Independent T-test Research Articles

Reduction of Noise Levels During Caesarean Births Through Audiovisual Feedback is Associated With Lower Stress Levels for Patients.

Noise reduction during surgical procedures leads to improved surgical performance and results. The caesarean birth (CB) is an exceptional operation and a life changing experience. Through the introduction of staff education and implementation of audiovisual feedback, we intended to reduce noise, and subsequently reduce surgical complications and increase the well-being of patients and staff. During Phase I, blinded baseline measurements of noise were conducted. Phase II started after staff education and structured questionnaires on subjective noise and stress were added, and in Phase III audiovisual feedback was introduced. Mean and peak noise levels over the time of the procedure were obtained in A-weighted decibels (dB(A)). Kruskal-Wallis H tests were performed to evaluate the impact of interventions on noise levels. Questionnaires were evaluated using descriptive statistics; stress-scores were compared using independent sample t-tests. Ninety planned CBs were included. Median noise levels were 62.85 dB(A) at baseline. They decreased significantly to 60.60 dB(A) (Phase II) and 59.25 dB(A) (Phase III), respectively. This reduction of 3.6 dB(A) leads to a subjective noise reduction of around 20%. Significant differences for A-weighted and peak noise levels during actual surgery were found after combining staff education with audiovisual feedback. In Phase III, staff reported less stressful noise. Stress also decreased significantly in the patient group. Beeping machines and telephones were identified as the most stressful sources of noise. We show that noise reduction during CB is both necessary and possible. Diminished subjective perception of noise and stress are positive impacts of this intervention. Staff education and audiovisual feedback can help to provide a calm and lower stress environment for patients and staff during caesarean births.

Pengaruh Model Direct Instruction Berbantuan LKPD terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Statistis Kelas V SDN 13 Pontianak Utara

This study examines the effectiveness of the Direct Instruction learning model, enhanced by LKP, on statistical literacy skills in statistics among fifth-grade students at SDN 13 Pontianak Utara. An experimental design with a quasi-experimental approach was employed, involving a sample of 47 fifth-grade students. Data collection utilized test questions, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent samples t-test with SPSS version 22. The impact of the Direct Instruction model on students' statistical literacy was assessed using the effect size formula. The findings reveal that: (1) the learning process utilizing the Direct Instruction model supported by LKPD was implemented as intended and adhered to the established materials, (2) a significant difference exists in statistical literacy skills between students who engaged with the Direct Instruction model supported by LKPD and those who did not, and (3) the effect of this instructional model on statistical literacy skills is considered substantial, with an effect size of0.91.

War-related trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees, displaced, and nondisplaced people during armed conflict in Sudan: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe ongoing armed conflict in Sudan has caused mass displacement, affecting mental health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma among refugees, internally displaced, and nondisplaced people, while also examining the link between displacement type, PTSD severity, and associated factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 to assess PTSD symptoms and the General Health Questionnaire-28 to evaluate depression. Data were collected from 642 participants, targeting general social media groups for those within Sudan and specific groups for refugees outside the country. Sociodemographic and trauma event data were also gathered. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying one-way ANOVA and independent t-tests to compare PTSD and depression. Binary logistic regression identified associations between sociodemographic factors and PTSD symptoms.ResultsAmong the 642 participants, 46.3% were internally displaced people (IDP), 42.1% were refugees, and 11.7% were non-displaced individuals. Clinically significant PTSD symptoms were identified in 36.6% of the participants. Refugees had a significantly greater percentage of traumatic events (M = 4.31, SD = 2.605, p < .01). Depression symptoms were found to be strongly associated with clinically significant PTSD (p < .001). Factors significantly linked to depression symptoms included female gender (p = 0.015), being single (p = 0.048), younger age (p = 0.036), dissatisfaction with living conditions (p < 0.001), and unemployment (p = 0.021). Dissatisfaction with living conditions also significantly influenced the likelihood of developing PTSD (p < .001).ConclusionThe study found that 36.6% of participants experienced PTSD, with refugees having a 1.4 times greater risk of developing PTSD compared to IDP and non-displaced individuals. Traumatic events were moderately correlated with PTSD symptoms, though non-displaced individuals had higher exposure to such events. These findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions, particularly for refugees and those affected by traumatic events. Further research using probability sampling is necessary to confirm these results and inform more effective mental health policies and programs for displaced populations.

간호대학생의 성장 마인드셋과 자기통제력이 학업스트레스에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study was conducted to provide foundational data for developing strategies to alleviate academic stress among nursing students by examining the effects of a growth mindset and self-control on their academic stress. Methods Data were collected from nursing students at a university located in K province, with a total of 186 partic-ipants' data used for final analysis. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 29.0. The growth mindset, self-control, and academic stress according to the general characteristics of the participants were analyzed using independent t-tests and ANOVA. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to analyze the correlations be-tween variables, and multiple regression analysis was employed to assess the impact of these factors on academ-ic stress. Results A survey was conducted on 187 nursing students to investigate the effects of a growth mindset and self-control on academic stress. The data analysis revealed a significant correlation between academic stress, growth mindset, and self-control among the participants. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the age group of 25 to 34 years and self-control had a significant impact on academic stress among nursing students, with the model explaining 23.4% of the variance. Conclusions This study identified the effects of a growth mindset and self-control on academic stress in nursing students, highlighting the need for the development and implementation of intervention programs aimed at re-ducing academic stress among this population.

Patient Safety Culture Among Nurses: Comparison Between Public and Private Hospital in Indonesia

Aims: This study aimed to describe the patient safety culture among nurses working in both public and private hospitals in Karawang, Indonesia. By examining the perceptions and practices of nurses regarding patient safety, the research sought to identify strengths and areas for improvement within the healthcare system. The findings are intended to inform strategies for enhancing patient safety practices, thereby contributing to better healthcare outcomes for patients in the region. Methods This study employed a cross-sectional methodology to investigate the patient safety culture in the intensive care units of two private and two public hospitals in Karawang, Indonesia. The researchers utilized the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC) to gather data on nurses' perceptions and practices regarding patient safety. To analyze the data and identify any significant differences in patient safety cultural practices between the various hospital groups, both chi-square tests and independent t-tests were conducted. This approach allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the patient safety culture within the selected hospitals, facilitating comparisons between public and private healthcare settings. Results The study included a total of 118 nurses, with 52 working in a public hospital and 66 in a private hospital. The average age of nurses in the public hospital was 36.11 years (SD: 4.78), while those in the private hospital had a lower average age of 32.45 years (SD: 3.67). The results indicated a significant difference in the scores related to patient safety culture between the two groups of nurses. Specifically, nurses in the private hospital reported a higher patient safety culture compared to their counterparts in the public hospital, highlighting the disparities in perceptions and practices regarding patient safety in these different healthcare settings. Conclusion Nurses employed in private hospitals reported a higher level of patient safety culture compared to those working in public hospitals. This finding underscores the importance of creating a comfortable work environment in healthcare settings, as it is essential for minimizing the risk of patient safety incidents. By fostering a supportive and safe atmosphere, healthcare facilities can enhance the overall quality of care provided to patients and promote better outcomes in both private and public hospitals.

Longitudinal Changes in Adolescents’ Sedentary, Light, Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity Levels

Background and purpose: In recent years, sedentary behaviour (SB) has become a significant risk factor for health, alongside the decline of physical activity (PA) in the population. This study explored adolescents’ PA and SB using a longitudinal design, from the age of 13 to 15, to elucidate any changes and when they potentially occur. Method: The data material from the accelerometer measurements was analysed using the program SPSS, version 28. Repeated measures ANOVA (and follow-up test with Bonferroni corrections) were used to assess changes in the four activity levels during the three years. Independent t-tests were used to examine gender differences in each year and at each activity level and to determine differences in activity level between participants with valid data for all three years and those with valid data only at 13 and/or 14 years of age. Results: Statistical analyses of the accelerometer measurements revealed a significant increase in time in the lowest activity level and a decrease in light, moderate and vigorous intensity PA levels during the three years. These changes were larger from 13 to 14, than from 14 to 15, years of age. However, no significant interaction was found between time and gender. Analyses also showed a significantly higher time spent in SB and lower time spent in moderate activity among girls compared to boys at 13, but not at the age of 14 and 15. Conclusions: The findings, which indicate a reduction in PA and increased sedentary time with increasing age, are discussed, which we argue are important to increase and solidify involvement in PA among adolescents. Emphasized here is the importance of communicating the diverse possibilities of movement and challenging understandings of what PA can be for youth.

Evaluating the Impact of Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality on Urinary Catheterization Skills, Motivation, and Satisfaction in Nursing Students

Aims: The basic core skill and competency nursing students need is urinary catheterization. Semi-immersive virtual reality (SIVR) based research innovations based on situational learning theory have not been widely used to improve student proficiency. This study aimed to analyze the skills, motivation, and satisfaction of nursing students with urinary catheterization learning before and after the implementation of SIVR. Methods: The study was designed as a pre-test and post-test randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study population was undergraduate nursing students at the Bhakti Wiyata Health Sciences Institute, Kediri. The SIVR group (n=52) received catheterization skill practice through SIVR, whereas the control group (n=52) was given 2-dimensional video learning. The results obtained were catheterization skills, motivation, and satisfaction, which were evaluated before and after the intervention. In this study's statistical test analysis, the chi-square test and the independent t-test were used. Results: Post-test results showed a significant improvement in catheterization skills in the SIVR group (M = 92.74, SD = 1.05, p = 0.032) compared to the control group (M = 79.95, SD = 1.51), a significant improvement in motivation in the SIVR group (M = 6.48, SD = 0.54, p = 0.010) compared to the control group (M = 5.23, SD = 0.49), and a significant improvement in satisfaction in the SIVR group (M = 3.49, SD = 0.83, p = 0.024) compared to the control group (M = 2.88, SD = 0.52). Conclusion: SIVR simulation and video learning can improve nursing students' skills, motivation, and satisfaction. SIVR program learning can be recommended as an intervention for the effectiveness of the quality of practical learning following current technological advances and in the long term it is expected to improve graduates' practical skills.

Accuracy of repaired maxillary dentures from two different repairing techniques: In vitro study

BackgroundDenture fracture is a common problem with acrylic dentures. The fractured denture can be repaired using various techniques such as self-cure acrylic resin acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of dentures repaired with self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin processed using two different techniques (long-cure and microwave processing). Materials and methodsA total of 20 maxillary complete dentures were processed with two techniques; heat (long cycle) processing (10 dentures) and microwave processing (10 dentures). The maxillary cast and denture surface were scanned with Medit intraoral (Medit i700, Medit, South Korea) and STL files were created. Then, the dentures were sectioned at the midline and repaired using self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin and scanned with Medit intraoral. Finally, adaptation deviations were analyzed from computer software (Geomagic Control X, 3D Systems Inc., USA). The adaptation deviations in each group (long cure and microwave) were compared using an Independent T-test. Two-way ANOVA was done to see whether curing techniques and repairing methods affect the accuracy of repair. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe adaptation deviation was slightly higher in the fiber-reinforced acrylic resin group (0.565 ± 0.093) than in the self-cure acrylic resin group (0.536 ± 0.066). However, there was no statistical difference in the adaptation deviations of repaired dentures with self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin in the long-curing (P-value 0.245) and the microwave (P-value 0.638). Similarly, the adaptation deviation was slightly higher in the long-curing group (0.577 ± 0.075) than in the microwave group (0.524 ± 0.079). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the adaptation deviation of repaired dentures between long-curing and microwave techniques with self-cure acrylic resin (P-value 0.016) but no difference in fiber-reinforced acrylic resin (P-value 0.127). The result of Two-way ANOVA shows that there is no statistically significant interaction between curing techniques (long curing and microwave) and repairing methods (self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin) for adaptation deviations (P-value 0.646). However, the curing techniques show statistically significant differences (P-value 0.039). ConclusionAcrylic dentures can be repaired with self-cure resin or fiber-reinforced self-cure resin using various processing methods. The accuracy of the denture after repair is unaffected by the repairing method (self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin) but the accuracy of the denture after repair is affected by the curing techniques (long-curing and microwave). In self-cure resin, the microwave processing showed higher adaptation deviation and less accuracy, whereas the long-curing processing showed lower adaptation deviation and high accuracy.

Factors Influencing Intensive Care Unit Nurses’ Competency in Delirium Care in A Tertiary General Hospital

Purpose : In this study, we aimed to identify the factors affecting nurses’ competency in delirium care in an intensive care unit at a tertiary general hospital. Methods : The participants were 149 nurses in the intensive care unit. Collected data were analyzed using independent t-tests, ANOVA, Sheffé test, Pearson correlations coefficients, and multiple regressions using the SPSS 28.0 program. Results : The factors that significantly influenced the participants’ competency in delirium care were delirium nursing confidence (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=.44, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ＜.001) and intensive care unit clinical career (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=.25, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; =.002). These factors explained 32.5% of the total variance outcomes regarding the competency in delirium care (F=12.87, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ＜.001). Conclusion : The study results indicated that the higher the confidence in delirium care and the more extensive intensive care unit experience, the higher the competency in delirium care. Moreover, these results suggested that various policy strategies should be implemented to enable intensive care unit nurses to work for a long time and to develop educational programs to increase confidence in delirium care.

The Impact of Blended Mobile Learning on EFL Students’ Vocabulary Development

The study's objective is to examine the effects of Blended Mobile Learning (BML) on the vocabulary development of EFL preparatory students and their views of BML. As a mixed method study, it was conducted with 40 preparatory students at a state university in Turkey. While the control group studied vocabulary by reading texts only in the classroom by adhering to the textbook, the experimental group, in addition to the same instruction, was taught vocabulary outside the classroom in a virtual classroom opened through the Google Classroom application. A pre-test and a post-test were administered to the students to determine the impact of BML on their vocabulary development. The results of the tests were analyzed with SPSS program and the vocabulary development of groups was compared via an independent T-test. Additionally, a structured interview was done with the students of the experimental group to determine their views of BML. Students' responses were analyzed using the MAXQDA 2020 program with the method of content analysis. This research has led to the conclusion that BML, as a teaching method, strengthens the vocabulary development of the preparatory students and motivates them to learn vocabulary.

Factors associated with malnutrition in demented and non-demented elderly residing in the community of Korea: a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate and compare factors associated with malnutrition according to the presence or absence of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people. Methods: Needs assessment data from 311 long-term care insurance (LTCI) recipients (dementia group 203; non-dementia group 108) that participated in the second pilot program of the integrated care model in community care settings under the Korean LTCI system were used. Descriptive statistical analysis, independent t-test, and analysis of variance were conducted on the sociodemographic characteristics, health and functional status, and nutritional status of the dementia and non-dementia groups. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with malnutrition in the dementia and non-dementia groups. Results: Malnutrition occurred in 33.5% and 26.9% of participants in the dementia and non-dementia groups, respectively. In the dementia group, living with family rather than living alone (odds ratio [OR]: 3.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50–9.66; P = 0.031), increase in Korean Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL) score (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.17–1.55; P &lt; 0.001), and increase in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire score (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01–1.03; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher risk of malnutrition. In the non-dementia group, the risk of malnutrition increased as the K-ADL score increased (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.04–1.39; P = 0.011) and in the depressed group (OR: 2.84; 95% CI: 1.04–7.74; P = 0.042).Conclusions: The study results confirmed the necessity of nutritional management for community-dwelling LTCI recipients. When developing a nutritional management program, considering the differences in factors related to malnutrition between the dementia and non-dementia groups is important. This study proposes policies for improving the LTCI system in terms of nutritional management and the utilization of community resources.

The Impact of General Education Satisfaction on Core Competencies in the Cyber University Teaching and Learning Environment

The objective of this study is to identify the characteristics of students at Cyber universities and to empirically analyze the impact of their satisfaction with general education on core competencies. A survey was conducted with 1,196 students from S Cyber University in the metropolitan area, with the objective of assessing their satisfaction level with general education and core competencies. The study employed a variety of analytical techniques, including correlation analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, simple and multiple linear regression analysis, to verify the relationships between general education satisfaction and core competencies.&lt;/br&gt;The findings revealed that significant differences in some core competencies were identified based on gender, transfer status, and whether students had been enrolled for more than two semesters, underscoring the necessity for tailored educational programs that consider demographic factors and learning experiences. Secondly, the results of the simple linear regression analysis indicated that student satisfaction with general education had a significant positive impact on all core competencies, with the strongest effect observed on the communication and cooperation competency. Thirdly, the results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated that satisfaction with general education had a significant positive impact on all core competencies. Additionally, factors such as enrollment for more than a year, gender, and age group had a significant positive effect on some core competencies.&lt;/br&gt;Based on the findings, the study emphasizes the crucial role of general education in enhancing core competencies within the Cyber university learning environment. It also proposes the development of tailored educational programs aimed at improving specific competencies, such as global citizenship. Moreover, the study confirms that even in remote learning environments, general education plays a key role in promoting interaction and cooperation among students. This suggests that enhancing the quality of general education can maximize students' learning experiences and contribute to the achievement of Cyber universities' educational goals.

신규간호사의 임상수행능력에 영향을 미치는 요인

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of new graduate nurses’ self-leadership, organizational socialization, and preceptors’ communication style on clinical competency in order to improve their clinical competency. A total of study subject were 123 nurses who had worked for less than 12 months of clinical experiences at an advanced general hospital in J city. The collected data were analyzed using frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis by SPSS/WIN 27.0 program. There were no significant differences between new graduate nurses’ general characteristics and clinical competency(F=1.01, p=.390). The factors affecting new graduate nurse’s clinical competency were self-leadership (β=.59, p&lt;.001), and organizational socialization-job satisfaction (β=.15, p=.046), explaining 45.1% of the variance (F=49.24, p&lt;.001). Based on the results of this study, the effective education program is needed to enhance new graduate nurses’ positive self-leadership as well as to increase job satisfaction in order to better perform clinical competency.

Impact of phosphatidylethanol in the surveillance for alcohol use in post-liver transplant population: A retrospective study.

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States. The aim of this study was to describe the impact of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in the surveillance for alcohol use after liver transplantation. We conducted a single-center retrospective study to assess the impact of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) for the surveillance of alcohol use and its correlation to health outcomes. We compared orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients for ALD transplanted between 2016 and 2018, before the introduction of PEth, to those transplanted between 2019 and 2022, after the introduction of PEth. Alcohol relapse versus nonrelapse cohorts were also compared. Follow-up time for all cohorts was limited to 3 years post-OLT. Continuous variables were analyzed with an independent t-test and categorical variables with Fischer's exact test and chi-square test. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to assess alcohol-free survival. We reviewed 263 patients who were transplanted for ALD; 46 (17.5%) patients were noted to have at least one episode of alcohol relapse after their transplant. Patients with alcohol relapse had more frequent episodes of elevated liver enzymes compared with nonrelapsed patients (4.35 episodes vs. 2.46 episodes respectively, p < 0.001). The number of hospitalizations was also noted to be elevated among relapsed versus nonrelapsed patients; however, this was not statistically significant (2.85 vs. 2.50 respectively, p = 0.307). When comparing relapse rates before and after the introduction of PEth, relapses were notably detected more frequently after the introduction of PEth (17% vs. 7%, p = 0.012). No difference was noted in rates of mortality between patients who did or did not relapse. Overall, PEth is an effective surveillance tool in the postliver transplant population to monitor for alcohol relapse. Early detection of relapse can lead to opportunities for early intervention to avoid alcohol-related complications.

Attitudes of puerperal women toward health literacy and family planning: A cross-sectional studyAttitudes of puerperal women toward health literacy and family planning: A cross-sectional study

The research was conducted to evaluate the correlation between health literacy and family planning attitude of puerperal women. In this cross-sectional study, was carried out with 258 puerperal women in a public hospital in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The data were collected using the Mother Introductory Information Form, Postpartum Family Planning Attitude Scale, and Health Literacy Scale. The data were evaluated using Independent Groups t-test, ANOVA and Sperman’s correlation analysis. In the study, the puerperal women who had high level of educational status, worked in an income-generating job, had used contraceptives before pregnancy were found to obtained high average scores from the Family Planning Scale. The health literacy levels of those who were employed, had social security and had cesarean delivery were also high. The research shows that there is a positive correlation between health literacy and family planning attitudes of puerperal women.

Reduction in the anatomical structure of infected Chrysanthemum morifolium by Puccinia horiana

The commercial production of Chrysanthemum morifolium var. Mustika Kaniya in Malino highland, Indonesia, was limited by white rust infection of Puccinia horiana. This study aimed to compare the leaf and stem sections between healthy and naturally infected plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium by Puccinia horiana. The Johansen method was used to make the sections. The data were analysed using Independent Sample t-Test at α = 5%. The results showed that the pustules were protruded on the abaxial of leaf epidermis and comprised of two cells, oblong, and slightly shrivelled at the middle. The infected chrysanthemum showed the reduction in the leaf tissues (lower epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, vascular bundle, and clear parenchyma) compared to the healthy plant and also reduction in the stem tissues (epidermis, cortex, bundle sheath, and pith). The infection of P. horiana in this study caused the deformation of structural change in both leaf and stem of C. morifolium.

Transforming learning outcomes: Impact of project-based learning on digestive system mastery

One of the learning models that is currently strongly advised to be used in the learning process is Project Based Learning (PJBL). The purpose of this study is to ascertain how PJBL affects students' learning outcomes in the digestive system. Students (n=61) from Muara Enim, Indonesia's class XI Science public senior high school served as the research subjects. A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group is the study methodology employed. Project assignments, surveys, and observation sheets served as the tools. The independent sample t-test in the statistical program for social science 28 (SPSS version 28) was used to assess learning outcomes data. With a gain of 33.6 and n-gain of 0.63, the study's findings show that using the PjBL learning paradigm enhances students' learning outcomes. PjBl can increase motivation, and as it uses real-world challenges, strong curiosity will impact learning outcomes.

Motivation towards physical activities among Malaysian population by gender and age group

Sports culture among Malaysia Population still lacking and the percentage of inactive people still high and increase since year 2018. The aim of this study is to determine the level and influence of motivation towards physical activities based on gender and age groups. The researchers employed a survey design involving 7,015 respondents aged 13 years and above. Sampling selection across Malaysia was facilitated by Department of Statistic Malaysia based on block calculation and residence area from 13 states and 3 Federal Territories. The researcher employed the Multistage Cluster sampling random strategy by combining the cluster sampling procedure with stratified random sampling. A questionnaire designed by IYRES with high validity (r = 0.95) and reliability (r = .96) employed for data collection. A total of 190 trained enumerators collects the data manually. The findings of the analysis through an independent sample t-test showed that mean score for Males (M = 31.94, SD = 10.70) and for females (M = 29.84, SD = 10.82). p = .000, is significant. The results showed that there were significant differences in the mean of motivation towards physical activity participation between male and female respondents. Comparison by age group using One-way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in the motivation of involvement in physical activity between the age groups, p = 0.000. Group pre-youth (M = 30.39, SD = 9.56), youth (M = 32.78, SD = 10.06), post youth (M = 30.72, SD = 11.06) and senior citizen 60 years and above (M = 26.76, SD = 10.72). This outcome proves that age does influence motivational factors in physical activity participation. The motivation level among youth is the highest and the elderly above 60 years old the lowest. Motivational factors are influenced by gender and age group in complex ways. Women tend to be more motivated by intrinsic factors such as job satisfaction, relationships, and personal growth, while men often lean towards extrinsic rewards. Younger individuals may be more driven by extrinsic rewards such as prizes, recognition, free gifts and performance achievements. Overall, psychological factors play a critical role in shaping individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and behaviors regarding physical activity. By addressing psychological barriers and leveraging motivational strategies, interventions can effectively promote participation in exercise and support individuals in adopting healthier and more active lifestyles.

PBL 교육과정에서 학습자의 성취 수준에 따른 학습몰입 특성: 성찰일지의 코퍼스 기반 분석

Objectives The study aims to analyze the learning engagement characteristics based on learners' achievement levels in a Project-Based Learning (PBL) curriculum. Through a corpus-based analysis of reflective journals, the research seeks to objectively evaluate and differentiate the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive engagement types of learners. Methods This research employed a corpus-based linguistic approach to analyze the reflective journals of learners from a PBL course. A total of 24 students from C University participated, divided into high-achieving and low-ach-ieving groups. The reflective journals, collected over nine weeks, were analyzed using the AntConc program to ex-tract keywords representing emotional, behavioral, and cognitive engagement. Statistical analyses, including One-Way ANOVA and independent samples t-test, were conducted to determine the differences in engagement types within and between the groups. Results The analysis revealed distinct differences in engagement characteristics between high-achieving and low-achieving learners. High-achieving learners exhibited higher levels of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive engagement, reflected in a greater frequency of keywords related to these dimensions. The differences were statistically significant, highlighting the need for differentiated instructional strategies to cater to varying learner needs. Conclusions The findings emphasize the importance of tailoring educational strategies to the individual needs of learners based on their engagement patterns. This approach can enhance the effectiveness of PBL by fostering deeper and more meaningful learning experiences. The study contributes to the development of targeted teaching methods that support both high-achieving and low-achieving students, ultimately improving overall learning outcomes.

The effectiveness of an intervention using LAWE (loveliness and well-being of employees) app to improve the employee’s mental well-being

Background: Organizations are increasingly seeking comprehensive approaches to improve employee mental well-being (EMW). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions delivered through the "Loveliness and Well-being of Employees" (LAWE) app, focusing on five key predictors: "Keep Learning," "Connect," "Take Notice," "Be Active," and "Given". Methods: A quasi-experimental intervention was conducted with 110 participants (53 in the intervention group and 57 in the non-intervention group) from the Kerman University of Medical Sciences in Southeastern Iran. Participants were recruited from a census of all employees at four schools. The intervention involved an Android-based app designed to enhance EMW through pre-designed tasks. Six standard tools were used to assess EMW and its predictors. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28, employing Independent Samples T-Test, paired-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The intervention group showed a significant increase in mean EMW score, from 52.26±8.61 to 60.01±6.95 (P&lt;0.01). Based on ANCOVA analysis, the post-intervention mean score was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the non-intervention group by 0.219 points (P&lt;0.01). The mean score of all predictors, except "Take Notice" (P=0.17), also significantly improved in the intervention group. Additionally, post-intervention comparison between the two groups revealed significant differences in mean EMW score (P&lt;0.01), as well as in the mean scores for "Keep Learning" (P&lt;0.05), "Given" (P&lt;0.01), and "Connect" (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: The LAWE app provides a desirable and comprehensive platform for improving the EMW in organizations. It significantly improves most of the key predictors of EMW, making it a valuable resource for organizations aiming to promote employee well-being.