Indeterminate Form Research Articles

A multi-state warm standby system with preventive maintenance, loss of units and an indeterminate multiple number of repairpersons

A Markovian Arrival Process with Marked arrivals is used to model a discrete-time complex warm standby multi-state system in a well-structured way. The online unit is subject to internal failure, repairable or non-repairable, and/or external shocks. These shocks can produce total failure, modification of the internal performance or cumulative damage. To avoid serious damage and considerable financial loss, random inspection is performed. Internal degradation and cumulative external damage are partitioned into minor and major states. Both are inspected and if a major state is observed the unit is sent to the repair facility for preventive maintenance. Each warm standby unit may undergo a repairable failure at any time. Thus, three different time distributions are applicable to the repairpersons: corrective repair for the online unit and the warm standby units, and preventive maintenance. The repair facility is composed of multiple and variable repairpersons. When a non-repairable failure occurs, the system continues working with one less unit and the number of repairpersons may be modified. The system continues working with fewer units as long as this is possible. Measures of interest in the reliability field are calculated. Costs and rewards are included in the model. A numerical example shows how the optimum system may be achieved, according to the number of repairpersons and the preventive maintenance performed. The model is built in an algorithmic form, which facilitates its computational implementation.

Character of Inheritance of the Number of Fertile Nodes in Determinate Forms of Garden Pea

The character of inheritance of the determinate stem growth type in a garden pea form having four productive nodes (cv. Pervenets with a dwarf stem) has been first studied. The analysis of first-generation hybrids obtained from crosses between indeterminate forms and determinate samples (DTR-2 and DTR-4) showed that the phenotype of all plants was characterized by a usual stem growth type and formation of buds in the stipule axiles. In the case of DTR crosses between themselves, all plants corresponded to the DTR-2 phenotype. In the case of the cross combination (indeterminate form × DTR-2), segregation at a 3 : 1 ratio was observed in the second generation. In the case of the (indeterminate form × DTR-4) variant, phenotypes of resulting plants were segregated into four classes indicating the presence of two genes. For the (DTR-2 × DTR-4) cross, a 3 : 1 segregation was observed in relation to the early bud production. The inheritance of the “number of productive nodes” trait in the cv. Pervenets is determined by two genes, one of which is not related to the determination. This fact was confirmed by the test crossing with the further evaluation of the deviation of the actual segregation from the expected one using the χ2 (chi-square) method. According to the obtained data, the crossing [DTR-2 × (Voronezhsky zeleniy × Ranniy 28-11-early budding)] resulted in a new variety characterized by a limited stem growth type and four fertile nodes that is suitable for mechanical harvesting.

Histopathological changes in leprosy and its correlation with IHC markers

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease. It involves the psychological, socioeconomic dimensions of an individual. Histopathology is considered as an accurate method for diagnosing leprosy. Immunity is largely T-cell mediated, whereas deficiency of T-cells causes lepromatous leprosy. The relative proportion of T and B lymphocytes were studied using CD3 and CD20 immunohistochemistry markers (IHC). A Retrospective, prospective and observational study was carried from August 2016 to July 2019. The cases were divided based on histopathological findings. IHC markers CD3 was used to study T cell whereas CD20 was used to study B-cells. As per Ridley Jopling classification maximum cases belonged to indeterminate forms. Bacillary load of 4+ and above was seen in lepromatous leprosy. CD3 showed strong positivity in all types whereas CD20 showed more focal positive staining for lepromatous leprosy than tuberculoid and indeterminate forms.

P1568 Echocardiographic changes and ventricular mechanics in the indeterminate form of chagas disease

Abstract Introduction According to the WHO, Chagas disease affects 8 to 10 million people, mainly in the Americas and in some European countries, with more than 10 thousand annual deaths. It presents an acute phase followed by a chronic, categorized as indeterminate, cardiac or digestive forms. After infestation, most patients remain asymptomatic, but 40% progress to symptomatic form at the rate of 1.8 to 5% patients/year. Evidence of myocardial fibrosis in 41% of these patients was found by magnetic resonance imaging. Objective To evaluate, by echocardiography, patients with Chagas disease, indeterminate phase, analysing dimensions, function and parameters of deformation and mechanical dispersion in left and right cardiac cavities. Method The study included 44 asymptomatic patients, 36 female, mean age 51 ± 10 years with positive Chagas serology and a control group of 44 healthy individuals, 35 female, mean age 52 ± 10 years. Left and right cavitary dimensions were evaluated, systolic and diastolic function, global myocardial deformation and mechanical dispersion. The groups were compared by the paired "t" test with significance level <5%. Results Demographic data (age, body surface area) with no significant differences. Left ventricular (LV) diameters (p <0.0001), septal thickness (p = 0.01), mass index (p <0.0001) and diameters and indexed volume of left atrium (LA) were higher in Chagas patients (p <0.0001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) showed no significant difference between groups. The mitral E wave velocity showed no significant difference, but the e" wave velocity of tissue Doppler (p = 0.02) and the E/e" ratio (p = 0.002) were higher in Chagas patients. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) (p <0.0001) and mechanical dispersion of the LV (p <0.0001) were lower in Chagas patients. Basal right ventricular (RV) diameter, tricuspid annulus excursion (TAPSE) and tricuspid regurgitation velocity did not show differences and fractional area change of the RV (p = 0.03) was lower in Chagas patients. Longitudinal strain of the RV free wall (p = 0.01) was lower in Chagas patients and mechanical dispersion of RV (p =0.002) was higher. Conclusion Asymptomatic patients with Chagas disease (undetermined phase), when compared with healthy individuals of the same age group, presented larger cavitary diameters, diastolic disfunction and, deformation parameters of the left and right ventricles, with increased mechanical dispersion in both chambers. These data seem to corroborate recent results obtained by magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium, suggesting areas of myocardial fibrosis in these patients.

Risk of Chronic Cardiomyopathy Development and Its Determinants in Patients with the Acute Phase and Indeterminate Form of Chagas Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Risk of Chronic Cardiomyopathy Development and Its Determinants in Patients with the Acute Phase and Indeterminate Form of Chagas Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Influence of the Interaction of the Mutant Inl Gene and the Type of Fruiting Branches ss on the Anatomical Features of the Stem in the Indeterminate and Determinant Forms of <i>G. hirsutum</i> L.

For the first time, a comparative analysis of the structure of the apical meristem and the node of the main shoot of two forms of the indeterminate kind Namangan-77 and the determinant line of Determinant-2 and Determinant-3 of G. hirsutum in the kidney ding phase was carried out. In the apical meristem of the indeterminate form Namangan-77 is characterized by the recessive homozygous state of the mutant gene (inlinl) and the dominant homozygous, heterozygous state of the fruiting branch gene S-s: inlinlSS, inlinlSs, inlinlss—more pronounced vegetative, vegetative, with this, this form is predominated by the continuation of first-order shoots and the monopodial branching type with unlimited apical growth, accompanied by a uniform elongation of the internodes. In the apical meristem, in the forms of the determinant lines, Determinant-2 and Determinant-3 are characterized by the dominant homozygous state of the mutant gene (InlInl) and the recessive homozygous state of the allelic gene (ss)—InlInlss—there is a generative collateral kidney in the axillary leaf axial sinus, which is why these forms of the vegetative apex of the shoot when they transit to the reproductive state turn into a floral apical meristem and a sympodial branching type what happens through the development of inflorescences. Obviously, this is a consequence of a change in the phytohormonal status in the apical part of the stem as a result of the interaction of the mutant gene Inl and gene S. The node of the main stem in all forms was also studied, and a three-beam-three-lacuna type of structure was revealed, which is a fairly persistent characterizing feature of large taxa and can be used in their taxonomy.

Amicus Curiae Institute in the Constitutional Process

Given the specifics of constitutional proceedings, the question of the peculiarities of evidence in a constitutional trial is becoming increasingly important. With the adoption of the Law of Ukraine ‘On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine’, for the sake of completeness of the trial, amicus curiae play a significant role in proving – experts and specialists who, by giving opinions on written requests of the judge-rapporteur in the case, reveal the peculiarities of socio-political discussion on complex issues arising in the course of constitutional justice. The purpose of this work is to study the amicus curiae institute, the features of its legal regulation in Ukraine and abroad, as well as to investigate the role of the institute in the constitutional process of Ukraine. The object of the research is the amicus curiae institute in the constitutional process of Ukraine. By examining the amicus curiae institute in the constitutional process of Ukraine, we can conclude that it plays an important role in the completeness of the judicial review of the case. On the one hand, the ‘friend of the court’ is a lobbyist who, thanks to his conclusions, seeks the necessary judicial decision. On the other hand, thanks to the amicus curiae institute, when considering cases that may affect an indeterminate number of persons, civil society (such as NGOs, etc.) can help ensure that the judgment is given in the light of all the circumstances relevant to the cases. However, despite the legislative consolidation of the research institute in the constitutional process of Ukraine, some procedural provisions require further refinement with the use of international experience and advanced scientific works.

Nature of the inheritance of number of fertile nodes in determinant forms of vegetable pea

For the first time the character of the inheritance of the determinant form with four productive nodes (variety Pervenets with a dwarf stem). The analysis of first-generation hybrids obtained from crosses of indeterminate forms with determinant samples (DTR-2 and DTR-4) showed that all the plants had a phenotype with the usual type of stem growth and the formation of buds in the axiles of stipules. When the DTR was crossed all the plants corresponded to the phenotype of DTR-2. In the second generation in the combination (indeterminant x DTR-2) a splitting was foynd in a ratio of 3:1; in F2 (the indeterminant x DTR-4) in the phenotype the plants were divided into four phenotypic classes, that indicates the presence of two genes; in (DTR-2 x DTR-4) the discrepancy was due to the early emission of buds and corresponded to 3:1. The inheritance of the feature number of productive nodes (CNC) in the Pervenets variety is due to two genes, one of which is not related to determination. This is confirmed by the analyzing crossing and calculation of the deviation of the correspondence of the actual splitting according to theoretically expected, using the 2 (hi-square) method. According to the obtained data, crossing was done [DTR-2 x VZR-28-11 (early budding)] resulting in a new variety with a limited type of stem growth, number of fertile nodes 4, suitable for mechanized harvesting.

Computer-Aided Study of Double Extensions of Restricted Lie Superalgebras Preserving the Nondegenerate Closed 2-Forms in Characteristic 2

A Lie (super)algebra with a nondegenerate invariant symmetric bilinear form B is called a nis-(super)algebra. The double extension of a nis-(super)algebra is the result of simultaneous adding to a central element and a derivation so that is a nis-algebra. Loop algebras with values in simple complex Lie algebras are most known among the Lie (super)algebras suitable to be doubly extended. In characteristic 2, the notion of double extension acquires specific features. Restricted Lie (super)algebras are among the most interesting modular Lie superalgebras. In characteristic 2, using Grozman’s Mathematica-based package SuperLie, we list double extensions of restricted Lie superalgebras preserving the nondegenerate closed 2-forms with constant coefficients. The results are proved for the number of indeterminates ranging from 4 to 7—sufficient to conjecture the pattern for larger numbers. Considering multigradings allowed us to accelerate computations up to 100 times.

On some lesser known sea cucumbers in the Natural History Museum, UK(Echinodermata: Holothuroidea).

A mixed batch of sea cucumbers tentatively labelled as ?Thyone or ?Havelockia species was obtained on loan from the Natural History Museum, United Kingdom (NHMUK) for identifications and records. The material dates back to 1850 and originates from shallow waters from various parts of the world. The material includes two new species and one new subspecies which have already been described in an earlier paper (see Thandar, 2017). The remaining specimens comprise a few known or poorly known nominal species and several indeterminate forms. This paper describes the known species while adding some useful information about them. Of the indeterminate species included are several specimens most belonging to the genus Thyone or Havelockia which, because of their incompleteness and absence of ossicles, are not identified beyond their suspected genus or species.

MMP-2 and MMP-9 plasma levels are potential biomarkers for indeterminate and cardiac clinical forms progression in chronic Chagas disease

One of the major challenges in chronic Chagas disease is to understand the mechanisms that predict the clinical evolution from asymptomatic to severe cardiac clinical forms. Our cohort consisted of twenty-eight Chagas disease patients followed for twenty years. Plasma levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinases and TIMPs were evaluated by multiplexed immunoassay at two points in time with an average interval of six years. MMP-2 plasma levels, but not MMP-9, increased in cardiac patients over time. TIMP-1 levels diminished in cardiac patients, while TIMP-3 dropped in asymptomatic patients in the course of the evaluated interval. An inversion of time lines was observed relative to the clinical asymptomatic and cardiac forms for MMP-2. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified MMP-2 as a biomarker to distinguish asymptomatic from cardiac clinical forms, while MMP-9 is a biomarker that segregates infected from non-infected patients. We have pointed out that MMP-2 and MMP-9 together can predict clinical evolution in Chagas disease. MMP-2 was suggested as a biomarker for fibrosis replacement in early remodeling and a sensitive predictor for initial changes in asymptomatic patients that may evolve into the cardiac clinical form. MMP-9 seems to be a biomarker for late fibrosis and severe cardiac remodeling in cardiac patients.

P1810May early myocardial involvement detection in chagas disease have a prognosis impact?

Abstract Background Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and novel echocardiographic techniques such as speckle-tracking and a comprehensive evaluation of diastolic function can detect early myocardial involvement in patients with Chagas disease. However, there is lack of longitudinal studies that can confirm whether this early myocardial involvement translates into a worse prognosis. Purpose To assess if early myocardial involvement detected by BNP or a comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation was associated with future events in Chagas disease. Methods 182 consecutive individuals from endemic areas who underwent T. cruzi screening where prospectively included from 2007 to 2014. ECG, BNP and a comprehensive echocardiography including diastolic function and longitudinal myocardial strain were performed. Four different groups were defined: healthy controls (N=77); Chagas indeterminate form (positive serology, normal ECG and left ventricle (LV) diameter (<55 mm), LV ejection fraction (>50%) and no segmental abnormalities, N=88); Chagas patients with abnormal ECG but normal LV dimensions and motility (N=7); and Chagas patients with LV diameter>55 mm or LV ejection fraction<50% or segmental abnormalities (N=13). The primary outcome included advanced atrioventricular block, sustained ventricular tachycardia, heart failure, heart transplant or death. Kaplan Meier with Long rank test and Cox regression analysis was used. Results Mean age was 37±9 and 34% were male. Median follow-up was 63 months (range 1 to 137). The primary endpoint occurred in a total of 11 (10%) individuals: 2 (2.4%) in the Indeterminate group; 3 (43%) in the abnormal ECG group; and 6 (46%) in the group with abnormal LV dimension or motility, with no events among controls (long-rank test<0.01, Figure). In the global population, age, BNP, diastolic dysfunction parameters and longitudinal strain at the inferior and lateral walls were significant predictors. In the cohort of Chagas patients with normal standard echocardiography (N=92), ECG abnormalities (HR=49, p=0.001), Em (HR=0.68, p=0.03), deceleration time (HR=0.01, p=0.01), left atrial diameter (HR=1.24, p<0.01) and longitudinal strain at the midventricular lateral wall (HR=0.75, p=0.028) remained significantly associated with outcome. Cumulative survival without events Conclusions Outcome was significantly more frequent in Chagas patients with abnormalities in ECG or standard echocardiography. In early forms of the disease, myocardial involvement detected by BNP or a comprehensive echocardiography was associated with prognosis, and may help to individualize treatment and follow-up.

Duration and determinants of Chagas latency: an etiology and risk systematic review protocol.

The objective of this systematic review is to explore and discuss the latency duration among asymptomatic people with chronic Chagas disease. Studies estimate the latency period of Chagas disease to be approximately 10-30 years. However, new findings may indicate that this latency period is shorter and depends on the presence of clinical factors. This systematic review protocol will explore the duration and factors affecting this latency period to inform treatment, with the potential of improving outcomes. Eligible studies will include asymptomatic people with indeterminate Chagas disease confirmed through positive serologic testing and the absence of structural cardiomyopathy with no heart failure symptoms and normal electrocardiography results. Studies that involve a longitudinal observation period of participants will be considered. This period must start from the acute acquisition of the infection or an already established indeterminate form of the disease until the development of a primary or secondary cardiac outcome. The following electronic databases will be searched: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection and LILACS. The search will include the following concepts: Chagas disease, latency duration and determinants of the Chagas latency period. The languages will be restricted to English, Spanish and Portuguese. Two reviewers will review the selected studies for methodological quality using critical appraisal tools and conduct data extraction. Studies will, where possible, be pooled in a statistical meta-analysis. All data will be presented and synthesized through tables, summaries, figures and charts. PROSPERO CRD42019118019.

Anglophile Households and British Travellers in Late Eighteenth-Century Vienna: ‘A Very Numerous and Pleasant English Colony’

‘Anglophilia’ was a Europe-wide phenomenon during the eighteenth century, and in Austria and particularly Vienna this affinity for things and persons ‘English’ was widespread. For many British visitors in late eighteenth-century Vienna the attraction was apparently mutual. With remarkable consistency, both private correspondence and the published reports of British travelers included praise for the hospitality and openness of two Viennese households, those of the Thun and Pergen families. During several decades, until the early 1790s, a substantial if indeterminate number of British individuals and groups arrived in Vienna and received a consistently enthusiastic welcome in the residences of the countesses Thun and Pergen. Why a predilection for Vienna should have developed among visitors from the British Isles, which lacked a shared religion, dynastic connection, or ease of access to the Viennese capital, is a question that merits attention. Interactions that occurred in and around these anglophile households can serve as instructive examples of contemporary British-Austrian ‘sociability’ in action.

Capacity Results for Classes of Partially Ordered $K$ -User Broadcast Channels With Two Nested Multicast Messages

The $K$ -user discrete memoryless (DM) broadcast channel (BC) with two nested multicast messages is studied in which one common message is to be multicast to all receivers and the second private message to a subset of receivers. The receivers that must decode both messages are referred to as private receivers and the others that must decode only the common message as common receivers. For two nested multicast messages, we establish the capacity region for several classes of partially ordered DM BCs characterized by the respective associated sets of pair-wise relationships between and among the common and private receivers, each described by the well-known pair-wise more capable or less noisy condition. For three classes of partially ordered DM BCs, the capacity region is shown to be simply achieved by two-level superposition coding and the proofs of the converses rely on a recently found information inequality. The rate region achievable by two-level superposition coding is then enhanced through a multi-level superposition coding scheme after splitting the private message into as many parts as there are common receivers and indirect decoding. A closed-form two-dimensional polyhedral (polygonal) description is obtained for it for a given coding distribution in spite of the indeterminate number of split rates via a structured form of Fourier-Motzkin elimination. Through a converse result that relies on the Csiszar sum lemma and that information inequality, a specialization of this region that corresponds to splitting the private message into just two sub-messages is proved to be the capacity region for several classes of partially ordered DM BCs beyond those for which two-level superposition coding is capacity optimal, thereby underscoring the benefit of rate-splitting. All previously known capacity results for partially ordered DM BCs with two nested multicast messages for the two and three-receiver DM BCs as well as DM BCs with one private or one common receiver are subsumed in the general results obtained in this work.

Evaluación del riesgo volcánico ante una posible erupción del Volcán Callaqui, Chile

A partir de perfiles gravimétricos, observaciones aéreas y apoyo de fotografía areal, se realizó una cubicación de las masas de hielo de los glaciales más relevantes que componen el edificio volcánico Callaqui, ubicado en la región del Bio-Bio, cuyas coordenadas geográficas son: 37° 55’ 20” S y 71° 26’ 50” O, Chile. Ante una posible erupción del volcán Callaqui, las masas de hielo calculadas fluirían por diferentes quebradas y ríos, ocasionando gravísimos daños en las centrales hidroeléctricas de Pangue y Ralco pertenecientes al complejo hidroeléctrico del río Bio-Bio. Siendo las centrales hidroeléctricas las inversiones materiales de más alto costo que se verían afectadas (US$2,346x106), no menos importante es la pérdida de vidas humanas, junto a sus hogares, producción agrícola y otras obras menores difíciles de cuantificar. El volumen total de hielo en los glaciares del volcán Callaqui que podrían fun- dirse en una posible erupción durante la temporada invernal es de 0.424168km3 equivalentes a un volumen de agua de 0.339334km3 el que se vería incrementado por la cubierta nival variable año a año, pudiendo ser de hasta tres metros, Araneda y Avendaño (1983), Araneda (1984). Las densidades para calcular volúmenes de hielo y nieve, han sido estimadas en 0.8gr/cm3 y 0.25gr/cm3 respectivamente. Finalmente se recomienda un sistema de monitoreo mediante una red sísmica telemétrica de cuatro estaciones junto a una red de inclinómetros y red geodésica para el control de movimientos verticales y desplazamientos horizontales.

Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers Associated with Cardiac Remodeling and Fibrosis in Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy.

Chagas disease (CD) affects approximately 6–7 million people worldwide, from which 30% develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), usually after being asymptomatic for years. Currently available diagnostic methods are capable of adequately identifying infected patients, but do not provide information regarding the individual risk of developing the most severe form of the disease. The identification of biomarkers that predict the progression from asymptomatic or indeterminate form to CCC, may guide early implementation of pharmacological therapy. Here, six circulating microRNAs (miR-19a-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-29b-3p, miR-30a-5p, miR-199b-5p and miR-208a-3p) were evaluated and compared among patients with CCC (n = 28), CD indeterminate form (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 10). MiR-19a-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-29b-3p were differentially expressed in CCC patients when compared to indeterminate form, showing a positive correlation with cardiac dysfunction, functional class, and fibrosis, and a negative correlation with ejection fraction and left ventricular strain. Cardiac tissue analysis confirmed increased expression of microRNAs in CCC patients. In vitro studies using human cells indicated the involvement of these microRNAs in the processes of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Our study suggests that miRNAs are involved in the process of cardiac fibrosis and remodeling presented in CD and indicate a group of miRNAs as potential biomarkers of disease progression in CCC.

New macrobenthic cycloneuralians from the Fortunian (lowermost Cambrian) of South China

Although morphology-based phylogenetic analyses and molecular data suggested that the cycloneuralians might have emerged in the Ediacaran Period, the oldest known fossil remains of cycloneuralians were first reported from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China, and to date four genera and species as well as nine indeterminate forms have been described. Here, we report the latest discoveries of cycloneuralians from the Fortunian Kuanchuanpu Formation at Zhangjiagou Lagerstätte, Dahe Village, Xixiang County, southern Shaanxi Province, South China. A new genus and species Dahescolex kuanchuanpuensis n. gen. n. sp. is described, and a previously reported genus and species Eopriapulites sphinx is re-described. Dahescolex kuanchuanpuensis n. gen. n. sp. is suggested to be a stem-lineage derivative of Scalidophora, whereas E. sphinx may represent a stem-lineage derivative of Cycloneuralia. From the fragments discovered, the new specimens are suggested to have reached millimeters in dimension, and the original individuals are estimated to have dimensions in centimeter, hence falls within the size range of macrobenthos. Therefore, at least some of the Fortunian cycloneuralians can be considered macrobenthic, and it is suggested here that the Cycloneuralia may have originated in the Fortunian macrobenthos.

Spatial Analysis of Tourism Impacts on the Economy of Rural Areas (Case Study: Rezvanshahr County, Iran)

Purpose- Tourism, as a booming and dominant activity of this century, has a lot of effects in rural areas, including economic effects, which according to different spatial situations can have different intensity and directions of changes and developments. In this regard, this study was codified with the aim of spatial analysis of tourism impacts on rural areas of Rezvanshahr. Design/methodology/approach- According to the purpose, nature and method, this study is considered as a developmental and descriptive-analytical research, respectively. Documentary and survey methods have been used to obtain the required information and the TOPSIS model has been used to rank the economic and social needs of the villages studied. Using SPSS and GIS software, the collected data was processed and Pearson correlation test was used in inferential analysis of data. Findings- The results showed that the economic level of villages varies based on four indicators (the income level, unemployment rate, level of facilities and misery rate), the lowest and the highest of which are related to Kish-e-Khaleh village with 0.001 and Punnel village with 0.9056, respectively. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between the independent variable of the number of tourists and dependent variable of the local economy level with a correlation coefficient of 0.626 at a confidence level of 0.99. Research limitations / implications- The lack of documented information and the indeterminate number of tourists, especially in rural areas, are the most important challenges and problems of the study. Practical implications- Therefore, according to the findings, It is possible to shape the economic development of villages by developing tourism attractions and actualizing the potential of tourist attraction in settlements. Originality/value- Numerous studies have, so far, been carried out on tourism and rural economics. However, this study is valued based on the spatial analysis of the economy in the rural areas of the three types of coastal, plain and mountainous/ highland in the district of Rezvanshah and has not been addressed in previous studies.

T-Cell Immunophenotyping and Cytokine Production Analysis in Patients with Chagas Disease 4 Years after Benznidazole Treatment.

The major problem with Chagas disease is evolution of the chronic indeterminate form to a progressive cardiac disease. Treatment diminishes parasitemia but not clinical progression, and the immunological features involved are unclear. Here, we studied the clinical course and the immune response in patients with chronic-phase Chagas disease at 48 months after benznidazole treatment. Progression to the cardiac form of Chagas disease or its aggravation was associated with higher in vitro antigen-specific production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in patients with cardiac Chagas disease than in patients with the indeterminate form. Predominance of IFN-γ production over interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in antigen-specific cultures was associated with cardiac involvement. Significantly higher numbers of antigen-specific T helper 1 cells (T-Bet+ IFN-γ+) and a significantly higher IFN-γ+/IL-10+ ratio were observed in patients with cardiac Chagas disease than in patients with the indeterminate form. Cardiac damage was associated with higher numbers of T helper cells than cytotoxic T lymphocytes producing IFN-γ. Patients with cardiac Chagas disease had predominant CD25- and CD25low T regulatory (Treg) subpopulations, whereas patients with the indeterminate form manifested a higher relative mean percentage of CD25high Treg subpopulations. These findings suggest that at 48 months after benznidazole treatment, the disease can worsen or progress to the cardiac form. The progression may be related to increased IFN-γ production (mostly from CD4+ T cells) relative to IL-10 production and increased Treg percentages. Patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease show a more balanced ratio of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.