify relations between shrub encroachment and water sources for four shrub and grass species at various shrub encroachment stages in a semiarid grassland of Inner Mongolia. We found that shallow rooted grasses (Agriophyllum squarrosum and Stipa bungeana) predominantly used shallow soil water (0–20 cm) during growing season. In contrast, deeply-rooted semi-shrubs (Artemisia ordosica and Artemisia sphaerocephala) used middle and deep soil water in July but shallow and middle soil depth water in May and September. Plants competition for soil water in different shrub encroachment stages were different depending on plant water use sources. The highest plant competition existed in the A. ordosica community in semi-fixed sandy land, followed by A. squarrosum community in shifting sandy land, A. ordosica community in fixed sandy land, and S. bungeana community in fixed sandy land. Competition for soil water and differences of water use sources of grass and shrub species were crucial in driving shrub encroachment in semiarid grasslands. Communities dominated by A. ordosica were not stable, with an increase in surface soil water availability, the dominance was replaced by S. bungeana. Our findings on the linkage between plant water use sources and patterns and shrub encroachment shall help future arid and semiarid grassland management under changing climate conditions.

Species Diversity and Composition of Chalcidids Wasps (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) on Tidal Swamp Rice Field in Indragiri Hilir District, Indonesia

Background: Indragiri Hilir District has the most extensive rice harvest area and is the most significant contributor to rice production in Riau Province. Family Chalcididae is a parasitoid insect that can act as a biological agent to reduce pest attacks on rice. This research aimed to study the species diversity of Chalcididae on tidal swamp rice fields in Indragiri Hilir District. Methods: Sampling was carried out in two periods of rice planting. Samplings were conducted in 4 sub-districts of rice production centers, namely Batang Tuaka, Keritang, Reteh and Tembilahan Hulu, using three sampling techniques (i.e., insect net, malaise trap and yellow pan trap). Diversity index (H’), Species richness index (d), Species Evenness index (J’) and Similarity Index (Is) were calculated. Result: We found 127 individuals consisting of 5 genera and 11 species of Chalcididae were found in the four studied areas. Among them, Antrocephalus lugubris, A. maculipennis, Brachymeria excarinata, B. minuta and Dirhinus anthracia. B. excarinata and Antrocephalus sp. are reported as a new record to Indonesia and were found in all study locations. B. excarinata has the highest abundance of individuals. The shape of the landscape can influence the diversity index, species abundance and individual abundance of Chalcididae.