Independent Test Methods Research Articles

Comparison Amount of Mental Health Between Athlete and Non Athlete Girl Students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch

Jahoda (1958) elaborated on the 1947 WHO declaration that “health is not merely the absence of illness but a complete state of physical, psychological and social well-being” by separating mental health into three domains. First, mental health involves self-realization in that individuals are allowed to fully exploit their potential. Second, mental health includes a sense of mastery by the individual over their environment, and, finally, that positive mental health also means autonomy, as in individuals having the ability to identify, confront, and solve problems.This is a descriptive study that has been done on girl students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch(IAUOB). For evaluation of mental health the GHQ-28 questionnaire of Gold Berg and Hiller (1979) was used. Also we separated athlete and non athlete students with the use of physical activity levels. Therefore those students that had 3 session's regular exercise a week indicated as active and the other students that did not do any exercise during a week indicated as sedentary. The statistical population of this research was all girl students of Omidiyeh University that among them 200 persons (active= 100 & non active = 100) by randomly filled out the general health questionnaire. The statistical analyze ion of data has been done by computer and SPSS program with the use of independent samples test method and also a≤0.05. The results show that there is significant difference (p-value=0.001) between athlete and non athlete girls students of IAUOB.

Validation of a Manual Protocol for BRAF V600E Mutation-specific Immunohistochemistry.

Detection of BRAF V600E has diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic relevance. The recently developed BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody has evolved into a feasible alternative to DNA analysis. The plethora of immunohistochemical protocols makes implementation tedious and, here we tested a set of manual and automated protocols and compared test performance with sequencing results. For assays, we employed formalin-fixed, in part decalcified, and paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Empiric testing of manual protocols included 10 variables in 17 protocols. Automated immunohistochemical staining and BRAF pyrosequencing served as independent test methods. Test performance measures were compared without considering 1 method as a standard. Four well-fixed samples (2WT/2Mut) were used for testing of all protocols and indicated 2 correctly classifying procedures. Practical performance assessment employed 33 independent tissue samples, composed of 27 leukemias (by pyrosequencing: 8 wild-type; 18 mutated; 1 noninformative) and 6 melanomas (V600E; V600K; wild-type, 2 each). Manual V600E staining was positive in 20 cases (19 of 20 V600E-containing samples plus the 1 sample that was noninformative), whereas all wild-type and V600K cases were immunonegative. Manual or automated staining as well as pyrosequencing would have missed an equal number of V600E-mutated cases and the correlation coefficient for these methods was 0.75 to 0.93 (substantial to almost perfect); the Youden index was 0.95. Detection of V600E-mutated BRAF at the protein level in routine and decalcified tissue samples is possible, and the presented manual protocols should expedite implementation in routine diagnostic practice. Our results indicate that both molecular techniques should be considered complementary.

Nanoindentation and morphological analysis of novel green quasi-ceramic nanocoating materials

Abstract The eco-friendly (green) silicone nanocoating compositions containing titanium nanoparticles were developed and tested for the changes in nanomechanical properties using the nanoindentation technique. Titanium-based nanoparticles were incorporated by two different methods. The nanocoating compositions were studied with the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the nanocoatings was studied with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The nanomechanical properties of the nanocoatings were studied using the standard nanoindentation test method and the new substrate independent nanoindentation test method. The results obtained from the two test methods confirm the validity of the model used to develop the substrate independent nanoindentation test method. In brief, this study discusses the development of silicone based nanocoating materials and nanomechanical properties of green nanocoatings containing two different types of nanoparticles, evaluated using two different test methods.

Anthropometry Evaluation Using Analytical Hierarchical Process and Independent Test Method for Hospital Bed Design: A Case Study in Nigeria

Anthropometry Evaluation Using Analytical Hierarchical Process and Independent Test Method for Hospital Bed Design: A Case Study in Nigeria

English

English

Advanced gripper development and tests for automated photovoltaic wafer handling

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a technical review of a new Bernoulli gripper development using computed fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and also to outline an appropriate independent testing method for validating and evaluating process capability in terms of automated thin wafer handling. The investigation has been carried out by a collaborative way of Festo and Fraunhofer IPA as a connecting link between applied research and industrial needs. Design/methodology/approach – Following an introduction, the paper first describes the basic development and fundamental principles of a gripper based on Bernoulli's law. The gripper was dimensioned and designed with the aid of CFD methods. The performance of the hardware was tested using extreme parameter settings while gripping thin, fragile workpieces. The performance of the gripper was tested from the aspects of shortest cycle times, positioning accuracy and air consumption and followed a manufacturer-independent design of experiments. A charac...

Schwann cell metabolic activity in various short-term holding conditions: implications for improved nerve graft viability.

Strategies for improvement of nerve regeneration and optimal conditions to prevent Schwann cell (SC) loss within a nerve transplant procedure are critical. The purpose of this study was to examine SC viability, which plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration, under various incubation conditions up to three hours. To address this issue, Schwann cell metabolic activity was determined using different independent test methods. The following experimental conditions were compared: SCs prepared from nerves were incubated in (1) isotonic saline solution (2) Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium as used for cell culturing, (3) Hannover bioreactor medium, and (4) Leibovitz's medium. SC metabolic activity of excised rat sciatic nerve was determined at 4°C, 18°C, and 37°C over 3 hrs. The results indicate that SC activity was optimized by the usage of Leibovitz's medium or HBRM at 37°C. Greater SC viability at the time of surgical nerve grafting could contribute to improved axonal regeneration and remyelination after nerve transplantation, and thus more successful functional recovery.

Comparison Amount of Interpersonal Sensitivity, Somatization and Paranoid Imaginations between Athletic and Non-Athletic Students of University

“Health” can refer both to absent and present states. It is often used to mean the absence of disease or disability, but, just as often, health may refer to a state of fitness and ability, or to a reservoir of personal resources that can be called on when needed (Naidoo & Wills 2000). So the aim of present study is Comparison amount of interpersonal sensitivity, somatization and paranoid imaginations between athletic and non athletic men students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch. This is a descriptive study that has been done on men students of IAUOB. For evaluation of interpersonal sensitivity, somatization and paranoid imaginations the SCL-90-R (symptom check list-90-Revised) questionnaire by Derogatis and et al (1973) was used. Also we separated athletic and non athletic students with the use of amount physical activity. Therefore those students that had 3 session's regular exercise a week indicated as athletic and the other students that did not do any exercise a week indicated as non athletic. The statistical population of this research was all men students of University that from them 200 persons (athletic= 100 & non athletic = 100) by randomly filled out the psychiatric symptom questionnaire. The statistical analyze ion of data has been done by computer and SPSS program with the use of independent samples test method and also a≤0.05. The results show that there is significant difference (p-value=0.037) between mean of scores in athletic and non athletic students on variables of somatization (athletic=0.46±0.52) (non athletic=0.78±0.60) But there is no significant differences on variable of interpersonal sensitivity (p-value=0.343) and paranoid imaginations (p-value=0.822).

Comparison the Amount of Hostility, Psychotics and Phobic Anxiety Between Active and Sedentary Students

The socioeconomic determinants of health have been well studied. In brief, people who are more socially isolated and people who are disadvantaged have poorer health than others (House, Landis & Umberson, 1988). More socially cohesive societies are healthier, with lower mortality (Kawachi & Kennedy, 1997). Many studies have shown the powerful health associations of social connectedness (Putnam, 2001). The evidence on the personal, social, and environmental factors associated with mental health and mental illness has been reviewed by a number of authors (e.g. HEA, 1997; Lahtinen et al., 1999; Wilkinson & Marmot, 1998; Eaton and Harrison, 1998; Patel and Kleinman, 2003). Therefore the aim of present research is Comparison amount of hostility, psychotics and phobic anxiety between active and sedentary men students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch (IAUOB). This is a descriptive study that has been done on men students of IAUOB. For evaluation of depression, anxiety and obsession the SCL-90-R (symptom check list-90-Revised) questionnaire by Derogatis and et al (1973) was used. It has 9 dimensions that in this research we just focused on 3 dimensions that mentioned in the title. The statistical population of this research was all men students of University that from them 200 persons (active students= 100 & sedentary students = 100) by randomly filled out the psychiatric symptom questionnaire. After their psychiatric symptom evaluation of statistical sample and collect of information the statistical analyze ion of data has been done by computer and SPSS program with the use of independent samples test method and also a≤0.05. The results show that there is no significant difference between two groups on variable of hostility (p-value=0.632)., psychotics (p-value=0.937).and phobic anxiety (p-value=0.829).

Improved Detection of Subtle Lung Nodules by Use of Chest Radiographs With Bone Suppression Imaging: Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis With and Without Localization

The purpose of this article is to evaluate radiologists' ability to detect subtle nodules by use of standard chest radiographs alone compared with bone suppression imaging used together with standard radiographs. The cases used in this observer study comprised radiographs of 72 patients with a subtle nodule and 79 patients without nodules taken from the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology nodule database. A new image-processing system was applied to the 151 radiographs to create corresponding bone suppression images. Two image reading sets were used with an independent test method. The first reading included half of the patients (a randomly selected subset A) showing only the standard image and the remaining half (subset B) showing the standard image plus bone suppression images. The second reading entailed the same subsets; however, subset A was accompanied by bone suppression images, whereas subset B was shown with only the standard image. The two image sets were read by three experienced radiologists, with an interval of more than 2 weeks between the sessions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, with and without localization, were obtained to evaluate the observers' performance. The mean value of the area under the ROC curve for the three observers was significantly improved, from 0.840 with standard radiographs alone to 0.863 with additional bone suppression images (p = 0.01). The area under the localization ROC curve was also improved with bone suppression imaging. The use of bone suppression images improved radiologists' performance in the detection of subtle nodules on chest radiographs.

The effect of eight week aerobic exercise on airway trachea indexes (FEV1, FVC, FEV1.FVC & FEF25-75) and vo2max level in overweighed male students of Ahvaz Payam Noor University

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight week aerobic exercises on some of airway trachea indexes (FEV1, FVC, FEV1.FVC & FEF25-75) and vo2max level in overweighed Male Students of Ahwaz Payam Noor University. For this reason we use male college students (n=40) and (age 21.06±3 years old, length 171.20±7 CM, weight 82.06±7 Kg, body mass index 26.04± 1 Kg.M2) as research sample who did not do any sport. Then was measured the Vo2max level by sub maximal incremental Bruce test on treadmill. Also the airway trachea indexes (FEV1, FVC, FEV1.FVC & FEF25-75) were measured by digital spirometer. All of subjects followed the aerobic exercise protocol for 8-week and 3 sessions in a week as 70 to 85 percent of HRR. Data analyzed by independent test(t-test) method at p value(p=0.05) revealed that 8-week aerobic exercises with 70 to 85 percent of HRR related to significant enhancement in airway trachea indexes(FEV1,FVC,FEV1.FVC & FEF25-75) and vo2max level.

Comparison Amount of Psychiatric Symptom between Active and Inactive Students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch

The aim of this study was Comparison amount of psychiatric symptom in active and inactive students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch (IAUOB). This is a descriptive study that has been done on men students of IAUOB. For evaluation of psychiatric symptom the SCL-90-R (symptom check list-90-Revised) questionnaire by Derogatis and et al (1973) was used that it has 9 dimensions. The statistical population of this research were all men students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch that from them 200 persons (active students=100 & inactive students=100) by randomly filled out the psychiatric symptom questionnaire. After their psychiatric symptom evaluation of statistical sample and collect of information the statistical analyze ion of data has been done by computer and SPSS program (version15) with the use of independent samples test method (T-test) and also a≤0.05. The findings show that active students have less total psychiatric symptom (mean=0.50±0.42) compare with inactive students (mean=0.61±0.41) that this difference is not too much and also is not significant (p-value=0.801). But the results between some dimensions of psychiatric symptom of active and inactive students showed that there are significant differences that in full text we will mention to them.

Cytokines as prognstic tool in breast carcinoma

Serum cytokines are promising biomarkers of cancer staging and outcome prediction, including response to treatment. Serum samples were collected from 200 breast carcinoma patients prior to chemotherapy treatment. Luminex liquid protein chip technology was used to analyze 25 cytokines in serum. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship of cytokine levels and tumor size. The independent sample T-test and Chi-square test methods were used to analyze the difference of cytokine levels between two groups. IL-12p40, sIL-2R, MMP-2 levels showed linear correlation with tumor size. Eotaxin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-7, IL-1ra, IP-10, MCP-1beta, MP-2 and MIP-1beta levels showed significant difference between different lymph node groups, but only Eotaxin, IP-10 and MCP-1 levels had an inverse correlation with the number of positive nodes. Fractalkine, G-CSF, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta levels showed significant differences between different ER+ groups. Eotaxin, Fractalkine, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, MCP-1 and VEGF levels had significant differences between different HER-2 groups. Our study resulted in the identification of a serum cytokine profile with the potential to be clinically applicable to predict disease outcome and in monitoring of efficacy of treatment.

Comparison Amount of Depression, Anxiety and Obsession between Active and Inactive Men Students of University

The purpose of present research is Comparison amount of depression, anxiety and also obsession between active and inactive men students of Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh Branch (IAUOB). This is a descriptive study that has been done on men students of IAUOB. For evaluation of depression, anxiety and obsession the SCL-90-R (symptom check list-90-Revised) questionnaire by Derogatis and et al (1973) was used. It has 9 dimensions that in this research we just focused on 3 dimensions that mentioned in the title. The statistical population of this research was all men students of University that from them 200 persons (active students= 100 & inactive students=100) by randomly filled out the psychiatric symptom questionnaire. After their psychiatric symptom evaluation of statistical sample and collect of information the statistical analyze ion of data has been done by computer and SPSS with the use of independent samples test method and also a≤0.05. The results show that there is significant difference between mean of scores in active and inactive students on variables of anxiety (active=0.42±0.50) (inactive=0.77±0.56) and obsession (active=0.70±0.60) (inactive=0.95±0.72).But there is no significant difference on variable of depression (p-value=0.936).

MEMS platform for on-chip nanomechanical experiments with strong and highly ductile nanofibers

A new nanoscale tension testing platform with on-chip actuation and the unique capability for nanoscale mechanical characterization of highly deformable and strong nanostructures is presented. The specimen force and extension measurements are based on optical imaging, supported by digital image correlation, which allows the resolution of 20 nm specimen extensions and force measurements better than 30 nN, without the use of high-resolution electron microscopy. The breakthrough of this nanomechanical testing platform is the ability to study the mechanical behavior of nanostructures subjected to a wide range of forces (30 nN–300 µN) and displacements (20 nm–100 µm), which are significantly beyond the limits of typical surface micromachined MEMS with on-chip actuators, such as comb-drives and thermal actuators. The utility of this device in experimental nanomechanics is demonstrated by investigating the mechanical behavior of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers with diameters of 200–700 nm subjected to strains as high as 200%. The mechanical property measurements were compared to and agreed well with off-chip measurements by an independent testing method, which validates the capability of this on-chip testing platform to characterize strong and highly ductile nanomaterials.

QSAR study on cytotoxic activity (against KB cells) of some hederagenin diglycosides using support vector regression

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study on the cytotoxic activity (against KB cells) of 19 hederagenin diglycosides was performed by using spatial and electronic descriptors based on support vector regression (SVR) techniques. The predictive power of the models was verified with the leave one out cross validation (LOOCV) test and independent test methods. For the LOOCV test, the cross validation squared correlation coefficient Q2 value for optimal SVR model was 0.8827. Compared with stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) and back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) models, the SVR model was the most powerful with a square of predictive correlation coefficient \({R_{pred}^2}\) of 0.7285 for the test set, which indicates that the SVR model has better substantially predictive ability and be a useful and powerful tool to construct the QSAR model.

Ideal Spouse of Graduating Early Adults in Science City of Munoz

Graduating students, after a long time of study, have actually many things in mind to do or achieve. This might include whether to seek for a job or have a stable life through marriage. Erick Erickson’s psychosocial theory attests that at the early stage of adulthood, a person is confronted by the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation. At this stage comes to his/her mind the conception of loving or being loved that will eventually lead to marriage. This study aims to clear out questions that mostly adults are trying to consciously figure out on their mind about getting married. How they see the urgency of marriage after they graduate? How they see the importance of having children upon getting into it? Data Gathering Design and Data Analysis: The study used descriptive and correlation method. For the descriptive design, the researchers used frequency, mean and standard deviation. For the correlation, they used Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis. Further, they also used independent sample test and t-test method for the difference analysis. Male graduating students in College of Arts and Sciences want to get married late while female graduating students want to get married earlier than what males do. So as in having their own children, female wants to have it earlier than male do. However, male and female graduating CAS students’ ideal number of children is the same which is three (3). Moreover, the most ideal spouse the graduating CAS students want is the one who is well-educated followed by financially stable one and the least wanted spouse of the respondents is the one who is intellectually excellent. While half of the respondents wants physically attractive spouse and the other half doesn’t. The researchers found out that there is no relationship between the CAS graduating students’ age and their ideal age of getting married. But there is a high significant relationship between the respondents’ gender and their ideal age of getting married. That is, as the male respondents increase in number, the higher is their ideal age of getting married. Further, it implies that there is no significant relationship between the respondents’ religion and their ideal age of getting married and there is no significant relationship between the respondents’ relationship status and their ideal age of getting married. Also, the study shows that there is no significant relationship between the respondents’ number of family members and their ideal age of getting married. But the respondents’ monthly family income and their ideal age of getting married is significantly correlated. That is, as the respondents’ monthly family income increases, their ideal age of getting married becomes higher. The researchers also concluded that the difference between male and female graduating CAS students’ ideal age of getting married is significant. Female wants to get married earlier than males do. The same is true with their ideal age of having children, male wants to have children later than what female do. But male and female respondents do not vary on their ideal number of children which is 3. Therefore, male and female graduating CAS students’ ideal number of children does not significantly differ. Furthermore, the difference between male and female graduating CAS students’ preference on the physical attractiveness and financial stability of the spouse is significant. More female wants physically attractive and financially stable spouse while male do not necessarily want such. However, the male and female respondents’ preference to their ideal spouse’s sociability and education do not differ considerably. And the least wanted spouse the respondents desired is the one who is intellectually excellent especially male. More so, the study knew that female respondents demand more of their ideal spouse than males do. They anticipate more ideal characteristics of their spouse such as being physically attractive, financially stable, emotionally matured, intellectually excellent, sociable, well-educated and Christian believer than male graduating CAS students.

Diagnostic Accuracy and Reading Time to Detect Intracranial Aneurysms on MR Angiography Using a Computer-Aided Diagnosis System

The objective of our study was to determine whether the use of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system can shorten the reading time while maintaining the diagnostic performance of MR angiography for the detection of intracranial aneurysms. Fifty maximum-intensity-projection MR angiograms in 50 patients (16 intracranial aneurysms and 34 negative cases) were used for this observer performance study. Sixteen radiologists--eight neuroradiologists and eight less experienced radiologists--participated in the observer studies and interpreted the MR angiograms without and with CAD output images using an independent test method. The reading times without and with CAD were compared separately for the aneurysm and negative cases. The observers' performances were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. We analyzed separately the data obtained from neuroradiologists and from less experienced radiologists. For all observers, the mean area under the ROC curve (Az) with CAD was improved compared with that without CAD (0.903 vs 0.851, respectively; p = 0.109), and the mean reading time per case was reduced significantly by 18.1 seconds (28.5%) (from 63.4 to 45.3 seconds, p < 0.05). When CAD output images were available, the mean A(z) for the less experienced radiologists was significantly improved (0.911 vs 0.787, p < 0.05), but not for the neuroradiologists. The mean reading time of the less experienced radiologists with CAD was significantly shorter than that of the neuroradiologists without CAD (39.8 vs 54.5 seconds, p < 0.05). The use of a CAD system for the detection of intracranial aneurysms on MR angiography can shorten the reading time while improving diagnostic performance for less experienced radiologists.

Spill and Leakage Using a Drug Preparation System Based on Double-Filter Technology

Occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs has frequently been reported during recent years. Various drug-handling systems have been applied to reduce the spill and leakage that cause this exposure. Some of these systems have also been tested for spill and leakage using independent test methods. In this paper, a new drug-handling system has been tested for spill and leakage during drug preparation. The handling system, Tevadaptortrade mark, was tested using a modification of an independent test method, the Technetium test method, based on the use of Technetium m-99 as tracer substance. The test results showed that the spill was <100 nl for all 75 preparations and was <1 nl for 70 of the preparations. This is comparable with other tested drug-handling system, e.g. isolators, PhaSealtrade mark. The test shows that the Tevadaptor drug-handling system has similar performance as drug-handling systems regarded as closed systems.

Development of a mechanical testing assay for fibrotic murine liver

In this article, a novel protocol for mechanical testing, combined with finite element modeling, is presented that allows the determination of the elastic modulus of normal and fibrotic murine livers and is compared to an independent mechanical testing method. The novel protocol employs suspending a portion of murine liver tissue in a cylindrical polyacrylamide gel, imaging with a microCT, conducting mechanical testing, and concluding with a mechanical property determination via a finite element method analysis. More specifically, the finite element model is built from the computerized tomography (CT) images, and boundary conditions are imposed in order to simulate the mechanical testing conditions. The resulting model surface stress is compared to that obtained during mechanical testing, which subsequently allows for direct evaluation of the liver modulus. The second comparison method involves a mechanical indentation test performed on a remaining liver lobe for comparison. In addition, this lobe is used for histological analysis to determine relationships between elasticity measurements and tissue health. This complete system was used to study 14 fibrotic livers displaying advanced fibrosis (injections with irritant), three control livers (injections without irritant), and three normal livers (no injections). The moduli evaluations for nondiseased livers were estimated as 0.62 +/- 0.09 kPa and 0.59 +/- 0.1 kPa for indenter and model-gel-tissue (MGT) assay tests, respectively. Moduli estimates for diseased liver ranged from 0.6-1.64 kPa and 0.96-1.88 kPa for indenter and MGT assay tests, respectively. The MGT modulus, though not equivalent to the modulus determined by indentation, demonstrates a high correlation, thus indicating a relationship between the two testing methods. The results also showed a clear difference between nondiseased and diseased livers. The developed MGT assay system is quite compact and could easily be utilized for controlled evaluation of soft-tissue moduli as shown here. In addition, future work will add the correlative method of elastography such that direct controlled validation of measurement on tissue can be determined.