Index Finger Length Research Articles

Correlation of Length of Index Finger (2D) to Ring Finger (4D) Ratio (2D:4D) and Coronary Artery Disease - A Study in Male Population of South Rajasthan

Correlation of Length of Index Finger (2D) to Ring Finger (4D) Ratio (2D:4D) and Coronary Artery Disease - A Study in Male Population of South Rajasthan

An Anthropometric Investigation of IndexFinger Length Ratio toRing Finger (2d:4d) in Schizophrenic Men Living in Khorasan Razavi

Introduction:Schizophrenia is a group of mental disorders that its main characteristics are failure to understand reality and inability to do daily tasks. Anthropometry, which is a type of biometrics, is a science that measures the dimensions and angles of body parts, as well as skin lines and fingerprints on living people. Perhaps knowledge about natural features of finger dimensions provides useful information in the field of medical anthropometry. Therefore, anthropometric properties of the fingers can be used to identify and develop research in this topic. And given that finger length, like brain development, is formed by a family of developmental genes. So, the objective was to find a link between brain violation and finger length.Method:This study was a case-control and cross-sectional sampling was done in the one-year. The index and ring finger lengths of both hands in 62 schizophrenic men and 72 healthy subjects who were not diagnosed and aged 18 to 65 years old living in Khorasan Razavi were measured by digital caliper.Result:Significant differences were observed between the average index finger lengths (2d:4d) in men’s right hand of healthy and schizophrenic subjects. Among other variables, significant differences weren’tobserved between healthy and patients. Conclusion:It may seem that the results above are used by methods for genetic studies of biometric changes in people with schizophrenia from the index finger length ratio to the right and left ring fingers for further studies to make an estimation and generation. It’s essential to spread the similar statistical research wider statistical societies.Declaration of Interest: None

Analysis of hand-forearm anthropometric components in assessing handgrip and pinch strengths of school-aged children and adolescents: a partial least squares (PLS) approach

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of hand-forearm anthropometric dimensions on handgrip and pinch strengths among 7–18 years children and adolescents and to investigate the extent to which these variables can be used to predict hand strength.MethodsFour types of hand strengths including handgrip, tip to tip, key, and three-jaw chuck pinches were measured in 2637 healthy children and adolescents (1391 boys and 1246 girls) aged 7–18 years using standard adjustable Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer and pinch gauge. A set of 17 hand-forearm anthropometric dimensions were also measured with an accurate digital caliper and tape measure.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the hand strengths of boys and girls up to the age of 10 years. Gender related differences in handgrip and pinches were observed from the age of 11 years onwards, with boys always being stronger. The dominant hand was stronger than the non-dominant hand (8% for handgrip and by about 10% for all three types of pinches). The strongest correlations were found between the hand length and hand strengths (r > 0.83 for handgrip and three all pinches; p < 0.001, 2-tailed). Based on the partial least squares (PLS) analysis, 8 out of 17 anthropometric indices including hand length, hand circumference, thumb length, index finger length, middle finger length, and forearm length had considerable loadings in the PLS analysis, which together accounted for 46% of the total variance.ConclusionsThese results may be used by health professionals in clinical settings as well as by designers to create ergonomic hand tools.

Morphometric analysis of index and ring finger and comparing with height weight and BMI in north Indian population

Background: Sex determination in identification of human remains is one of the most important components in forensic identification and it is a major task in medico legal investigation. Objective: To study the morphometric analysis of index finger and ring finger and comparing with height weight and BMI. Material and Methods: Present study was carried out on 200 individual of both sexes. Length of index and ring fingers and the ratios between them were estimated. Results: Mean age of male subject were 18.94 and in female 19.34. The mean length of Index finger of male was 7.049 cm and female was 6.521 cm. The mean length of ring finger was in male and female following 7.20 &amp; 6.722 cm. The mean height of male was 170.7 and in female 158.5, weight of male 65.36 and female 48.41 where as both male and female BMI was 22.8 &amp; 19.80. Conclusion: The index finger and ring finger length ratio in males is greater than in females which is insignificant. In males height was greater than the height of females. Weight and BMI of the males was greater than that of the females. In males out of all the anthropometric parameters, only BMI was significantly correlated with index finger length. In males no anthropometric parameters- was significantly correlated with ring finger length. In females neither index nor ring finger showed any significant co- relation with all the three anthropometric parameters i.e

Evaluation of Body Fat Composition and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder. It is a multi-factorial disease, of which excess androgen and android fat pattern is previously reported. The digit ratio (2D:4D) is the ratio of length of index finger to the length of ring finger which epitomize the prenatal gonadal hormone exposure. So, the present study aimed to evaluate body fat composition and digit ratio among young adolescent PCOS patients and normal individuals. It was an analytical cross-sectional study. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 48 subjects (24 in each group), that is, control and PCOS group were identified and baseline characteristics were recorded. Body fat composition was evaluated using body fat analyzer and digit ratio (2D:4D) was measured using the digital Vernier calipers. Student’s t-test was used to assess differences between means. In the present study, BMI was significantly increased among the PCOS group compared to the normal (p=0.03). The 2D:4D digit ratio was significantly lower (p=0.001) among the PCOS group. Body fat (p=0.05) and visceral fat (p=0.01) were significantly higher among the PCOS group. There was negative correlation between BMI, body fat, visceral fat and digit ratio, but was not statistically significant while body fat, visceral fat and BMI showed significant positive correlation. The present study indicates that the 2D:4D digit ratio is decreased, while BMI, body fat and visceral fat are significantly increased among the PCOS group. Digit ratio and body fat can be used to evaluate the high risk PCOS adolescents and plan early interventions.

Stature Estimation by Index and Ring Finger Length

Background: A series of systemized techniques of measuring quantitatively the dimensions of human body and skeleton is called as Anthropometry and it is often viewed as traditionally the basic tool for biological anthropology and it has a long traditional use in forensic sciences and its findings has increased its use in medical sciences specifically in speciality of Forensic Medicine. Aim and objective: To find out correlation between Index and Ring finger length with stature of the individual and to devise a linear regression equation to determine stature from Index and Ring finger length. Type of Study: Descriptive cross sectional study with analytical and comparative components. Place of Study: Department of forensic medicine and Toxicology Narayana Medical College, Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh State. Material and Method: Stature: using the stadio-meter, the subject was made to stand barefoot in the standard standing position on its baseboard. The length of the Index and ring fingers was measured fromproximal crease to the tip. Observation and Discussion: The Mean±SD age of study samples was 21.41 ± 2.1years. There was no significant difference between themean age of the two genders (P&gt;0.001). Accordingly the Mean±SD height was 164.62 ± 8.56cm intotal cases, 168.12 ± 7.6 cm in males, and 161.1 ± 8.01cm in females, which differed significantly (P&lt;0.0001).The Mean±SD lengths of index and ring fingers were6.55 ± 0.48 cm and 6.6 ± 0.51 cm in total samples,6.72 ± 0.52 cm and 6.78 ± 0.55 cm in males, and6.37 ± 0.37 cm and 6.42 ± 0.38 cm in females, respectively. Conclusion: In our study there exists a significant and positive correlation between stature and Index and ring finger length between both the sexes indicating strong and reliable relationship between the parameters.

Study of Hand and Finger Indices for Prediction of Sex and Estimation of Stature in a Sample of Egyptian and Malaysian Youth

Identification is a cornerstone in forensic investigations. The present study aimed to evaluate hand indices as a potential tool for determination of sex and estimation of stature in a sample of Egyptian and Malaysian people. The study included 200 Egyptian and 100 Malaysian participants. Stature was measured using a stadiometer. Hand length, hand breadth, index finger length, and ring finger length were measured using Vernier caliper. The hand index was computed by the following formula: (hand breadth/hand length) x 100. The ratio of the index to the ring finger (D2:D4 ratio) was calculated by dividing the length of index by the length of the ring finger of the same hand. All measurements were significantly higher in male than female subjects, except for the D2:D4 ratio which was significantly higher in female than in male subjects in either population. In Egyptian participants, the best measurement for sex discrimination was hand length in both hands (AUC: Rt=0.892, Lt: AUC=0.898). In Malaysian participants, the best measurement for sex discrimination was hand breadth in both hands (Rt: AUC=0.949, Lt: AUC=0.959). In all groups, there was positive, significant, moderate-strong correlation between stature and each of hand length, hand breadth, index finger length, and ring finger length. Backward elimination multiple regression was performed to developed models for stature estimation for each population using measurements from one hand. In conclusion, hand dimensions can serve as a tool to predict sex and calculate stature with reasonable accuracy in Egyptian and Malaysian youths.

Dihydrotestosterone in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-The missing link?

ObjectiveTestosterone has been postulated to be involved in ALS causation.Materials and methodsCSF levels of free testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured in 13 ALS patients [7 males, 6 females] and 22 controls [12 males, 10 females].ResultsCSF free testosterone levels did not show any significant differences but CSF dihydrotestosterone levels were significantly decreased in all male and female ALS patients.ConclusionsDHT is probably integral to survival of motor neurons. In patients predisposed to develop ALS, there is possibly a sort of “testosterone resistance” at level of blood–brain barrier [BBB] existing right from birth and is likely the result of dysfunctional transport protein involved in testosterone transfer across the BBB. In these patients, lesser amount of testosterone is able to breach the BBB and enter the central neural axis. Lesser amount of testosterone is available to 5 α reductase in the anterior pituitary to be converted to DHT and lesser amount of DHT is generated. There is inadequate negative feedback suppression of LH at the level of anterior pituitary by DHT. As a result of higher LH levels, testosterone levels rise in the peripheral testosterone fraction [the fraction outside the BBB] and this explains the various physical attributes of ALS patients like lower Ratio of the index and ring finger lengths (2D:4D ratio), increased incidence of early onset alopecia etc. This deficiency of DHT leads to motor neuron death causing ALS.

Determination of Stature From Index and Ring Finger Lengths in South Indian Population

Introduction: Personal identification is an important role of forensic experts during mass disasters like earth quakes, tsunamis, and plane crash etc. Stature determination is an important factor in establishing identity in forensic practice. Forensic anthropometrists use various anthropometric techniques to determine stature from such dismembered body parts. These techniques aim to derive equations from various body measurements that could estimate stature in males and females. Aim: The aim of present study is to correlate index and ring finger lengths and stature in both sexes and to derive linear regression equations to estimate stature. Materials and Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College Bangalore in the year 2019. The material consisted of 150 young and healthy students (66 males and 84 females) in the age group of 20-21 years after taking informed consent to participate in the study. Subjects of south Indian origin were selected based on their mother tongue. The data obtained were computed and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25.0) computer software. Results: In the present study, mean stature, index finger length and ring finger length were significantly higher in males than females. Statistically significant correlation was observed between stature, index finger length and ring finger length in right and left hands. Correlation coefficient was higher among males than females. Among males left ring finger length and in females right index finger length showed more correlation with the stature. Conclusion: Sex specific linear regression formulae were derived for estimating stature from index finger length and ring finger length. Study concludes that stature can be estimated from the index finger length and ring finger lengthwith a reasonable accuracy among South Indians.

Estimation of Stature from the Length of Index Finger (2DL) and Ring Finger (4DL) in Nepalese Adults

Estimation of Stature from the Length of Index Finger (2DL) and Ring Finger (4DL) in Nepalese Adults

The Ergonomic Shooting Net Design for Pond Farmers

The application of ergonomics principle that all working activities can caused workers physical and mental stress. Ergonomics strive for this pressure is still within tolerable limits, satisfactory performance results, and the health and welfare of workers can be increased. If this excessive loads occurred, it will increase some errors and injury. This study aims to making the systematic design for conceptual design of a innovation product using Pahl & Beitz methods. The Variables in this research are hand length (HL), Grip diameter (GD), and length of index finger (LIF) along designing and making nets in accordance with the Anthropometry data. The results of the study recommend nets specification corresponding to the farmers. The length of the shooting net is between 75 cm to 64 cm (0.75 to 0.64 meters), The diameter of the PVC (pipe) is 7.5 cm (0.075 meters), The length of the shooting nets handle is between 5 cm (0.05 meters), The weight of product is 5.5 kg, The nets diameter size is 2.5 m, and The filling pressure of the wind at the automatic firing line is with a maximum limit of 80 psi (5.51 bar) and a minimum of 30 psi (2,068 bars). its use is also very easy and practical because it is enough to fill the wind, then pressing the first lever that is already there to throw or fire the net and to pull it electrically just by pressing the second lever on this automatic firing net. For users, it is also very convenient because there is no need to carry and throw conventionally, because this mesh has been prepared a buffer that serves to support the mesh automatically. So, this automatic shooting net can reduce the burden, hand and hip injuries for its users.

Evaluation of 2D:4D digit ratio in bipolar 1 disorder patients and its relationship with treatment response

BackgroundThe role of sex steroids in bipolar disorder (BD) has been demonstrated in adults. We aimed to evaluate the 2D:4D ratio, which indirectly reflects prenatal sex steroids, in BD. Another purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between clinical features, especially lithium response, and digit ratio. MethodsThe study included 74 patients with bipolar 1 disorder and 74 healthy individuals matched according to age, gender, and educational status. The digit ratio was calculated by dividing the index finger (2D) length by the ring finger (4D) length in both hands. A lithium response scale was used to evaluate the lithium response history. ResultsThere was no difference in 2D:4D ratio between the patients and controls in either right or left hands. The digit ratio was not different between groups with and without suicide attempts. The 2D:4D ratio in the patient group was lower in individuals unresponsive to lithium therapy than in partial and good responders for both right and left hands. DiscussionAccording to the results of our study, the 2D:4D ratio in the BD group was not different from healthy controls but was lower in patients unresponsive to lithium. In this respect, the 2D:4D ratio can be considered as a biomarker for lithium response in BD. In large-sample studies, the 2D:4D ratio should be investigated for pathophysiology and treatment response of BD.

Indications, functional results and patient satisfaction after isolated second ray resection following traumatic injury: A retrospective review of 25 patients

Amputation of the second ray is a surgical treatment option when reconstruction and/or reimplantation fail. The aim of our study was to review the outcomes after transmetacarpal resection of the second ray following a post-traumatic injury and to assess indications, functional outcomes, and patient satisfaction. Between January 2003 and December 2013, 25 patients (6 women and 19 men with a mean age of 51 years) underwent transmetacarpal resection of their second ray after a post-traumatic injury. Sixteen patients were right-handed and 9 were left-handed. Injuries involved the dominant hand in 14 cases (60%). In order to differentiate patients with preserved index finger length preoperatively from those with a shorter, amputated index finger stump, patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included those with an “intact finger” and Group 2 included patients with an “amputated stump”. Data collection, including patient satisfaction and functional outcomes, was performed at 83 months postoperative on average. Average length of follow-up was 7.0±1.0 years (range 5–12 years). Group 1 (intact finger) and 2 (amputated stump) included 15 and 10 patients, respectively. Six patients (24%) had primary ray amputation and 19 (76%) had secondary ray amputation. No surgical revision was necessary. In Group 1, the indications were purely functional in all but two cases, whereas aesthetic indications played a role in all patients in Group 2. The average total time off work was 3 months. There was no difference between Group 1 and 2 (P>0.05). However, patients with primary ray resection averaged 10 weeks of lost work compared to 17 weeks for secondary amputation. There was no functional difference between Groups 1 and 2. Scores for cosmetic appearance and patient satisfaction were higher in Group 2. In certain specific situations after complex hand trauma, transmetacarpal amputation of the second ray is indicated as soon as possible, in order to reduce the time off work. Patient satisfaction following this surgical procedure is high, especially in groups with amputated stumps. A 30% decrease in pinch and grip strength is the rule. No secondary surgery is normally required.

Normative Values for Thumb Length in Young Adult Population

Aim: This study was conducted to identify normal values for thumb length with respect to the index finger. Material and Method: Measurements were taken from dorsal and palmer sides of a totally 164 right and left hands of 82 healthy young adults (47 males and 35 females) aged between 18 and 21 years. Measurements of relative thumb length, girth and nail width were performed with respect to the index finger. Measurement values were classified as Thumb Proximal Phalanx (TPP) index and Thumb Digital Crease (TDC) index. Results: Average values of the TPP and TDC indexes were found 0.82 and 0.59 respectively for right hand and 0.74 and 0.49 respectively for left hand. There is no statistically significant differences indicated between right and left hand averages in terms of gender. Average percentage values of thumb length with respect to proximal phalanx of index finder (AD/AB) were found to be 74% and 77% in right hand for females and males respectively; and 70% and 73% in left hand for males and females respectively. Average percentage values of the thumb length with respect to the length of the whole index finger (AD/AC) were found to be 35% and 34% in right hand and left hand respectively. Comparison of the thumb girth and nail width to index finger girth and nail width indicated the percentage values as 132% and 106% respectively. Conclusion: The provided data could help to the clinician’s as to detect pathologies and analyse aesthetic outcomes of reconstructive surgeries intraoperatively and postoperatively.

The Role of Index and Ring Fingers in Gender Identification and Height Estimation

Background: It is a challenge in forensic medicine to identify deceased bodies when body dismembered from remaining body parts, such as hands, arms, and feet. We aimed to determine gender and the correlation between stature, and index and ring fingers in an Iranian population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 Iranian students aged between 18 and 25 years were included (2016-2017). The length of the nondominant index and ring fingers were measured from proximal crease to the tip. The exclusion criteria were a history of heavy physical work by hand, hand vocational sports, anatomical musculoskeletal deformities, and chronic internal diseases (diabetes, thyroid disorders, renal failure, etc.). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and correlation and regression models were used to analyze the achieved data. Results: The mean height was 179 cm in males and 164 cm in females. The mean index and ring fingers lengths were 73 mm and 74 mm in males, and 68 mm and 68 mm in females, respectively. The mean sum of index and ring fingers lengths were 147 mm in males and 136 mm in females. Height, index and ring fingers length, and the sum of them significantly differed between genders (P<0.0001). The accuracy of gender determination was 92%, 71%, 73% and 74.5% in terms of stature, index finger length, ring finger length, and the sum of index and ring fingers length, respectively. The correlation between height and index finger length, as well as the height and ring finger length, were significant in males, females, and total cases (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Based on this study, index and ring fingers lengths can be used to predict height and determine gender.

Evaluación del conocimiento del cáncer oral en dentistas en la Región de Los Ríos, Chile, en 2017

The alteration of the vertical dimension can deteriorate the facial harmony, and it can be measured through objective and subjective methods, although many of which are not reliable. Objective: Relate the anthropometric fingers length with the measurement of the vertical occlusal dimension (VOD). Material and Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study that included 114 students from the School of Dentistry with class I malocclusion and complete dentition. The VOD was evaluated as the measurement between the subnasal points and the mental point; anthropometric measures included the length of the fingers (from the most mesial fold to the most distal edge) and the distance projected between the thumb and the index finger. Results: The average VOD was 64.03±5.15mm. A correlation was found between the VOD and the index finger length (p&lt;0.01, r=0.29), between the VOD and middle finger length (p&lt;0.01, r=0.31) and correlation between the VOD and the length of the little finger (p&lt;0.05, r=0.23). No correlation was found between the VOD and the ring finger lengths (p= 0.051) or thumb (p=0.12). Conclusions: The anthropometric measurements of the index finger, middle finger, little finger and the projection of the thumb on the index finger correlated with the length of the vertical occlusal dimension.

Investigation of the relationship of the morphometric measurements of the hands and fingers with the personality traits of leadership

Background: The hand is a functionally critical organ at the distal end of the upper extremity. Also, the creases in the hands and the digital flexion creases on the fingers are the important external anatomical landmarks.Objectives: There are no studies found in the literature, linking solely the leadership personality traits with the anthropometric measurements of the hand.Methods: This descriptive study was to investigate the relationship between the 44 anthropometric measurements about hand, and the leadership personality traits in young adults from both genders.Results: When the leadership frames were compared by the scores, human resource leadership scores were significantly higher in the females. The charismatic leadership frame scores positively correlated with the parameters in males; including the breadth of the right hand, the breadth of the left hand, the index finger length of the left hand, and the distal phalanx length of the index finger on the left hand. The transformational leadership score was positively correlated with the left hand width and with the distal phalanx of the index finger on the left hand. In females, it was found out that the frames of human leadership and charismatic leadership correlated negatively with the length of the right thumb.Conclusions: According to the results of our study, we concluded that the breadth of the hand and the measurements of the thumb and the index fingers can provide opinion on leadership personality traits. Â

The association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and overweight or obesity among Chinese children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between 2D:4D and childhood overweight or obesity, which might indirectly show the role of prenatal hormone in childhood overweight or obesity. MethodsUsing stratified cluster sampling approach, a school-based cross-sectional investigation was undertaken among 687 children and adolescents aged 8–15 years. Each participant's index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) length, height, weight, testosterone, and estradiol levels were measured, and their dietary behaviors, physical and sedentary activities were also surveyed. ResultsThe prevalence of overweight or obesity among children and adolescents aged 8- and 12–15 years was 36.0% and 25.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). There were no associations between 2D:4D and overweight or obesity in both boys and girls (P > 0.05). However, 2D and multiplying index of digit ratio and length (MIDRL) associated directly with overweight or obesity among boys (OR (95%CI) were 1.45 (1.00, 2.14), 1.46 (1.01, 2.11), respectively), and was indirectly related to overweight or obesity by testosterone (OR were 1.30, 1.26, respectively). ConclusionsIn boys, 2D and MIDRL were directly related to overweight or obesity, and indirectly associated with overweight or obesity by testosterone, which suggested that prenatal hormone exposure might associate with overweight or obesity among boys.

Estimation of sex using discriminant function analysis of percutaneous finger lengths in Nepalese adults

Background: Disasters are a common occurrence in Nepal. This necessitates the development of baseline forensic anthropological data specific to the Nepalese population. Recent advances in the field of forensic medicine and sciences have somewhat reduced the relevance of forensic anthropology in the western developed world. The financial burden of these newer techniques, however, puts emphasis back on methodological examination of remains to establish identity.Objectives: To establish the sex of the individual from the percutaneous length of the fingers.Methodology: One hundred and twenty medical students (58 males and 62 females) were randomly selected and their finger lengths measured. These measurements were analyzed to establish discriminant functions to estimate sex.Results: The equation derived was Y = (1.822 x Left index finger length) + (1.141 x Left little finger length) – 19.211. Group centroids were calculated to be -0.933 for females and 0.998 for males. The sensitivity was found to be 76.9% and a specificity of 78.2%. Overall, the function correctly classified 77.5% of the original cases.Conclusion: Based on these findings, finger length is as reliable in estimation of sex of an individual as other longs bones and can be an ideal tool for examination, especially in remains where the skull and pelvis are absent or missing.

Digit ratio (2D:4D): relationship with freestyle swimming performance of adolescent well-trained swimmers

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between the digit ratios and freestyle swimming performance of adolescent well-trained swimmers. Material and Methods: Twenty-two well-trained male swimmers who had at least 3 years of swim training experience were recruited as participants. The participants’ mean age was 14.1±1.5 years, body height was 164.5±11.3 cm, and body mass was 54.4±11.2 kg. Participants’ body height, mass, index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) lengths were measured and digit ratio (2D:4D) and body mass index of participants was calculated. To determine the swimming performance of participants, the short (50m and 100m) and middle (200m and 400m) distance freestyle time-trial swimming tests were performed on participants. The association between the 2D:4D ratio and the swimming performance were determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. Our findings indicated that there were strong negative correlations (r &gt; .50) between the mean of BMI and swimming times of adolescent swimmers. ( p &gt; .05 ). However, result of this study revealed no relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and swimming performance in adolescent swimmers. ( p &gt; .05 ). Conclusion. As a result, it may be stated that the 2D:4D ratio of swimmers is not a major parameter in predicting swimming performance for adolescent swimmers.