Inclusion Of Indices Research Articles

An analysis of calculus application questions in grade 12 mathematics exams in South Africa

This study employed a quantitative survey methodology to analyze the 2021-2023 grade 12 calculus application exam questions in the context of South Africa. A total of 11 grade 12 teachers and 220 grade 12 students participated in the study. Analysis of the survey data and students’ test results points to the view that examiners sometimes misjudge the level of difficulty of the exam questions and include questions that are very difficult, which fail to discriminate between strong and weak candidates. It was noticed that calculus applications questions that most students could not correctly answer included multiple mathematical skills that were compacted in a short statement. This paper recommends that mathematics examiners should continuously reflect on their own work and find ways to improve their skills in setting future exam papers. The inclusion of item difficulty and item discrimination indices in post-exam analysis of results could be part of the examiners’ reflective practice. Feedback from the grade 12 mathematics teachers on the standard of each exam question is just as important to the examiners as the examiners’ reports are to the teachers.

Economic Echoes of Conflict: Evaluating the Palestine-Israel War’s Influence on Middle Eastern Markets

ABSTRACT This study examines the Palestine-Israel conflict’s effects on Middle Eastern financial markets, including conventional and Islamic indices. Employing wavelet cross-correlation, global VAR (GVAR), and Granger causality analyses, we identify complex patterns in pre-conflict geopolitical risk (GPR) and stock returns, including diverse lead/lag behaviors and amplitude fluctuations. Post-conflict, these dynamics show smoother adjustments and stronger cross-correlations. The pre-conflict wavelet GVAR analysis reveals country-specific reactions to anticipated GPR shocks, marked by asymmetric responses starting around 20 days post-shock and varying across nations. This period also features significant shock spillovers in stock returns, both positive and negative. During the conflict, initial reactions include substantial spikes in raw stock returns, suggesting possible co-crash scenarios. These evolve into predominantly positive short-term shock spillovers, with medium and long-term responses suggesting stock markets as potential safe havens. Lastly, wavelet Granger causality analysis reveals bidirectional causality between GPR and stock returns over the long term, with specific countries showing varied causality patterns during the conflict. The inclusion of Islamic indices demonstrates homogeneous responses to GPR shocks, similar to conventional markets, highlighting the integrated nature of these markets. This study underscores the complex temporal dynamics of market responses to geopolitical shocks and provides insights for policymakers and investors.

Evaluation and Optimization of Landscape Spatial Patterns and Ecosystem Services in the Northern Agro-Pastoral Ecotone, China

The alteration of landscape spatial patterns (LSPs) and ecosystem services (ESs) in watersheds can have detrimental effects on the local environment and community. However, a comprehensive understanding of the current state of LSPs and ESs in watersheds around Winter Olympic venues in China is limited. Here, we assessed current LSPs and ESs and developed optimization strategies for the Xigou watershed around Winter Olympic venues in the northern agro-pastoral ecotone of China. The results indicated that the main land use type was grassland in the Xigou watershed, and landscape types were relatively homogenous. All three ESs (water yield, sediment retention, and carbon storage) generally improved from 2004 to 2020. For ESs, there was the lowest total volume of water yield in 2004 (637.44 × 104 m3). But sediment retention (10.54 × 106 t, 18.13 × 106 t, 13.28 × 106 t, and 16.85 × 106 t) had an upward, then downward, then upward trend before and after ERP. Carbon storage grew steadily. Correlation analysis suggested that the three ESs were closely related to the landscape spatial indices of average patch area (AREA_MN), contagion index (CONTAG), and Shannon’s evenness index (SHEI). AREA_MN, CONTAG, and SHEI in the eastern part of the study area promoted sediment retention and carbon storage, while in the southwestern part of the study area, they inhibited water yield and sediment retention. The results suggest that improving sediment retention by optimizing land use and cover change (LUCC) and LSPs is the main approach to further enhance ESs in the study area. Our study suggests that the inclusion of multiple landscape pattern indices can provide a more comprehensive representation of regional ecosystem service.

Minimal compact group actions on C∗-algebras with simple fixed point algebras

The notion of quasi-product actions of a compact group on a C[Formula: see text]-algebra was introduced by Bratteli et al. in their attempt to seek an equivariant analogue of Glimm’s characterization of non-type I C[Formula: see text]-algebras. We show that a faithful minimal action of a second countable compact group on a separable C[Formula: see text]-algebra is quasi-product whenever its fixed point algebra is simple. This was previously known only for compact abelian groups and for profinite groups. Our proof relies on a subfactor technique applied to finite index inclusions of simple C[Formula: see text]-algebras in the purely infinite case, and also uses ergodic actions of compact groups in the general case. As an application, we show that if moreover the fixed point algebra is a Kirchberg algebra, such an action is always isometrically shift-absorbing, and hence is classifiable by the equivariant KK-theory due to a recent result of Gabe-Szabó.

Timely data on the dynamic drug supply is crucial in addressing the ongoing drug poisoning crisis. The team is exploring ways to share information with emergency responders, healthcare providers, government officials, and pwSUD.

ObjectiveTransitioning from hospitals to primary care brings significant challenges, including increased readmission rates, mortality, and costs due to information gaps. Alberta, Canada, addressed this by integrating 1000+ health systems and implementing Connect Care (CC), a Clinical Information System (CIS), to enhance patient safety and care coordination. In 2020, the Primary Health Care Integration Network (PHCIN) released the Home to Hospital to Home (H2H2H) Transitions Guideline and metrics to improve patient outcomes and system integration. ApproachThis study examines provincial data on H2H2H transitions measures from acute care hospitals using CC between April 1, 2022, and October 31, 2023, to assess transitions and support improvement efforts. CC data assesses transition components, including confirming primary care providers at hospital discharge, utilizing the LACE Readmission Risk Index, and ensuring timely discharge summary (DS) signoffs. It links with administrative data to evaluate post-discharge outcomes like primary care physician follow-up, unplanned readmissions, and Emergency Department (ED) visits. Results47 CC-implemented sites show nearly 80% discharges identified a primary care provider; less than 5% incorporated the LACE index in DS. About 90-93% of DS were signed within 24-72 hours. Approximately 62% of moderate-risk and 55% of high-risk discharges received timely follow-up. Readmission and ED visit rates within 7-30 days varied from 2-8% and 5-11% respectively. ConclusionIn conclusion, adopting CC and H2H2H transition metrics facilitates integrated care measurement, highlighting the need for risk index inclusion and high-risk discharge follow-up for improved patient transitions. Sustained initiatives are vital for optimal outcomes and system integration in Alberta.

Estimation of genetic parameters and genome-wide association study for enzootic bovine leukosis resistance in Canadian Holstein cattle

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (leukosis) frequently observed in North American dairy herds. Infection with BLV can lead to persistent lymphocytosis and tumors, and is associated with decreased production, immunity and fertility. With no available treatment or vaccine, reducing the prevalence of leukosis through management and culling has not yet been successful. Genetic selection could contribute to permanent improvement in dairy cattle resistance to leukosis. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and impact of leukosis in Canada, and to assess the potential for including leukosis resistance in Canadian national genetic evaluations by characterizing the genetic architecture of leukosis resistance using pedigree and genomic information. A total of 117,349 milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test records on 96,779 Holstein cows from 950 Canadian herds taken between 2007 and 2021 were provided by Lactanet Canada (Guelph, ON, Canada). Each cow was classified as test-positive for leukosis or test-negative for leukosis. Leukosis was present in approximately 77% of herds tested; within those herds, an average of 39% of cows tested were test positive for leukosis. Heritabilities of 0.10 (SE = 0.001) and 0.07 (SE <0.001) were estimated for leukosis resistance using a linear animal model and BLUP or single-step GBLUP methodology, respectively. Breeding value correlations were estimated between leukosis resistance and economically important and phenotypically relevant traits. Most correlations between leukosis resistance and traits already included in Canadian genetic evaluations were favorable, with the exception of somatic cell score. The candidate genes for leukosis resistance identified using a genome-wide association study, were on chromosome 23, with some being part of the major histocompatibility complex. This study showed that genetic evaluation for leukosis resistance is possible, and could be considered for inclusion in Canadian national selection indices.

Significant achievements: Major milestones for the Turkish Journal of Vascular Surgery

I am thrilled to share some groundbreaking news from The Turkish Journal of Vascular Surgery, a premier international open-access journal dedicated to vascular surgeons. Our mission is to advance the diagnosis, medical, endovascular, and surgical treatments of arterial, venous, and lymphatic diseases. By publishing cutting-edge articles focused on the investigation, management, and prevention of peripheral arterial, venous, and lymphatic diseases, as well as vascular access, trauma, and malformations, we strive to enhance the management of patients with vascular disorders globally. In an exciting development, our journal has been accepted into the prestigious Scopus index as of October 2023. This inclusion not only validates the high quality of our publications but also significantly enhances their visibility and impact in the scientific community. Moreover, articles published in 2022 and 2023 have also been indexed, ensuring that recent research contributions are readily accessible to a wider audience. Adding to this achievement, The Turkish Journal of Vascular Surgery was accepted into the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) in June 2024. This significant milestone underscores our dedication to providing unrestricted access to high-quality research and supporting the dissemination of knowledge within the vascular surgery field. These accomplishments mark a significant step forward in our journey to becoming the leading resource for vascular surgeons worldwide. Our inclusion in these prestigious indices not only recognizes the excellence of our contributors but also positions our journal at the forefront of vascular surgery research. We are immensely proud of these achievements and believe they will serve to further elevate the standing and influence of our journal. As we continue to evolve, we remain dedicated to supporting the vascular surgery community with the latest research, developments, and discussions in the field. Thank you for your unwavering support and valuable contributions to The Turkish Journal of Vascular Surgery. We eagerly anticipate your future submissions and collaborations, as together, we advance the frontier of vascular surgery.

Can We Go beyond Pathology? The Prognostic Role of Risk Scoring Tools for Cancer-Specific Survival of Patients with Bladder Cancer Undergoing Radical Cystectomy.

Radical cystectomy (RC) remains a mainstay surgical treatment for non-metastatic muscle-invasive and BCG-unresponsive bladder cancer. Various perioperative scoring tools assess comorbidity burden, complication risks, and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) risk. We investigated the prognostic value of these scores in patients who underwent RC between 2015 and 2021. Cox proportional hazards were used in survival analyses. Risk models' accuracy was assessed with the concordance index (C-index) and area under the curve. Among 215 included RC patients, 63 (29.3%) died, including 53 (24.7%) cancer-specific deaths, with a median follow-up of 39 months. The AJCC system, COBRA score, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) predicted CSM with low accuracy (C-index: 0.66, 0.65; 0.59, respectively). Multivariable Cox regression identified the AJCC system and CCI > 5 as significant CSM predictors. Additional factors included the extent of lymph node dissection, histology, smoking, presence of concomitant CIS, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and model accuracy was high (C-index: 0.80). The internal validation of the model with bootstrap samples revealed its slight optimism of 0.06. In conclusion, the accuracy of the AJCC staging system in the prediction of CSM is low and can be improved with the inclusion of other pathological data, CCI, smoking history and inflammatory indices.

Post–peak petrochronology and C–O–H fluid influx in the lower crust: A case study of garnet–orthopyroxene granulites from the Rauer Islands, East Antarctica

Garnet–orthopyroxene granulites from the Rauer Islands (East Antarctica) provide a spectacular example to investigate the late fluid evolution, metamorphic duration, and behavior of monazite and zircon in response to metamorphic reactions and fluid–rock interaction. Here, we characterize the secondary fluid inclusions in peritectic garnet and orthopyroxene, which occur as multiphase inclusions along micro–fractures. Inclusions are composed of siderite, pyrophyllite, calcite, quartz and residual CO2, representing stepdaughter phases resulting from the interactions between C–O–H fluid and its hosts at variable temperatures during retrogression. Zircon grains show clear core–rim structure, which yield 206Pb/238U ages of 540–507 Ma and 527–490 Ma, respectively. Index inclusions and internal structures suggest that the cores document the timing of peak and post–peak decompression while the growth of rims corresponds to melt crystallization during the final cooling. The UPb systems in zircons are considered to have not been obviously affected by fluid or melt–mediated modification. The unusual formation of monazites in garnet–orthopyroxene granulites may be linked with the elevated phosphorus budget as a result of apatite dissolution during the prograde melting of the rocks. Detailed investigations suggest that the crystallization of monazites occurred both at peak and post–decompression stages, whose isotopic systematics has been completely reset due to melt–mediated dissolution–precipitation. The spurious dates for monazites (522–495 Ma) are highly coinstantaneous with the dating results for zircon rims, further supporting this view. Therefore, we conclude that the late carbonic fluid influx cannot result in marked U(Th)–Pb resetting in zircon and monazite. Instead, anatectic melt may have played an important role in the disturbance of isotopic systematics in monazites, especially for long–lived high–grade metamorphic terranes. Combined with previously published data, we propose that the Pan–African metamorphic event in the Rauer Islands may have reached the peak at around ∼540 Ma, followed by a protracted post–peak evolution that lasted for at least ∼50 Myr. This study highlights the importance of an integrated investigation of fluid and index mineral inclusions, as well as the chemical signatures of zircon and monazite, to interpret chronological data correctly.

The bright side of common ownership: Evidence from bank transparency

Over 74% of US banks share common ownership with other banks. Our analysis of a large sample of US banks reveals that those with greater common ownership demonstrate heightened transparency. This manifests as reduced discretion in loan loss provisions, improved financial statement readability, and enhanced comparability. We pinpoint three underlying mechanisms: decreased private information gathering, increased stock liquidity, and diminished managerial incentives for opacity. Furthermore, these commonly owned banks exhibit lower crash risk due to their improved transparency. Our findings hold after using various proxies and two endogeneity-reduction methods: a difference-in-differences analysis based on the 2009 Blackrock–Barclays Global Investors merger and an instrumental variable approach using Russell 2000 index inclusions. Overall, our study underscores the positive impact of common ownership in the banking sector.

Study on the Development of Offshore RMB Market and Its Impact on the International Financial System

The internationalization of the Chinese yuan responds to challenges with the US dollar's dominance, spurred by events like the subprime crisis and unlimited quantitative easing. China's economic stature necessitates yuan's global role. Its journey involves five stages, from border trade usage to SDR inclusion and presence in global indices. Offshore markets are pivotal, facilitating capital flows and meeting investor needs. Financial regulatory reforms align with market dynamics, enhancing transparency and stability. This study explores the symbiotic relationship between yuan internationalization and financial regulatory reforms, offering theoretical insights and policy recommendations for China's financial evolution and yuan's global ascent.

PROBLEMS OF ADAPTING THE BCG MATRIX FOR THE ASSORTMENT ANALYSIS

At the current stage, the adapted BCG matrix is one of the most popular methods used for planning enterprises' product portfolios (product assortment). At the same time, when it comes to practice, it turns out that some aspects remain unorganized: the choice of basic indicators on the axes of the matrix is still ambiguous, there are disagreements regarding the methodology of their calculation and different approaches to drawing dividing lines. The article considers the problematic aspects of adapting the BCG matrix to the analysis of the company's product range. Our research has shown that the biggest problems with the adapted BСG matrix arise in relation to the calculation of the growth rates of assortment groups and the definition of the sector division lines. It was established that there are several approaches to calculating growth rate and share indicators, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Approaches to establishing lines dividing the matrix into sectors are summarized, and their critical analysis is carried out. It is proposed to improve the “midpoint” method for sales shares by introducing an indicator of relative sales share, which shows the ratio of the sales share of an assortment group to the average sales share of an assortment group. The indicator of the relative share of sales will make it possible to determine the dividing line more reasonably and facilitate the interpretation of the value of the indicators on the axes relative to each other. To enrich the analysis of the BCG matrix, it is recommended to calculate a composite coefficient that gives a common characteristic of the assortment groups in terms of growth rates and in terms of share in sales at the same time, as well as on the basis of which product groups can be ranked. Further studies of the adapted BCG matrix may relate to the development of methodical approaches to the calculation of aggregated coefficients, with the inclusion of weight indices in the analysis, as well as the profitability index and other indicators that are important for the development of the assortment.

MSCI index inclusion and price efficiency evidence from China

In the recent years, foreign institutional investors have significant impact on Chinese market. We adopt 2017 MSCI index inclusion in the Chinese market to test the exogenous shock of foreign institutional investors on the efficiency of stock price. The results show that the foreign institutional investors increase the price efficiency. The effect is more significant in state-owned enterprises, the enterprises with higher degree of judicial civilization and analyst attention. The results remain robust after multiple MSCI sequent expansions. Foreign institutional investors are the main drive for firm-specific price efficiency. Our paper provides evidence for the positive role of foreign institutional investor in Chinese market.

The beneficial effect of common ownership: Evidence from bank liquidity creation

We argue a positive association between common ownership and liquidity creation because common ownership increases risk-absorption capacity through higher profit margins, greater equity capital, and improved disclosure quality. Accordingly, we find solid evidence that banks with greater common ownership create 3.56%–4.54% more liquidity. The beneficial effect on liquidity creation is dominant for banks with high risk-absorption capacities, enhanced disclosure quality, low competition, greater long-term shareholdings, and low performance-sensitive managerial incentives, substantiating our theoretical conjectures and establishing five significant channels. Finally, we show that banks have incentive to create more liquidity when they have significant co-ownerships among themselves. Our main findings remain robust to multiple proxies, alternative specifications, and three methods to address endogeneity concerns – difference-in-differences based on the Blackrock–Barclays Global Investors merger in 2009, two-stage least squares analysis with instrumental variables based on Russell 2000 index inclusion, and propensity score matching.

The Impact of Exchange-Traded Fund Index Inclusion on Stock Prices

We report a laboratory experiment examining how demand for exchange-traded fund (ETF) index products affects the prices and trading volume of assets. We compare an environment where the ETF index includes all assets against an environment where a redundant asset is excluded from the index. We find that (i) subjects place significant value on the ETF index asset beyond the value of its constituent assets; (ii) there is a substantial index premium for included assets; and (iii) the index premium persists even when short selling is permitted. The price increases of the constituent assets and of the ETF itself suggest that ETF products can distort markets to some degree. This paper was accepted by David Sraer, finance. Funding: This work was supported the by International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics Small Grants Program. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02125 .

Adding double insurance to your investments: Evidence from the exchange rate market

The forecasting and trading of exchange rates is a prevalent and intricate undertaking within the realm of economics. While prior research has mostly concentrated on enhancing the accuracy of predictions through various methodologies, this study places greater emphasis on providing practical suggestions for effective trading. Hence, we propose a double insurance approach for exchange rate trading. Firstly, this study gathers time series data and textual information from various perspectives and markets. This enables us to generate point value forecasts by leveraging natural language processing and deep learning techniques. Simultaneously, this study employs an innovative interval forecasting method to track the upper and lower limits of daily exchange rate fluctuations. Finally, this study provides a novel trading method aimed at enhancing the possible financial gains associated with exchange rate fluctuations. The proposed methodology is validated through the utilization of exchange rates between the USD and four prominent currencies, namely CNY, JPY, EUR, and GBP. The findings indicate that the inclusion of economic variables and multi-platform sentiment indices enhances the precision of exchange rate prediction. Furthermore, the deep learning model (neural network model) exhibits superior performance compared to benchmark models (i.e. time series models and support vector regression). Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the implementation of the trading strategy with interval constraints significantly improves the profitability of exchange rate trading.

Cognitive reappraisal moderates the protective effect of body satisfaction on mental health and wellbeing in adults: A prospective study during COVID-19 lockdown

BackgroundBody satisfaction is associated with mental health and well-being in adults. However, prospective studies are needed to better understand its protective effects, and in whom these are most beneficial. This study investigated body satisfaction as a predictor of depressive symptoms, generalised anxiety, and well-being in a representative Australian sample collected during the initial COVID-19 lockdown. Two emotion regulation strategies – cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression – were also tested as moderating variables. MethodsThe sample comprised 684 adults aged 19 to 87 years who completed three primary waves of data spanning two months [Wave 3 (W3), W4 and W7] from the Australian National COVID-19 Mental Health, Behaviour and Risk Communication Survey. ResultsHierarchical multiple regression models controlling for demographic and COVID-19 risk factors, as well as W3 for each outcome variable, indicated that W3 body satisfaction predicted greater W7 well-being, and fewer W7 depressive symptoms and greater W7 well-being in participants reporting low levels of W4 cognitive reappraisal. No moderation for W4 expressive suppression was observed, nor predictive relationships between W3 body satisfaction and W7 anxiety. LimitationsThe two-month follow-up period precludes conclusions relating to the longer-term protective effects of body satisfaction within and beyond the pandemic context. Examination of focal relationships in clinical samples, and inclusion of broader indices of body image, emotion regulation and mental health, is needed in future studies. ConclusionsFindings suggest body satisfaction warrants attention in community well-being promotion in adults, and may be particularly beneficial for those lack adaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Stock market openness and audit fees: evidence from the inclusion of China A-shares in the MSCI emerging markets index

This study examines how China’s stock market openness affects audit fees. In May 2018, Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) announced the first wave of listing of large-cap China A-shares in the MSCI Emerging Markets (EM) Index, which marked China’s grand entrance into the global investment benchmark, and sharply expanded its stock market investor base. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that audit fees for constituent stocks decrease after the index inclusion. Further analyses suggest that foreign investors can reduce the risk of expropriation by controlling shareholders and mitigate agency conflicts. Our results also show that the effect is more pronounced for firms with weaker internal controls, lower levels of domestic institutional ownership, and those located in less developed markets. Our findings highlight the monitoring effect of stock market openness in improving corporate governance and advance our understanding of the key drivers of audit fees in emerging markets.

Index Inclusion and Corporate Social Performance: Evidence from the MSCI Empowering Women Index

Index Inclusion and Corporate Social Performance: Evidence from the MSCI Empowering Women Index

Genetic parameters, genetic trends and selection response for gestation length and traits used as selection criteria in Angus breed in Brazil

Context The knowledge of the genetic variability of gestation length and its correlations with other traits is relevant for selection decisions in beef cattle. Aims Genetic parameters and trends were estimated for gestation length (first (GL1), repeated measures range of 1–6 (GL)) and traits currently used as selection criteria (birth weight (BW), weight gain from birth to weaning (BWG), weight gain from weaning to yearling (WYG), scrotal circumference (SC), score of conformation (YC), score of precocity (YP), and score of muscling (YM)) in Brazilian Angus cattle. In addition, direct and correlated selection responses were predicted. Methods A series of single- and two-trait Bayesian analyses were performed on beef cattle data from 14 farms across different regions of Brazil, by using linear and threshold animal models. Key results A moderate heritability was estimated for GL1 (0.356 ± 0.058); however, the estimate for GL was low (0.189 ± 0.028) as was that for repeatability (0.204 ± 0.027). Lower accuracies of breeding values were obtained for GL than for GL1, ranging from 0.490 ± 0.161 to 0.687 ± 0.037. Direct heritability estimates for growth and body composition traits were low, except for SC and BWG (0.301 ± 0.060 and 0.241 ± 0.019 respectively). Genetic correlations of 0.558 ± 0.121 and 0.739 ± 0.131 were estimated between GL1 and BW, and between GL and BW respectively. The other traits studied were estimated to have weak or near-zero genetic correlations with gestation length traits. Positive and moderate genetic associations were estimated between BW and BWG, SC, and visual scores (ranging from 0.338 ± 0.095 to 0.458 ± 0.092), but a near-zero estimate was obtained with WYG (0.127 ± 0.150). Weight gains were more highly genetically correlated with visual scores than between themselves (BWG and WYG) and with SC. The SC was highly genetically correlated with visual scores (0.684 ± 0.054 to 0.714 ± 0.050). Genetic trends showed that all traits studied have been changing in a positive direction, being unfavourable for BW and GL. Higher genetic gains were expected from using direct selection than from using indirect selection for GL1. Conclusions Rapid growth is genetically associated with superior conformation, precocity and musculature, as well as a large scrotal circumference in males. However, selection decisions that heavily focus on these traits are likely to lead to more calving difficulties in the longer term. Implications Selection indices should incorporate traits that measure calving difficulty directly if relevant records are available. Currently, considering its practical implications in primiparous anoestrus, the first-gestation length could serve as a viable alternative for inclusion in selection indices. Due to the low repeatability of the gestation length, decisions to cull on the basis of only one or two records of GL are highly inaccurate.