Independent Setting Research Articles

Device-independent randomness extraction from an arbitrarily weak min-entropy source

Expansion and amplification of weak randomness plays a crucial role in many security protocols. Using quantum devices, such procedure is possible even without trusting the devices used, by utilizing correlations between outcomes of parts of the devices. We show here how to extract random bits with an arbitrarily low bias from a single arbitrarily weak min-entropy source in a device independent setting. To do this we use Mermin devices that exhibit super-classical correlations. Number of devices used scales polynomially in the length of the random sequence $n$. Our protocol is robust, it can tolerate devices that malfunction with a probability dropping polynomially in $n$ at the cost of a minor increase of the number of devices used.

Describing a residency program developed for newly graduated nurse practitioners employed in retail health settings.

Retail health clinics are an expanding health care delivery model and an emerging new practice site for nurse practitioners (NPs). Critical thinking skills, clinical competence, interprofessional collaboration, and business savvy are necessary for successful practice in this highly independent and autonomous setting. This article describes a pilot residency partnership program aimed at supporting new graduate NP transition to practice, reducing NP turnover, and promoting academic progression. Eight new graduate NPs were recruited to the pilot and paired with experienced clinical NP preceptors for a 12-month program that focused on increasing clinical and business competence in the retail health setting. The residency program utilized technology to facilitate case conferences and targeted Webinars to enhance learning and peer-to-peer sharing and support. An on-line doctoral-level academic course that focused on interprofessional collaboration in health care, population health, and business concepts was offered. Both NPs and preceptors were highly satisfied with the academic-service residency program between MinuteClinic and Northeastern University School of Nursing in Boston, MA. New NPs particularly valued the preceptor model, the clinical case conferences, and business Webinars. Because their priority was in gaining clinical experience and learning the business acumen relevant to managing the processes of care, they did not feel ready for the doctoral course and would have preferred to take later in their practice. The preceptors valued the academic course and felt that it enhanced their precepting and leadership skills. At the time of this article, 6 months post completion of the residency program, there has been no turnover. Our experience supports the benefits for residency programs for newly graduated NPs in retail settings. The model of partnering with academia by offering a course within a service organization's educational programs can enable academic progression.

Randomization Approaches for Network Revenue Management with Customer Choice Behavior

In this study, we present new approximation methods for the network revenue management problem with customer choice behavior. Our methods are sampling‐based and so can handle fairly general customer choice models. The starting point for our methods is a dynamic program that allows randomization. An attractive feature of this dynamic program is that the size of its action space is linear in the number of itineraries, as opposed to exponential. It turns out that this dynamic program has a structure that is similar to the dynamic program for the network revenue management problem under the so called independent demand setting. Our approximation methods exploit this similarity and build on ideas developed for the independent demand setting. We present two approximation methods. The first one is based on relaxing the flight leg capacity constraints using Lagrange multipliers, whereas the second method involves solving a perfect hindsight relaxation problem. We show that both methods yield upper bounds on the optimal expected total revenue. Computational experiments demonstrate the tractability of our methods and indicate that they can generate tighter upper bounds and higher expected revenues when compared with the standard deterministic linear program that appears in the literature.

Towards a Comprehensive Stability Theory for Feynman’s Operational Calculus: The Time Independent Setting

Via a general construction, we are able to establish a quite general and comprehensive stability theory for Feynman's operational calculus in the time independent setting. In particular, we are able to establish stability of the operational calculus with respect to general types of the time-ordering measures. While the domain of the operational calculus is somewhat restricted as compared to the "standard" version of the operational calculus (established by Jefferies and Johnson (Russ. J. Math. Phys. 8:153---171, 2001; Mat. Zametki 70:815---838, 2001; Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras 11:239---264, 2001; Infin. Dimens. Anal. Quantum Probab. Relat. Top. 5:171---199, 2002), the advantages of this relatively minor domain restriction are significant in that the stability theory (with respect to the time-ordering measures) as it stands to this time is contained, essentially in its entirety, in the principle result of this paper, Theorem 2. Moreover, Theorem 2 allows immediate, and rather far-reaching extensions of the stability theory that, until now, have not been possible.

Rotation, oscillation and hydrodynamic synchronization of optically trapped oblate spheroidal microparticles.

While the behavior of optically trapped dielectric spherical particles has been extensively studied, the behavior of non-spherical particles remains mainly unexplored. In this work we focus on the dynamics of oblate spheroidal particles trapped in a tightly focused elliptically-polarized vortex beam. In our experiments we used polystyrene spheroids of aspect ratio of major to minor axes equal to 2.55 and of a volume equal to a sphere of diameter 1.7μm. We demonstrate that such particles can be trapped in three dimensions, with the minor axis oriented perpendicular to both the beam polarization (linear) and the beam propagation, can spin in a circularly polarized beam and an optical vortex beam around the axis parallel with the beam propagation. We also observed that these particles can exhibit a periodic motion in the plane transversal to the beam propagation. We measured that the transfer of the orbital angular momentum from the vortex beam to the spheroid gives rise to torques one order of magnitude stronger comparing to the circularly polarized Gaussian beam. We employed a phase-only spatial light modulator to generate several vortex beam traps with one spheroid in each of them. Due to independent setting of beams parameters we controlled spheroids frequency and sense of rotation and observed hydrodynamic phase and frequency locking of rotating spheroids. These optically driven spheroids offer a simple alternative approach to the former techniques based on birefringent, absorbing or chiral microrotors.

An Examination of the Replicability of Angoff Standard Setting Results Within a Generalizability Theory Framework

Evidence of stable standard setting results over panels or occasions is an important part of the validity argument for an established cut score. Unfortunately, due to the high cost of convening multiple panels of content experts, standards often are based on the recommendation from a single panel of judges. This approach implicitly assumes that the variability across panels will be modest, but little evidence is available to support this assertion. This article examines the stability of Angoff standard setting results across panels. Data were collected for six independent standard setting exercises, with three panels participating in each exercise. The results show that although in some cases the panel effect is negligible, for four of the six data sets the panel facet represented a large portion of the overall error variance. Ignoring the often hidden panel/occasion facet can result in artificially optimistic estimates of the cut score stability. Results based on a single panel should not be viewed as a reasonable estimate of the results that would be found over multiple panels. Instead, the variability seen in a single panel can best be viewed as a lower bound of the expected variability when the exercise is replicated.

Multichannel Continuously Tunable Microwave Phase Shifter With Capability of Frequency Doubling

A photonic generation of tunable microwave phase shifter with capability of frequency doubling is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using optical spectral shaping technique. Our proposed configuration only consists of a phase modulator (PM), a programmable optical filter, and one photodetector (PD). The phase modulated optical signal is fed into the programmable optical filter, where two specific harmonic sidebands of the modulated signal are chosen in order to apply a tunable phase shift to one of the selected sidebands. After optical amplification and beating at the PD, a frequency doubling microwave signal with continuously tunable phase shifter from 0° to 360° is obtained with less than 2.5 dB power fluctuation over a frequency range from 20 GHz to 33 GHz. Moreover, simultaneous four-channel microwave signals with independent phase shift setting are achieved, due to that the proposed configuration is compatible with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) operation.

Thomas J. Wolff: Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent Practice.

The Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent Practice is intended to recognize outstanding independent practitioners in psychology. Nominations are considered for psychologists working in any area of clinical specialization, health services provision, or consulting, and services provided to any patient population or professional clientele in an independent setting. The 2014 recipient is Thomas J. Wolff, who "is a nationally recognized consultant working with individuals, organizations, and communities. His practice, anchored in the values of social justice and collaboration, has focused on building strong communities and, by so doing, strengthening the well-being of the people within them." Wolff's award citation, biography, and a selected bibliography are presented here.

Environmental proactivity of hotel operations: Antecedents and the moderating effect of ownership type

This study examines the relative importance of three influential factors (stakeholder pressure, economic opportunities, and top managers’ personal environmental concern) in shaping managerial attitudes toward adoption of green programs in the hotel industry. The results, based on a sample of 235 top managers of hotels affiliated with three U.S. state hotel associations, suggest that stakeholder pressure is the most dominant predictor of managerial attitudes toward adoption of green programs followed by economic benefits and top managers’ personal environmental concern. In addition, the relationship between managerial attitudes toward adoption of environmental programs and organizational environmental commitment is found to be moderated by the ownership style. The relationship is stronger for independent hotels than for chain-affiliated hotels, indicating a more significant role of managerial discretion in implementing environmental strategies at the independent hotel setting than the chain hotel setting.

Distance from residence to power line and risk of childhood leukemia: a population-based case–control study in Denmark

Epidemiological studies have found an association between exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and childhood leukemia. In 2005, a large British study showed an association between proximity of residence to high-voltage power lines and the risk of childhood leukemia. The association extended beyond distances at which the 'power line'-induced magnetic fields exceed background levels, suggesting that the association was not explained by the magnetic field, but might be due to chance, bias, or other risk factors associated with proximity to power lines. Our aim was to conduct a comparable study in an independent setting (Denmark). We included 1,698 cases aged <15, diagnosed with leukemia during 1968-2006, from the Danish Cancer Registry and 3,396 controls randomly selected from the Danish childhood population and individually matched by gender and year of birth. We used geographical information systems to determine the distance between residence at birth and the nearest 132-400 kV overhead power line. Odds ratios (ORs) were 0.76 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.40-1.45] for children who lived 0-199 m from the nearest power line and 0.92 (95 % CI 0.67-1.25) for those who lived 200-599 m away when compared with children who lived ≥600 m away. When restricting the analysis to 220 and 400 kV overhead power lines, the OR for children who lived 200-599 m from a power line was 1.76 (95 % CI 0.82-3.77) compared to children who lived ≥600 m away. However, chance is a likely explanation for this finding as the result was not significant, numbers were small, and there were no indications of an higher risk closer to the lines since no cases were observed within 200 m of these. We found no higher risk of leukemia for children living 0-199 m or for children living 200-599 m of a 132-400 kV overhead power line. A slightly elevated OR for children living between 200 and 599 m of a 220-400 kV overhead power line is likely to be a chance finding.

Life-Cycle Thinking in Inquiry-Based Sustainability Education – Effects on Students’ Attitudes towards Chemistry and Environmental Literacy

The aim of the present study is to improve the quality of students’ environmental literacy and sustainability education in chemistry teaching by combining the socio-scientific issue of life-cycle thinking with inquiry- based learning approaches. This case study presents results from an inquiry-based life-cycle thinking project: an interdisciplinary teaching model designed by chemistry teachers. The strength of the project is that upper-secondary students (N=105) are allowed to investigate the life cycle of an optional product based on their own interest. Studentcentred teaching methods are suggested to promote the students’ interest in studying. The research question was: How does an inquiry-based life-cycle thinking project in chemistry education affect students’ chemistry attitudes and environmental literacy? The research methods used included surveys and semi-structured interviews. The study shows thatthe project positively affected students’ attitudes towards chemistry learning: they valued the independent and collaborative learning setting. The changes in the students’ environmental literacy were evident in their new realisations: they emphasised the importance of environmental protection and recycling, but perceived that changing their own behaviour is still difficult. The inquiry-based teaching of life-cycle thinking can be seen as an effective approach to more motivating and sustainable chemistry education. Further research should address the kinds of knowledge outcomes that this type of inquiry-based life-cycle teaching creates in students. Furthermore, other useful approaches to teaching sustainable development in chemistry lessons should be shared.

Strong approximation of the empirical distribution function for absolutely regular sequences in ${\mathbb R}^d$

We prove a strong approximation result with rates for the empirical process associated to an absolutely regular stationary sequence of random variables with values in ${\mathbb R}^d$. As soon as the absolute regular coefficients of the sequence decrease more rapidly than $n^{1-p} $ for some $p \in ]2,3]$, we show that the error of approximation between the empirical process and a two-parameter Gaussian process is of order $n^{1/p} (\log n)^{\lambda(d)}$ for some positive $\lambda(d)$ depending on $d$, both in ${\mathbb L}^1$ and almost surely. The power of $n$ being independent of the dimension, our results are even new in the independent setting, and improve earlier results. In addition, for absolutely regular sequences, we show that the rate of approximation is optimal up to the logarithmic term.

Teacher-assisted versus Individual Viewing of Foreign Language Video

As teachers' roles evolve in technology-enhanced language learning (TELL), choices of technological devices and instructional delivery and the degree of foreign language (FL) teacher facilitation within TELL activities are prominent. This investigation compared 53 beginning college French students' comprehension of FL video in a teacher-assisted viewing classroom environment (TAV) and an independent computer-based setting (IV) to examine the benefits of teacher mediation on students' comprehension of FL video and the relation to the types of questions asked, self-efficacy, and engagement. The results demonstrated that students performed equally well on comprehension measures in the TAV and IV conditions. With regard to self-efficacy, students felt significantly more confident in their ability to comprehend video in the TAV than in the IV condition. A relationship was found between self-efficacy and comprehension in the TAV, a relationship not present in the IV condition. Levels of engagement significantly predicted students' comprehension performance while working independently but were not a significant predictor of comprehension in the TAV condition. Implications of this study include (a) the need for increased exposure to self-directed learning tasks in beginning FL classrooms to improve self-efficacy toward independent TELL activities and (b) the need for student exploration during TAV tasks to improve engagement.

Transitions in Care: Medication Reconciliation in the Community Pharmacy Setting After Discharge

Objective: To assess the feasibility of a workflow process in which pharmacists in an independent community pharmacy group conduct medication reconciliation for patients undergoing transitions in care.&#x0D; Methods: Three workflow changes were made to improve the medication reconciliation process in a group of three independent community pharmacies. Analysis of the process included workflow steps performed by pharmacy staff, pharmacist barriers encountered during the medication reconciliation process, number of medication discrepancies identified, and pharmacist comfort level while performing each medication reconciliation service.&#x0D; Key Findings: Sixty patient medication reconciliation services met the inclusion criteria for the study. Pharmacists were involved in all steps associated with the medication reconciliation workflow, and were the sole performer in four of the steps: verifying discharge medications with the pharmacy medication profile, resolving discrepancies, contacting the prescriber, and providing patient counseling. Pharmacists were least involved in entering medications into the pharmacy management system, performing that workflow step 13% of the time. The most common barriers were the absence of a discharge medication list (24%) and patient notpresent during consultation (11%). A total of 231 medication discrepancies were identified, with an average of 3.85 medication discrepancies per discharge. Pharmacists' comfort level performing medication reconciliation improved through the 13 weeks of the study.&#x0D; Conclusions: These findings suggest that medication reconciliation for patients discharged from hospitals and long term care facilities can be successfully performed in an independent community pharmacy setting. Because many medication discrepancies were identified during this transition of care, it is highly valuable for community pharmacists to perform medication reconciliation services.&#x0D; &#x0D; Type: Original Research

Transitioning Inpatients to Housing: A Group Discharge Approach

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LettersFull AccessTransitioning Inpatients to Housing: A Group Discharge ApproachSean Kidd, Ph.D., Jessica Chan, M.S.W., and Kwame McKenzie, M.D., F.R.C.Psych.Sean KiddSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D., Jessica ChanSearch for more papers by this author, M.S.W., and Kwame McKenzieSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., F.R.C.Psych.Published Online:1 Dec 2012https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.003662012AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: An extensive body of literature documents the benefits to individuals with severe mental illness of good-quality housing in which adequate supports are integrated. These benefits include housing stability, less hospitalization and criminal justice involvement, decreased symptomatology, reduced health care costs, and better quality of life (1). Despite this evidence base, large numbers of psychiatric patients experience protracted hospital stays. In Ontario these individuals account for 51% of inpatient long-stay days, and it has been estimated that 40% could be served in the community with appropriate support (2).Although it is important to understand what housing models are effective in this context, implementation is the key challenge. Here we describe a strategy that has proven to be successful at the Toronto Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), the largest psychiatric service provider in Canada. The CAMH high-support housing initiative was launched in 2009 to address the needs of a cohort of 18 clients with schizophrenia who were residing in a single inpatient unit and whose average length of stay was nine years (range five to 25 years). The cohort included seven women and 11 men ranging in age from 39 to 58 years. The project involved a partnership in which a subsidized-housing provider made available 18 units on two adjacent floors of a 12-story building. A community service organization provided 24-hour support, seven days per week. CAMH provided programming with case management, peer support, and psychiatric services.A critical component of the success of this project was a group discharge strategy. For clients who had been institutionalized in a highly structured environment for up to 25 years, the prospect of moving to a more independent community setting was extremely anxiety provoking. Although inpatient staff were planning to assist in gradually transitioning these clients into housing, significant concerns were expressed about whether the project would be successful. We found that moving clients in small groups of four or five fostered a culture of mutual support, even though many clients did not have strong relationships while on the unit. Friendships emerged, along with a sense of shared experience that appeared to be very important in their tolerating the stress of extensive changes in their living environments and routines. Although a recovery model with individualized goals and program planning was used, this foundation of group cohesion has promoted greater comfort in taking risks as these individuals explore avenues of community participation, such as volunteering, church involvement, work, and leisure activities.Other outcomes are equally encouraging. The per-diem costs are markedly lower than the cost of inpatient hospitalization. Further, the rate of rehospitalization has been extremely low, with only one of the 18 clients returning to hospital in the three years since the project was initiated. These preliminary findings suggest a need for further study to better understand the associations between group discharge and housing outcomes.The authors are affiliated with the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Kidd and Dr. McKenzie are also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto.Acknowledgments and disclosuresThe authors report no competing interests.References1 Kallert TW, Leisse M, Winiecki P: Comparing the effectiveness of different types of supported housing for patients with chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Public Health 15:29–42, 2007Crossref, Google Scholar2 Butterill D, Lin E, Durban J, et al.: From Hospital to Home: The Transitioning of Alternate Level of Care and Long-Stay Mental Health Clients. Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Health Systems Research and Consulting Unit, 2009Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 63Issue 12 December 2012Pages 1263-1264 Metrics Acknowledgments and disclosuresThe authors report no competing interests.PDF download History Published online 1 December 2012 Published in print 1 December 2012

An accurate paired sample test for count data

Motivation: Recent technology platforms in proteomics and genomics produce count data for quantitative analysis. Previous works on statistical significance analysis for count data have mainly focused on the independent sample setting, which does not cover the case where pairs of measurements are taken from individual patients before and after treatment. This experimental setting requires paired sample testing such as the paired t-test often used for continuous measurements. A state-of-the-art method uses a negative binomial distribution in a generalized linear model framework for paired sample testing. A paired sample design assumes that the relative change within each pair is constant across biological samples. This model can be used as an approximation to the true model in cases of heterogeneity of response in complex biological systems. We aim to specify the variation in response explicitly in combination with the inherent technical variation.Results: We formulate the problem of paired sample test for count data in a framework of statistical combination of multiple contingency tables. In particular, we specify explicitly a random distribution for the effect with an inverted beta model. The technical variation can be modeled by either a standard Poisson distribution or an exponentiated Poisson distribution, depending on the reproducibility of the acquisition workflow. The new statistical test is evaluated on both proteomics and genomics datasets, showing a comparable performance to the state-of-the-art method in general, and in several cases where the two methods differ, the proposed test returns more reasonable p-values.Availability: Available for download at http://www.oncoproteomics.nl/.Contact: t.pham@vumc.nl

협업기반 상황인지를 위한 u-Surveillance 다중센서 스테이션 개발

Surveillance has become one of promising application areas of wireless sensor networks which allow for pervasive monitoring of concerned environmental phenomena by facilitating context awareness through sensor fusion. Existing systems that depend on a postmortem context analysis of sensor data on a centralized server expose several shortcomings, including a single point of failure, wasteful energy consumption due to unnecessary data transfer as well as deficiency of scalability. As an opposite direction, this paper proposes an energy-efficient distributed context-aware surveillance in which sensor nodes in the wireless sensor network collaborate with neighbors in a distributed manner to analyze and aware surrounding context. We design and implement multi-modal sensor stations for use as sensor nodes in our wireless sensor network implementing our distributed context awareness. This paper presents an initial experimental performance result of our proposed system. Results show that multi-modal sensor performance of our sensor station, a key enabling factor for distributed context awareness, is comparable to each independent sensor setting. They also show that its initial performance of context-awareness is satisfactory for a set of introductory surveillance scenarios in the current interim stage of our ongoing research.

Compact Printed Multiband Antenna With Independent Setting Suitable for Fixed and Reconfigurable Wireless Communication Systems

This paper presents the design of a low-profile compact printed antenna for fixed frequency and reconfigurable frequency bands. The antenna consists of a main patch, four sub-patches, and a ground plane to generate five frequency bands, at 0.92, 1.73, 1.98, 2.4, and 2.9 GHz, for different wireless systems. For the fixed-frequency design, the five individual frequency bands can be adjusted and set independently over the wide ranges of 18.78%, 22.75%, 4.51%, 11%, and 8.21%, respectively, using just one parameter of the antenna. By putting a varactor (diode) at each of the sub-patch inputs, four of the frequency bands can be controlled independently over wide ranges and the antenna has a reconfigurable design. The tunability ranges for the four bands of 0.92, 1.73, 1.98, and 2.9 GHz are 23.5%, 10.30%, 13.5%, and 3%, respectively. The fixed and reconfigurable designs are studied using computer simulation. For verification of simulation results, the two designs are fabricated and the prototypes are measured. The results show a good agreement between simulated and measured results.

Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Accurately Detects Acute Allograft Rejection Among Other Causes of Acute Kidney Injury in Renal Allograft Recipients

Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has emerged an early marker protein, predicative of acute kidney injury (AKI) in various clinical settings. Here, we demonstrate urinary NGAL to allow for differential diagnosis of AKI, accurately discriminating acute allograft rejection from other causes of AKI in renal allograft recipients. Urinary NGAL was assessed in spot urine of 182 outpatient renal allograft recipients on maintenance immunosuppression. Samples were blinded and NGAL concentrations determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patient data were classed according to standard criteria into stable allograft function or AKI, and according to underlying pathology into acute allograft rejection or AKI of other cause. Of the 182 patients investigated, 44 (24.2%) presented with AKI and 9 (4.9%) were diagnosed with acute allograft rejection. In 138 patients with stable allograft function, median urinary NGAL concentration was 7.8 ng/mL (interquartile range, 3.7-17.4 ng/mL). In acute allograft rejection, urinary NGAL concentration was 339 ng/mL (165-499 ng/mL), and in AKI of other cause was 59.1 ng/mL (33.1-136 ng/mL). With a cut-off at 100 ng/mL, urinary NGAL accurately predicted acute rejection as underlying pathology of AKI in our cohort (area under the curve-receiver operating characteristic 0.98, sensitivity 1.0, specificity 0.93). This concept was confirmed in an independent clinical setting in allograft recipients referred to our hospital with AKI. Urinary NGAL, at respective cut-off, accurately discriminates acute allograft rejection from other causes of AKI in follow-up after kidney transplantation. As a readily available parameter, urinary NGAL may guide differential diagnosis and initial therapy in allograft recipients with AKI.

Temporary Integration, Resilient Inequality: Race and Neighborhood Change in the Transition to Adulthood

This article focuses on neighborhood and geographic change arising with the first "selection" of an independent residential setting: the transition out of the family home. Data from two sources-the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics-are used to provide complementary analyses of trajectories of change in geographic location and neighborhood racial and economic composition during young adulthood. Findings indicate that for young adults who originate in segregated urban areas and remain in such areas, the period of young adulthood is characterized by continuity in neighborhood conditions and persistent racial inequality from childhood to adulthood. For young adults who exit highly segregated urban areas, this period is characterized by a substantial leveling of racial inequality, with African Americans moving into less-poor, less-segregated neighborhoods. However, the trend toward racial equality in young adulthood is temporary, as the gaps between whites and blacks grow as the young adults move further into adulthood. Crucial to the reemergence of racial inequality in neighborhood environments is the process of "unselected" change, or change in neighborhood conditions that occurs around young adults after they move to a new neighborhood environment.