Independent Test Methods Research Articles

Pengaruh Penggunaan Game Edukasi Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa Kelas XI di SMA Negeri 1 Kabun

The learning carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Kabun is known that the learning motivation of students is still low, this is due to the large number of students who have low motivation to learn, and teachers still use conventional media so that learning is less effective. This study aims to find out how much educational games affect the learning motivation of grade XI students in high school. This type of research is a quantitative approach in the form of Quasy Experiment with a type of nonequivalent control group design. The data collection technique used is a questionnaire. The data analysis techniques are normality test, homogeneous test, and hypothesis test with an independent test method of t-test samples. Where there were 70 students as a sample in class XI consisting of 35 people in the experimental class and 35 people in the control class. The results of the study showed that the use of educational games influenced the learning motivation of grade XI students, as evidenced by the sig value (2-tailed) which was 0.000, the value was less than 0.05 and the average score of the experimental class was higher than the average score of the control class, which was 87.97 > 69.69. From the hypothesis test that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the hypothesis Ha was accepted, and Ho was rejected, namely the Influence of Educational Games on Class XI Learning Motivation at SMA Negeri 1 Kabun

Android-based learning media development with iSpring Suite application in pastry course

The utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the things needed in the education era for effective learning. This study aims to produce Android application-based media using iSpring Suite in feasible pastry courses based on the values and tests of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The development research used the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The limited trial of Android application media was conducted on 30 Department of Family Welfare Science, Concentration of Catering students at Universitas Negeri Padang who were taking pastry courses. Data collection instruments used validation sheets, evaluation questions, and student response questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed that the validation value of the material expert was 0.758 with the valid category, and the validation of the media expert was 0.833 with the valid category. The practicality value gets a score of 3.06 with a practical category. The effectiveness value is obtained from the evaluation results of the control class and the experimental class. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the t-test with the Independent Samples Test method. The t-test results show the t-count value (12.0228) t-table (2.0167), so Ho is accepted. This means there is a difference in the value of the control and experimental classes. The effect size calculation obtained a value of 3.13, so based on the applicable criteria, this effect size value is included in the very high category. Based on these results, the application-based learning media using iSpring Suite is declared feasible based on validity, practicality, and effectiveness as a learning media.

Effect of the Problem-Based Learning Model on Students Critical Thinking Skills and Self-Confidence

This study aims to determine the effect of the PBL model on students' critical thinking skills and self-confidence at State Senior High School 1 Amanuban Tengah, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This research was experimental research and the quasi-experimental design used in this research is a pretest-posttest control group design. The research results showed that the pretest average of critical thinking skills in the experimental class was 37.21, while in the control class, it was 37.14. The average prescale self-confidence score of students in the experimental class was 48.66, while in the control class, it was 48.60. Furthermore, the posttest average of critical thinking skills in the experimental class was 65.71, and in the control class was 45.71. The data analysis used the independent samples test method on students' critical thinking skills variable obtained a significance value (sig. 2-tailed) = 0.000 <0.05 and also on the students' self-confidence variable obtained a significance value (sig. 2-tailed) = 0.000 <0.05, which means H0 rejected and Ha accepted. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the PBL model has a positive effect on the student's critical thinking skills and self-confidence in senior high school.

The Effect of Pulp Treatments on the Survival of Zirconia Crowns in Primary Teeth

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of pulp treatment on the survival rate of zirconia crowns (ZCs) placed in primary anterior teeth of children under general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 anterior teeth of 32 children aged 18-60 months who underwent ZCs under general anesthesia were followed for 18 months. Failure cases of were categorized. Statistical analysis included independent sample t-test, chi-square test, and Kaplan-Meier survival method. Results: There was no difference in survival of ZCs between pulp treated and untreated teeth (p>0.05). Considering the survival time of ZCs according to the presence or absence of pulpal symptoms, it was observed that 4 out of 80 teeth were symptomatic (with or without crown loss) at the end of 18 months, and the success rate was 95%. Conclusions: Pedodontic ZCs had a high survival rate in anterior primary teeth in children treated under anesthesia.

TIPred: a novel stacked ensemble approach for the accelerated discovery of tyrosinase inhibitory peptides

BackgroundTyrosinase is an enzyme involved in melanin production in the skin. Several hyperpigmentation disorders involve the overproduction of melanin and instability of tyrosinase activity resulting in darker, discolored patches on the skin. Therefore, discovering tyrosinase inhibitory peptides (TIPs) is of great significance for basic research and clinical treatments. However, the identification of TIPs using experimental methods is generally cost-ineffective and time-consuming.ResultsHerein, a stacked ensemble learning approach, called TIPred, is proposed for the accurate and quick identification of TIPs by using sequence information. TIPred explored a comprehensive set of various baseline models derived from well-known machine learning (ML) algorithms and heterogeneous feature encoding schemes from multiple perspectives, such as chemical structure properties, physicochemical properties, and composition information. Subsequently, 130 baseline models were trained and optimized to create new probabilistic features. Finally, the feature selection approach was utilized to determine the optimal feature vector for developing TIPred. Both tenfold cross-validation and independent test methods were employed to assess the predictive capability of TIPred by using the stacking strategy. Experimental results showed that TIPred significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art method in terms of the independent test, with an accuracy of 0.923, MCC of 0.757 and an AUC of 0.977.ConclusionsThe proposed TIPred approach could be a valuable tool for rapidly discovering novel TIPs and effectively identifying potential TIP candidates for follow-up experimental validation. Moreover, an online webserver of TIPred is publicly available at http://pmlabstack.pythonanywhere.com/TIPred.

Failure Mechanism of Tensile CFRP Composite Plates with Variable Hole Diameter

Real thin-walled composite structures such as aircraft or automotive structures are exposed to the development of various types of damage during operation. The effect of circular hole size on the strength of a thin-walled plate made of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was investigated in this study. The test object was subjected to tensile testing to investigate the strength and cracking mechanism of the composite structure with variable diameter of the central hole. The study was performed using two independent test methods: experimental and numerical. With increasing diameter of the central hole, significant weakening of the composite plate was observed. The study showed qualitative and quantitative agreement between the experimental and numerical results. The results confirmed the agreement of the proposed FEM model with the experimental test. The novelty of this study is the use of the popular XFEM technique to describe the influence of the hole size on the cracking and failure of the composite structure. In addition, the study proposes a new method for determining the experimental and numerical damage and failure loads of a composite plate under tension.

A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins.

Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from the four independent test methods was 2425 ± 575 µg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 ± 9% of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form (57 ± 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation.

Plasma Electrolytic Polishing-An Ecological Way for Increased Corrosion Resistance in Austenitic Stainless Steels.

Plasma electrolytic polishing (PEP) is an environment-friendly alternative to the conventional electrochemical polishing (EP), giving optimal surface properties and improved corrosion resistance with minimum energy and time consumption, which leads to both economic and environmental benefits. This paper is focused on the corrosion behavior of PEP treated AISI 316L stainless steel widely used as a biomaterial. Corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic polished surfaces without/with chemical pretreatment (acid cleaning) is evaluated and compared with original non-treated (as received) surfaces by three independent test methods: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and exposure immersion test. All corrosion tests are carried out in the 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution at a temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C to simulate the internal environment of a human body. The quality of tested surfaces is also characterized by optical microscopy and by the surface roughness parameters. The results obtained indicated high corrosion resistance of PEP treated surfaces also without chemical pretreatment, which increases the ecological benefits of PEP technology.

Geometric accuracy investigations of terrestrial laser scanner systems in the laboratory and in the field

This paper summarizes recent research into current terrestrial laser scanners undertaken by the HafenCity University Hamburg and gives an assessment of the geodetic accuracy of the latest generation of scanners. Three separate independent test methods are presented to investigate the geometric accuracy of terrestrial laser scanners under laboratory conditions: (a) distance measurement accuracy to b/w targets and spheres on the 20-m comparator track, (b) comparison of spatial distances in the 3D test field on b/w targets, and (c) investigation of the flatness deviation following the guideline VDI/VDE 2634 (VDI/VDE 2012) on a flat stone slab. The following laser scanners were tested in the lab: Leica BLK360 (2017), Leica RTC360 (2019), Z+F IMAGER 5016 (2019, 2020), Z+F IMAGER 5010 (2020), and Faro Focus3D X330 (2020). The reference measurements were realised with the Leica Absolute Tracker AT960 (2017, 2020) and with the Leica TS60 total station (2019). The results of the geometric accuracy tests in the laboratory show very small deviations in the range of 1–2 mm for most of the scanners, thus corresponding to the manufacturer’s specifications. In addition, five laser scanners were tested in accordance with instruction sheet 7-2014 of the German Society for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management (DVW) for standardised testing of terrestrial laser scanners in the outdoor area of HafenCity University Hamburg. For the execution of the field test procedure, only the standard equipment and software of the respective manufacturers were used. The entire field test procedure, including data acquisition and evaluation, was completed within 4 to 5 h for each scanner. As expected, no significant distance or angle deviations were detected in any of the measurement systems, so that the tested laser scanners are ready-to-use, taking into account the measurement volume recorded.

Predicting protein\u2013protein interactions between banana and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 integrating sequence and domain homologous alignment and neural network verification

BackgroundThe pathogen of banana Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4(Foc4) infects almost all banana species, and it is the most destructive. The molecular mechanism of the interactions between Fusarium oxysporum and banana still needs to be further investigated.MethodsWe use both the interolog and domain-domain method to predict the protein–protein interactions (PPIs) between banana and Foc4. The predicted protein interaction sequences are encoded by the conjoint triad and autocovariance method respectively to obtain continuous and discontinuous information of protein sequences. This information is used as the input data of the neural network model. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network five-fold cross-validation and independent test methods are used to verify the predicted protein interaction sequences. To further confirm the PPIs between banana and Foc4, the GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encylopedia of Genes and Genomics) functional annotation and interaction network analysis are carried out.ResultsThe experimental results show that the PPIs for banana and foc4 predicted by our proposed method may interact with each other in terms of sequence structure, GO and KEGG functional annotation, and Foc4 protein plays a more active role in the process of Foc4 infecting banana.ConclusionsThis study obtained the PPIs between banana and Foc4 by using computing means for the first time, which will provide data support for molecular biology experiments.

Key technology and application of primary and secondary fusion power distribution switchgear test and detection

In recent years, primary and secondary integration of distribution switchgear has been widely used in the distribution network. In the future, primary and secondary integration will become the mainstream development trend of power distribution switchgear, especially in 2021, the State Grid Corporation of China will issue a new type of primary and secondary integration standardization. The typical design plan of power distribution switchgear have added two configuration methods: electronic transformer and digital transformer. So the traditional independent test method of power distribution automation terminal or power distribution switchgear are no longer applicable to the current new-type primary and secondary fusion standardized power distribution switchgear. At the same time, there is no standard basis for direct reference. This article mainly analyzes the key test items for performance verification of primary and secondary fusion power distribution switchgear, and propose corresponding test detection methods.

Quality Evaluation of the 0.01° Multi-Source Fusion Precipitation Product and Its Application in Extreme Precipitation Event

High-resolution and high-quality precipitation data play an important role in Numerical Weather Prediction Model testing, mountain flood geological disaster monitoring, hydrological monitoring and prediction and have become an urgent need for the development of modern meteorological business. The 0.01° multi-source fusion precipitation product is the latest precipitation product developed by the National Meteorological Information Center to meet the above needs. Taking the hourly precipitation observation data of 2400 national automatic stations as the evaluation base, independent and non-independent test methods are used to evaluate the 0.01° multi-source fusion precipitation product in 2020. The product quality differences between the 0.01° precipitation product and the 0.05° precipitation product are compared, and their application in extreme precipitation events are analyzed. The results show that, in the independent test, the product quality of the 0.01° precipitation product and the 0.05° precipitation product are basically the same, which is better than that of each single input data source, and the product quality in winter and spring is slightly lower than that in summer, and both products have better quality in the east in China. The evaluation results of the 0.01° precipitation product in the non-independent test are far better than that of the 0.05° product. The root mean square error and the correlation coefficient of the 0.01° multi-source fusion precipitation product are 0.169 mm/h and 0.995, respectively. In the extreme precipitation case analysis, the 0.01° precipitation product, which is more consistent with the station observation values, effectively improves the problem that the extreme value of the 0.05° product is lower than that of station observation values and greatly improves the accuracy of the precipitation extreme value in the product. The 0.01° multi-source fusion precipitation product has better spatial continuity, a more detailed description of precipitation spatial distribution and a more accurate reflection of precipitation extreme values, which will better provide precipitation data support for refined meteorological services, major activity support, disaster prevention and reduction, etc.

Mohajerani method: Tool for determining the liquid limit of soils using fall cone test results with strong correlation with the Casagrande test

The European Standard EN ISO 17892-12:2018 describes the means of determining the liquid limit (LL) of soils using two independent test methods: the Casagrande percussion cup and fall cone test. The first method is characterized mainly by its universality and the second by its simplicity. However, these two methods are known to provide different results. The higher the LL, the greater is the difference between the results. In 2019, Shimobe and Spagnoli established a correlation between the Casagrande and fall cone tests for soils with LL < 150%, based on an analysis of over 100 experimental datasets. However, further studies are required for soils with LL > 150%. Mohajerani method, which combines the universality of the former method and the simplicity of the latter, is applicable for such soils. The main objective of the study was to apply the Mohajerani method to determine the LLs based on fall cone test results and to compare them with those of the Casagrande test (soft base), with focus on soils with LL > 150%. The experimental results showed that for high plasticity soil (containing bentonite, etc.), the differences in the LL between the Casagrande and fall cone tests are significant (ab to relative ratio 30%), and some modification of the fall cone test evaluation is required. This study confirmed excellent agreement between the LL evaluated using the Mohajerani method (i.e., modification of the fall cone test evaluation) and that obtained from the Casagrande test, even for soils with higher LLs. Furthermore, the fall cone test results were used to determine the plastic limit (PL) for those soils with LLs within 20–50% for which the Casagrande LL and standard fall cone LL were correlated (where the latter was not modified by the Mohajerani method). Determination of the PL for these types of soils via the fall cone test results offers credible results comparable to those of the standard thread rolling test.

Danon disease is an underdiagnosed cause of advanced heart failure in young female patients: a LAMP2 flow cytometric study.

AimsDanon disease (DD) is a rare X‐linked disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal‐associated membrane protein type 2 gene (LAMP2). DD is difficult to distinguish from other causes of dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in female patients. As DD female patients regularly progress into advanced heart failure (AHF) aged 20–40 years, their early identification is critical to improve patient survival and facilitate genetic counselling. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of DD among female patients with non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, who reached AHF and were younger than 40 years.Methods and resultsThe study cohort comprised 60 female patients: 47 (78%) heart transplant recipients, 2 (3%) patients treated with ventricular assist device, and 11 (18%) patients undergoing pre‐transplant assessment. Aetiology of the cardiomyopathy was known in 15 patients (including two DD patients). LAMP2 expression in peripheral white blood cells (WBC) was tested by flow cytometry (FC) in the remaining 45 female patients. Whole exome sequencing was used as an alternative independent testing method to FC. Five additional female DD patients (two with different novel LAMP2 mutations) were identified by FC. The total prevalence of DD in this cohort was 12%. HCM phenotype (57% vs. 9%, * P = 0.022) and delta waves identified by electrocardiography (43% vs. 0%, ** P = 0.002) were significantly more frequent in DD female patients.ConclusionsDanon disease is an underdiagnosed cause of AHF in young female patients. LAMP2 expression testing in peripheral WBCs by FC can be used as an effective screening/diagnostic tool to identify DD in this patient population.

Evaluation of two test methods for the strain measurement of interior paints

The appearance of structural cracks is nothing unusual neither in old nor in new buildings. The causes of these cracks range from improper selection and use of materials to faulty design, and can have serious consequences. In buildings in which the structural integrity is not endangered, cracking, especially in interior spaces, constitutes a significant impairment of the building’s serviceability. The repair costs for these cracks are often considerable. Fortunately, a cost-effective and lasting solution to this cracking problem can be found in the use of more elastic interior paints. In order to utilize this solution, it is essential to know the elastic properties of the paint; however, manufacturers often fail to provide adequate information in this respect. In addition, the European market lacks standardized procedures for quantitatively determining the elasticity of paint. By combining two independent mechanical test methods, it is attempted to obtain a quantitative determination of the strain of interior paints. The suitability and relevance of the test methods used is discussed on the basis of the results obtained. The tests used are the classical tensile test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6892-1 and a modified 3-point bending test based on DIN EN ISO 178. In order to determine the strain, optical deformation analysis by means of digital image correlation (DIC) is used for both test methods. Keywords: Interior paint, Strain, Cracks, Tensile test, 3-point bending test

Local Corrosion of AISI 304 Stainless Steel in Acidic Chloride Solution

AbstractAISI 304 austenitic stainless steel is recommended and used for various applications in industry, architecture and medicine. Presence of halides in environment evokes a possibility of the local corrosion which limits seriously exploitation of this material in aggressive conditions. The presented paper is focused on the pitting corrosion resistance (“as received” steel surface) in 1M chloride solution (pH=1.2) at a common (20 °C) and an elevated (50 °C) ambient temperatures. 24-hours exposure immersion test (ASTM G48) and cyclic potentiodynamic test (ASTM G61) are used as the independent test methods. The exposure immersion test is carried out with cross-rolled and longitudinally rolled specimens and the effect of direction of rolling on the resistance to pitting is studied.

Design of Motor Control System Based on Wireless Sensor Network

More and more modern devices are controlled by miniature special motors. But many existing miniature special motors are using mostly independent test methods through wire communication. In this paper, starting from the requirements of motor testing and the situation of workshop environment, a motor measurement and control system based on wireless sensor network is proposed and designed. This paper elaborates the relevant technical analysis and specific implementation of TT &amp; C module, wireless terminal, wireless router, wireless gateway and host computer measurement and control module. At last, the test function and effect of the system are explained according to the test samples. The reliability and stability of the system are verified through reliability analysis.

Performance Study of a Torsional Wave Sensor and Cervical Tissue Characterization.

A novel torsional wave sensor designed to characterize mechanical properties of soft tissues is presented in this work. Elastography is a widely used technique since the 1990s to map tissue stiffness. Moreover, quantitative elastography uses the velocity of shear waves to achieve the shear stiffness. This technique exhibits significant limitations caused by the difficulty of the separation between longitudinal and shear waves and the pressure applied while measuring. To overcome these drawbacks, the proposed torsional wave sensor can isolate a pure shear wave, avoiding the possibility of multiple wave interference. It comprises a rotational actuator disk and a piezoceramic receiver ring circumferentially aligned. Both allow the transmission of shear waves that interact with the tissue before being received. Experimental tests are performed using tissue mimicking phantoms and cervical tissues. One contribution is a sensor sensitivity study that has been conducted to evaluate the robustness of the new proposed torsional wave elastography (TWE) technique. The variables object of the study are both the applied pressure and the angle of incidence sensor–phantom. The other contribution consists of a cervical tissue characterization. To this end, three rheological models have fit the experimental data and a static independent testing method has been performed. The proposed methodology permits the reconstruction of the mechanical constants from the propagated shear wave, providing a proof of principle and warranting further studies to confirm the validity of the results.

Risk and protective factors for cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease.

Objectives Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant disease in cats. Identifying risk and protective factors may help to prevent this significant disease. Methods An age-matched case-control study was performed to determine the risk factors in cats with naturally occurring CKD. Twenty-nine clinically normal cats aged ⩾5 years and 101 cats with naturally occurring CKD were studied. Risk factors were determined by interviewing cat owners from the Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, and veterinary hospitals in the Bangkok Metropolitan area, through questionnaires completed between June 2004 and November 2014. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed using two independent proportional test methods and logistic regression analysis with backward elimination. Results Male sex (odd ratios [OR] 2.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-8.87; P = 0.02), tap water (OR 3.43, 95% CI 1.08-11.45; P = 0.03) and an outdoor lifestyle (OR 3.77, 95% CI 1.03-17.99; P = 0.04) were associated with an increased risk for CKD. Commercial dry cat food (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.17; P = 0.00), filtered water (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03-0.52; P = 0.01) and an indoor lifestyle (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.07-0.98; P = 0.02) were associated with a decreased risk. Logistic regression analysis using backward elimination demonstrated that cats fed commercial dry cat food (OR 0.042, 95% CI 0.01-0.17; P = 0.00) had a decreased risk for CKD compared with cats on other types of diet. Conclusions and relevance Multivariable analysis found only feeding commercial dry cat food to be significant, suggesting that commercial dry cat food may be a potential protective factor for CKD in cats.

Evaluation of Elastic Properties of CP Ti by Three Different Techniques

Elastic constants are the fundamental key parameters in the mechanical behaviour of engineering materials under stressed condition. This paper explains the determination of elastic constants of commercially pure titanium (Grade-2) at ambient temperature using three independent test methods including quasi-static tensile test with strain gauged specimen, ultrasonic pulse echo method and resonance based impulse excitation technique. The results are statistically analysed and compared.