Problem Of Indeterminacy Research Articles

Neutrosophic-principal Component Analysis of Causes of Performance Gap among Private and Public School Students in the Basic Education Certificate Examination

The decade - old academic achievement discrepancies at the basic school level that are widely emphasized are still being worked on heavily in current research. In this study, we present a novel Neutrosophic-Principal Component Analysis and Two-way Neutrosophic ANOVA to analysing the causes of Performance Gap among private and public school students in the Basic Education Certificate Examination. One-hundred and eighty-nine respondents from the Ada East and West Districts of Ghana were involved in the study. We present a modified Neutrosophic regression equivalence of the classical least squares to solve problems of indeterminacy. The results showed that of the total 87% variability, three main components—student characteristics, instructor characteristics, and administrative-logistic features—accounted for 36%, 31%, and 20%, respectively. The remaining 13% of the variability, which was attributed to random effects by the Neutrosophic PCA technique, was tested using a two-way Neutrosophic ANOVA where the results identified that interaction between the identified factors was a contributing factor that needed to be explained. Our results reveal that Neutrosophic-PCA is a potential method to lessen human response errors, which are frequently tainted with ambiguous, conflicting, imprecise, indeterminate or uncertainty. When there is just a slight difference between the two options, the forced selection caused by the traditional Likert method will be eliminated by our new approach. When studying respondents' opinions, we recommend researchers to employ Neutrosophic- PCA in order to minimize any bias that may result from the responses' lack of precision.

Ante rem structuralism and the semantics of instantial terms

Ante rem structures were posited as the subject matter of mathematics in order to resolve a problem of referential indeterminacy within mathematical discourse. Nevertheless, ante rem structuralists are inevitably committed to the existence of indiscernible entities, and this commitment produces an exactly analogous problem. If it cannot be sorted out, then the postulation of ante rem structures is futile. In a recent paper, Stewart Shapiro argued that the problem may be solved by analysing some of the singular terms of mathematics not as genuinely referring expressions, but as instantial terms. In this paper, I discuss several competing accounts of the semantics of terms of this kind, and argue that they are all untenable for the ante rem structuralist. Shapiro, then, still owes us an account of the semantics of instantial terms that suits the ante rem structuralist project. Without it, the ante rem structuralist is still unable to determine the reference of the singular terms of mathematics.

Modeling perceptual confidence and the confidence forced-choice paradigm.

Perceptual confidence is an evaluation of the validity of our perceptual decisions. We present here a complete generative model that describes how confidence judgments result from some confidence evidence. The model that generates confidence evidence has two main parameters, confidence noise and confidence boost. Confidence noise reduces the sensitivity to the confidence evidence, and confidence boost accounts for information used for confidence judgment which was not used for the perceptual decision. The opposite effect of these two parameters creates a problem of confidence parameters indeterminacy, where the confidence in a perceptual decision is the same in spite of differences in confidence noise and confidence boost. When confidence is estimated for multiple stimulus strengths, both of these parameters can be recovered, thus allowing us to estimate whether confidence is generated using the same primary information that was used for the perceptual decision or some secondary information. We also describe a novel measure of confidence efficiency relative to the ideal confidence observer, as well as the estimate of one type of confidence bias. Finally, we apply the model to the confidence forced-choice paradigm, a paradigm that provides objective estimates of confidence, and we discuss how each parameter of the model can be recovered using this paradigm. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

이요인 모형 기반 혼합형 검사를 위한 다차원 IRT 척도 연계 방법

Like unidimensional item response theory (IRT) models, bifactor models in multidimensional IRT have a scale indeterminacy problem, and due to this problem scale linking methods are needed to place all bifactor model parameter estimates from separate calibrations on a common ability scale. Four bifactor scale linking methods including the direct least squares (DLS), mean/least squares (MLS), item category response function (ICRF), and test response function (TRF) methods have been presented for use with single-format tests. Parallel to the 2006 paper of Kim and Lee, this paper extends the four scale linking methods to a mixture of bifactor models for mixed-format tests. Each linking method extended is intended to handle mixed-format tests using any mixture of the following bifactor extensions of four unidimensional IRT models: the bifactor three-parameter logistic, bifactor graded response, bifactor generalized partial credit, and bifactor nominal response models. For generality, symmetric criterion functions are proposed for the ICRF and TRF methods. Given two sets of parameter estimates for the common items linking two test forms, each linking method estimates the dilation (slope) and translation (intercept) coefficients of a linear transformation. Simulations are conducted to investigate the performance of the four linking methods. The results indicate that overall, the ICRF method performs very well, the MLS and DLS methods perform well (the MLS method is slightly better than the DLS method), and the TRF method performs poorly in estimating the linking coefficients. The inferiority of the TRF method is mainly due to its poor estimation of the translation coefficients.

Three-dimensional black holes with scalar hair coupled to a Maxwell-like electrodynamics

By consideration of an Einstein-dilaton nonlinear charged gravitating system, it has been shown that this theory is confronted with the problem of indeterminacy. It means that the number of independent differential equations is one less than the number of unknowns. To overcome this problem, the power-law and exponential ansatz functions have been used, separately. Through solving the field equations, in the presence of a Coulomb-like electric field, it has been found that this theory includes two novel classes of charged black holes (BHs) with unusual asymptotic behavior, for each ansatz. It has been found that, under some circumstances, both of the ansatz functions lead to the same results. The novel exact solutions show BHs with one horizon, two horizons and without horizon. Using a Smarr-type mass formula, the validity of the first law of BH thermodynamics (FLT) has been proved, after calculating the thermodynamic and conserved quantities. Making use of thermodynamical and geometrical approaches, thermal stability of the BHs has been analyzed. Results of the aforementioned methods have been compared by use of the plots.

Pragmatism, Logic, and Law

Pragmatism, Logic, and Law

A Computationally Efficient Musculoskeletal Model of the Lower Limb for the Control of Rehabilitation Robots: Assumptions and Validation

We present and validate a computationally efficient lower limb musculoskeletal model for the control of a rehabilitation robot. It is a parametric model that allows the customization of joint kinematics, and it is able to operate in real time. Methods: Since the rehabilitation exercises corresponds to low-speed movements, a quasi-static model can be assumed, and then muscle force coefficients are position dependent. This enables their calculation in an offline stage. In addition, the concept of a single functional degree of freedom is used to minimize drastically the workspace of the stored coefficients. Finally, we have developed a force calculation process based on Lagrange multipliers that provides a closed-form solution; in this way, the problem of dynamic indeterminacy is solved without the need to use an iterative process. Results: The model has been validated by comparing muscle forces estimated by the model with the corresponding electromyography (EMG) values using squat exercise, in which the Spearman’s correlation coefficient is higher than 0.93. Its computational time is lower than 2.5 ms in a conventional computer using MATLAB. Conclusions: This procedure presents a good agreement with the experimental values of the forces, and it can be integrated into real time control systems.

Identification of Structural VAR Models Via Independent Component Analysis: A Performance Evaluation Study

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a statistical method that transforms a set of random variables in least dependent linear combinations. Under the assumption that the observed data are mixtures of non-Gaussian and independent processes, ICA is able to recover the underlying components, but a scale and order indeterminacy. Its application to structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) models allows the researcher to recover the impact of independent structural shocks on the observed series from estimated residuals. We analyze different ICA estimators, recently proposed within the field of SVAR identification, and compare their performance in recovering structural coefficients. Moreover, after suggesting an algorithm that solve the ICA indeterminacy problem, we assess the size distortions of the estimators in hypothesis testing. We conduct our analysis by focusing on distributional scenarios that get gradually close the Gaussian case, which is the case where ICA methods fail to recover the independent components. In terms of statistical properties of the ICA estimators, we find no evidence that a method outperforms all others. We finally present an empirical illustration using US data to identify the effects of government spending and tax cuts on economic activity, thus providing an example where ICA techniques can be used for hypothesis testing.

Means Paternalism and the Problem of Indeterminacy

Abstract Many contemporary defenders of paternalist interventions favor a version of paternalism focused on how people often choose the wrong means given their own ends. This idea is typically justified by empirical results in psychology and behavioral economics. To the extent that paternalist interventions can then target the promotion of goals that can be said to be our own, such interventions are prima facie less problematic. One version of this argument starts from the idea that it is meaningful to ascribe to us preferences that we would have if were fully rational, informed and in control over our actions. It is argued here, however, that the very body of empirical results that means paternalists typically rely on also undermines this idea as a robust enough notion. A more modest approach to paternalist interventions, on which such policies are understood as enmeshed with welfare-state policies promoting certain primary goods, is then proposed instead.

EU Competition Law as Responsive Law

AbstractThis article proposes two broad ways to conceptualise EU competition law. EU competition law could be viewed as ‘autonomous law’ (‘AL’), namely as a closed normative system a technocratic tool consisting in a set of rules that prohibit undue restraints of trade. Or, EU competition law could be viewed as ‘responsive law’ (‘RL’), namely as a relatively open normative system and an interpretive practice that oscillates between openness and integrity. The responsiveness approach offers a compelling conceptualisation as it explains certain endogenous features of EU competition law: its fuzzy mandate, conceptually elastic vocabulary, and use of rules and standards. In addition, the responsiveness approach can clarify the role economics plays in EU competition law. It views economics as an ‘ideological science’, which, even though it cannot insulate this legal field from value disagreements and make it ‘autonomous’, it can provide a source for positive and normative interpretive statements. On this basis the responsiveness approach maintains that EU competition law is by design open—ie conceptually elastic and factually sensitive—and that its openness can enhance, but also undermine its integrity—ie its capacity to realise its objective in a rule of law compatible manner. These conflicts between openness and integrity are the cause of EU competition law's relative indeterminacy. To deal with the problem of indeterminacy, the RL approach proposes a tripartite legal-institutional modus operandi consisting in constructive interpretation, responsive enforcement, and catalytic adjudication. Hence, considering EU competition law as a form of responsive law has three major implications: first, it offers a new way for understanding how this legal field works and changes; second, it suggests a strategy for dealing with EU competition law's indeterminacy, and third it proposes a new framing for the discursive practices of EU competition law's epistemic community.

Should the teleosemanticist be afraid of semantic indeterminacy?

The teleosemantic indeterminacy problem has generated much discussion but no consensus. One possible solution is to accept indeterminacy as a real feature of some representations. I call this view “indeterminacy realism.” In this paper, I argue that indeterminacy realism should be treated as a serious option. By drawing an analogy with vagueness, I try to show that accepting the reality of indeterminacy would not be catastrophic for teleosemantics. I further argue that there are positive reasons to endorse indeterminacy realism. I end the paper by arguing that indeterminacy realism need not generalize viciously to the case of propositional attitudes.

DEVELOPMENT OF SECURITY PAPERS LEGAL REGIMES IN THE SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Abstract: this article considers the key features of the formation of security papers legal regimes in the Russian civil legislation against the background of general trends in the legal regulation of financial instruments market relations. The problems of indeterminacy in legislators approaches to the specific classification of security papers, taking into account their forms and specific varieties, are revealed. The contradictions in the legal meaning of the concepts of transfer inscription, name transfer inscription and endorsement are discovered. The problematic nature of bills legal regime extension to the general specific class of order securities is noted. The discrepancy between the normative classification of checks and their legal nature is uncovered. The main directions of security papers civil law regimes development in the aspect of legal regulation of the financial instruments turnover in general are determined, which does not exclude the revision of general approaches to understanding the system of the civil rights objects.

A generalized approach to indeterminacy in linear rational expectations models

We propose a novel approach to deal with the problem of indeterminacy in linear rational expectations models. The method consists of augmenting the original state space with a set of auxiliary exogenous equations to provide the adequate number of explosive roots in presence of indeterminacy. The solution in this expanded state space, if it exists, is always determinate, and is identical to the indeterminate solution of the original model. The proposed approach accommodates determinacy and any degree of indeterminacy, and it can be implemented even when the boundaries of the determinacy region are unknown. Thus, the researcher can estimate the model using standard software packages without restricting the estimates to the determinacy region. We combine our solution method with a novel hybrid Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to estimate the New–Keynesian model with rational bubbles by Galí (2021) over the period 1982:Q4–2007:Q3. We find that the data support the presence of two degrees of indeterminacy, implying that the central bank was not reacting strongly enough to the bubble component.

Hegel on Possibility, Dialectics, Contradiction, and Modality by Nahum Brown

Reviewed by: Hegel on Possibility, Dialectics, Contradiction, and Modality by Nahum Brown Kevin Harrelson Nahum Brown. Hegel on Possibility, Dialectics, Contradiction, and Modality. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. Pp. x + 232. Cloth, £42.08. Nahum Brown has written a very ambitious book on Hegel's theory of modality. It provides detailed textual analyses of three chapters from the Science of Logic and places Hegel's theory in a highly original classificatory scheme. The volume is well researched and transparently argued. It ought to have considerable influence on how scholars interpret Hegel, as well as on how we construe the history of modal thinking in European traditions. The introduction presents a series of problems that Brown claims are historically widespread, chief among which is what he calls the "modal indeterminacy problem." There are some infelicities in his initial statements of this problem (1). Sympathetic readers nonetheless should be able to reconstruct the argument, the conclusion of which is that a definite conceptual trouble underlies questions about whether possibilities exist. Brown argues that the two customary ways of addressing this, illustrated respectively by Aristotle and Leibniz, are less edifying than is Hegel's solution. The indeterminacy problem stems from an ambiguity in references to possible circumstances. What does it mean to say that "it is possible, but not actual, that x"? The first method of qualifying possibility is to assert modal priority in the manner of Aristotle. Possibility, on this kind of theory, is defined by its subordinate relation to actuality. The worry, then, is that such a view borders on actualism by rendering possibility too close to non-existence (n.b. the fact that Aristotle does not have our technical notion of existence presents a problem for this example). The second and more common option is to interpret 'possible existence' by asserting that x exists in a world that is indexically distinct from this actual world. Brown offers a nice introductory sketch (10–17) of world-separation theories, neatly locating their origins in the ancient atomists. He also draws careful distinctions among the proponents (Leibniz, Lewis, et al.) of these theories. What the analysis lacks is a critical element: if the goal is to defend a more Hegelian theory, then we need a better picture of what is wrong with the conceptual apparatus of possible worlds. Brown is more successful in locating Hegel's position than he is at adjudicating the relative virtues of the other options. He labels Hegel's theory modal optimism, which is "the thesis that this actual world contains infinite sets of infinite possibilities within it" (3). The key to modal optimism lies in the belief that "actuality and possibility are genuinely transitional concepts" (3). The subsequent chapters execute the detailed exegeses that would explain and justify the argument that the transitional nature of modal concepts leads Hegel to the conclusion that infinite possible circumstances exist within the actual world. Brown is more successful in locating Hegel's position than he is at adjudicating the relative virtues of the other options. He labels Hegel's theory modal optimism, which is "the thesis that this actual world contains infinite sets of infinite possibilities within it" (3). The key to modal optimism lies in the belief that "actuality and possibility are genuinely transitional concepts" (3). The subsequent chapters execute the detailed exegeses that would explain and justify the argument that the transitional nature of modal concepts leads Hegel to the conclusion that infinite possible circumstances exist within the actual world. [End Page 519] Brown has an admirable tendency to stay faithful to Hegel's texts and vocabulary, while also expressing his own arguments in a more modern idiom. The first three chapters address a series of overtly Hegelian theses: the categories of the Logic are transitional and form a totality (chapter 1); everything has internal contradictions, and these contradictions are productive (chapter 2); and absolute necessity is also absolute contingency (chapter 3). Brown balances his interpretations of these apparently baroque claims by attending throughout to the progression of his own argument. Equally impressive is Brown's judicious attention to the extant scholarship on Hegel's Logic. Unlike those Hegel scholars who retreat into citational echo chambers, Brown engages with the...

Деннис Паттерсон о Витгенштейне

Dennis Patterson, modern American legal theorist, is one of the active supporters of the importance and significance of later Wittgenstein’s ideas for resolving legal philosophy problems, including legal indeterminacy problem. On the basis of Wittgenstein’s ideas about rule-following and acting in accordance with rule, he developed his own special approach to law and legal interpretation. Although there are some doubts and possible objections that he understood and interpreted «Philosophical Investigations» correctly, it should be recognized that Patterson made a full-scale (and sometimes very convincing) attempt to explicate Wittgenstein’s thoughts in a quite different context, namely, in the context of legal theory. His treatment of wittgensteinian philosophy of language continues to be interesting and sound, despite the criticisms that have been made against his approach. It is in fact very hard to find among modern legal philosophers or theorists someone who could interpret Wittgenstein in a more sophisticated way than Patterson has done

Correlation between the principle of justice and legal axioms

The objects of this research are the principle of justice as a universal fundamental, cornerstone and key cohesive general legal superprinciple and the legal axioms as transmitters of most objectified legal justice reflected in simple and clear formulations. The subject of this research is correlation between the aforementioned concepts, which allows looking at the problem of indeterminacy of the content of the principle of justice from a new perspective, namely through indicating the violation of legal axioms as one of criterions of ultimate injustice. Methodological framework is comprised of the general scientific methods of deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis, as well as sociological method of content analysis used examination of the materials of law enforcement practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The work yielded the following results: 1) substantiation is made on the key role of the principle of justice in law as a whole; 2) an original definition is given to the legal axioms ; 3) demarcation is drawn between legal axioms and legal principles in accordance with the criteria of external manifestation, evidence of conformity or nonconformity, nature of action, and depending on the presence or absence of systemic links, which is important from theoretical and practical perspectives, 4) a direct correlation is established between noncompliance with legal axioms and the loss of baseline claim to justice by legal regulation. The theoretical novelty of this work consists in the fact that legal axioms that establish the generally accepted imperative rules are viewed as a primary reference point for resolving the issue on possible violation of the principle of justice

Research Perspectives: Design Theory Indeterminacy: What Is it, How Can it Be Reduced, and Why Did the Polar Bear Drown?

Design science research strives to be practical and relevant. Yet few researchers have examined the extent to which practitioners can meaningfully utilize theoretical knowledge produced by design science research in solving concrete real-world problems. Are design theories developed by scientists readily amenable to application by practitioners? Does the application of a theory by practitioners always lead to the outcomes predicted (by the scientists)? We examine a particularly difficult challenge—ensuring that the development and deployment of an IT artifact by practitioners based on a design theory result in appropriate changes in the environment predicted by the design theory. As we show in our paper, a gulf exists between theoretical propositions and concrete issues faced in practice—a challenge we refer to as design theory indeterminacy. Design theory indeterminacy might result in considerable ambiguity when implementing a design theory in practice and reduce the potential relevance of information systems knowledge. In this paper, we articulate the problem of design theory indeterminacy, examine factors that contribute to it, and suggest fruitful directions for future research to help reduce it.

Outlier detection in neutrosophic sets by using rough entropy based weighted density method

Neutrosophy is the study of neutralities, which is an extension of discussing the truth of opinions. Neutrosophic logic can be applied to any field, to provide the solution for indeterminacy problem. Many of the real-world data have a problem of inconsistency, indeterminacy and incompleteness. Fuzzy sets provide a solution for uncertainties, and intuitionistic fuzzy sets handle incomplete information, but both concepts failed to handle indeterminate information. To handle this complicated situation, researchers require a powerful mathematical tool, naming, neutrosophic sets, which is a generalised concept of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Neutrosophic sets provide a solution for both incomplete and indeterminate information. It has mainly three degrees of membership such as truth, indeterminacy and falsity. Boolean values are obtained from the three degrees of membership by cut relation method. Data items which contrast from other objects by their qualities are outliers. The weighted density outlier detection method based on rough entropy calculates weights of each object and attribute. From the obtained weighted values, the threshold value is fixed to determine outliers. Experimental analysis of the proposed method has been carried out with neutrosophic movie dataset to detect outliers and also compared with existing methods to prove its performance.

Beyond black dots and nutritious things: A solution to the indeterminacy problem

The indeterminacy problem is one of the most prominent objections against naturalistic theories of content. In this essay, I present this difficulty and argue that extant accounts are unable to solve it. Then, I develop a particular version of teleosemantics, which I call “explanation‐based teleosemantics,” and show how this outstanding problem can be addressed within the framework of a powerful naturalistic theory.

‘Hub-and-spoke’ bid-rigging and corporate attribution under Hong Kong Competition Law

This article examines two important aspects of the Nutanix, the very first case brought and decided under the Hong Kong Competition Ordinance (Cap 619), which came into full effect back in 2015 as the first piece of cross-sector competition legislation in Hong Kong. Both aspects pertain to the ‘agreement’ element under the First Conduct Rule in the Ordinance. The first aspect is the analysis of a ‘hub-and-spoke’ arrangement; the second aspect is corporate attribution. It is argued, in respect of the first aspect, that the ‘hub-and-spoke’ bid-rigging arrangement in Nutanix need not be analysed in terms of multiple agreements between the ‘hub’ and the ‘spokes’. The preferred approach would be to analyse the arrangement as a single antitrust agreement based on a general, joint intention of bid-rigging shared amongst the ‘hub’ and the ‘spokes’. Significantly, it is not necessary for the ‘spokes’ to be aware of one another’s identity or existence for them to be considered as parties to the agreement, as an English contract law precedent would suggest. It is also argued, in respect of the second aspect, that, while the Hong Kong Competition Tribunal justifiably preferred a stricter standard of attribution for competition law liability—namely, the test of ‘sufficient connection’ between the employee’s behaviour and the employer undertaking—than tortious vicarious liability (ie the test of ‘close connection’), the ‘sufficient connection’ test suffers from the same problems of vagueness and indeterminacy as the tort law standard. The test would thus benefit from further judicial clarification and particularization.