Independent Risk Factor For Osteoporosis Research Articles

Prevalence and correlates of osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in India.

Background:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a syndrome of progressive airflow limitation caused by the abnormal inflammatory reaction of the airway and lung parenchyma. Osteoporosis is one of the major extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD. The, prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD patients in Indian population is unknown.Objectives:To study the prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD and to define various risk factors associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in COPD.Materials and Methods:The study was done in the department of Pulmonary Medicine of a tertiary care hospital. All the diagnosed cases of COPD according to the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines were included in this study. The present study was a prospective study in for a period of 1 year. A brief history of the patients was taken, especially regarding duration of illness, number of exacerbations in the past 3 years, smoking in pack years, and history of steroid use (both systemic and inhaled steroids) after which cumulative dose of steroids was calculated. Spirometry was done in all these patients to stage the severity of COPD according to GOLD criteria. DEXA scan of the lumbar spine was done using bone densitometer to determine osteoporosis. A world Health Organization (WHO) criterion for definition of osteoporosis was applied and patients with T-score of > –2.5 standard deviation (SD) were diagnosed to have osteoporosis, –1 SD to –2.5 SD were diagnosed to have osteopenia and < –1 SD as normal. Statistical analysis for association of COPD with osteoporosis was done using chi-square test. Risk factors for osteoporosis were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:A total of 102 COPD patients were included in the study. Among these, 68 patients (66.6%) had osteoporosis and 20 patients (19.6%) had osteopenia. Majority (64.7%) of the patients who had osteoporosis had stage III and stage IV COPD disease. It was observed that as the severity grade of COPD increased, the risk of osteoporosis also increased. The bone mineral density (BMD) showed a significant difference among different stages of COPD. As the severity of the stage of COPD increased, BMD decreased. It was also observed that patients with lower body mass index (BMI) had higher prevalence of osteoporosis (37.3%) as compared to overweight patients. On univariate analysis, it was observed that risk factors for osteoporosis were female sex, higher number of exacerbations, BMI, and severity of COPD. After using multivariate logistic regression analysis, stage IV COPD (odds ratio (OR): 34.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.59–1,000, P < 0.02), number of acute exacerbations >3 (OR: 30.3, 95% CI: 4.74–200, P < 0.01), and steroid cumulative dose >1,000 mg (OR: 7.35, 95% CI: 0.92–58.5, P < 0.04) were observed to be significant risk factors for osteoporosis in COPD patients.Conclusions:In the present study, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 66.6% and another 19.6% had osteopenia. As the severity of COPD increased, the risk of osteoporosis increased. GOLD stage III and stage IV patient had significantly lower BMD as compared to stage I and stage II of COPD disease. Stage IV COPD disease, use of oral or parenteral glucocorticoids, and repeated number of exacerbations were found to be independent risk factors for osteoporosis in COPD patients. Thus, high clinical suspicion and early diagnosis and treatment is required in the evaluation of osteoporosis in COPD patients so that the quality of life can be improved in these patients.

Association between hypertension and fragility fracture: a longitudinal study

Hypertension is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women. Although hypertension has been suggested to be associated with increased fracture risk, it is not clear whether the association is independent of bone mineral density (BMD). The present study sought to examine the interrelationships between hypertension, BMD, and fracture risk. The study included 1,032 men and 1,701 women aged 50 years and older who were participants in the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE-LUNAR Corp., Madison, WI, USA). The presence of hypertension was ascertained by direct interview and verification through clinical history. The incidence of fragility fractures was ascertained by X-ray report during the follow-up period (1989-2008). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association between hypertension and fracture risk. Women with hypertension had lower BMD at the femoral neck (0.79 versus 0.82 g/cm(2), P = 0.02) than those without the disease. After adjusting for BMD and covariates, hypertension was an independent risk factor for fragility fracture [hazard ratio (HR), 1.49; 95% CI, 1.13-1.96]. In men, hypertension was associated with higher femoral neck BMD (0.94 versus 0.92 g/cm(2), P = 0.02), but the association between hypertension and fracture risk did not reach statistical significance. Hypertension is associated with increased fracture risk in women, and the association is independent of BMD.

PWE-142 Does The Pre-Bone Mineral Density Frax Score Predict Fracture Risk in Patients with Cirrhosis?

IntroductionCirrhosis is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis, with risk of morbidity through fragility fractures. BSG guidelines recommend that all patients with cirrhosis should be offered DEXA scans to measure...

FRI0136 Transition time to osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Although bone mineral density (BMD) testing is routinely performed in patients with RA, the optimal interval between BMD tests remains...

Diabetes and obesity as independent risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a population study of 3354 people: first results of the PROF Project (Prevention of Osteoporosis and Fractures)

Diabetes and obesity as independent risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a population study of 3354 people: first results of the PROF Project (Prevention of Osteoporosis and Fractures)

A study of serum Cadmium and lead in Iraqi postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

Postmenopausal status is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Several studies have reported that heavy metals, including lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, have harmful effects on bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heavy metals, including Cadmium and Lead on osteoporosis in postmenopausal Iraqi women. This prospective study included a total of 70 postmenopausal women divided as 40patients with osteoporosis compared to 30 apparently healthy women as controls during 2011. Serum levels of Cadmium and Lead were measured using atomic absorption while serum Calcium, Phosphorus and Alkaline phosphatase were measured by spectrophotometry.The results showed that there was no significant difference between patients and controls regarding age, Body Mass Index, Calcium, Phosphorous, and Alkaline phosphatase. Serum levels of Cadmium and Lead were higher in patients compared to controls, p < 0.001 and p< 0.01 respectively. It is concluded that increased serum levels of cadmium and lead maybe associated with higher risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Bone mineral density among elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in India

Background:Osteoporosis is one of the major extra-pulmonary manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which limits the physical activity. The present study was undertaken to study the bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis in the elderly COPD patients.Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional study carried out among elderly COPD patients. After a detailed clinical history spirometry was done to stage the severity of COPD. DEXA scan of the lumbar spine was performed using bone densitometer to determine osteoporosis. Statistical analysis was based on Chi-square test. Risk factors were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:A total of 70 elderly COPD patients were included. Fourty-six patients (65.7%) had osteoporosis and 13 (18.6%) had osteopenia. Majority of the osteoporosis patients had stage III or stage IV COPD disease (77.2%). As the severity grade of COPD increased, the risk of osteoporosis also increased. Also, with the increasing severity of COPD, BMD decreased. Patients with lower body mass index (BMI) had higher prevalence of osteoporosis (45.7%). Using multivariate regression analysis, stage IV COPD, number of acute exacerbations >3 and steroid cumulative dose >1000 mg were independent risk factors for osteoporosis in elderly COPD patients.Conclusions:The prevalence of osteoporosis was 65.7%, and 18.6% had osteopenia. Stage III and IV patients had significantly lower BMI in elderly COPD patients. High clinical suspicion and early diagnosis and treatment are required in the evaluation of osteoporosis in elderly COPD patients.

Parkinson's disease and osteoporosis

patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have a high risk of sustaining osteoporotic fractures as a result of falls and reduced bone mass. to summarise the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of bone loss in PD by reviewing the available literature. a Medline search was performed for articles published between January 1975 and January 2011, using the keywords 'bone mineral density', 'bone loss', 'bone metabolism', 'osteoporosis', 'osteopenia', 'Parkinson's disease' and 'Parkinsonism'. PD patients have a lower bone mineral density (BMD) than age-matched controls. Bone loss in PD is multifactorial, resulting from immobility, decreased muscle strength, and low body weight. Vitamin D deficiency is also important, not only because it reduces BMD, but also because cell function in the substantia nigra depends on vitamin D. Lastly, hyperhomocysteinaemia, an independent risk factor for osteoporosis, is common in PD, due to levodopa use, as well as vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency. A few studies have demonstrated that treatment with bisphosphonates, vitamin D and calcium can increase BMD and reduce fractures in PD patients. bone loss in PD is multifactorial. It is clinically important because of the concomitant risk of fractures. Screening for osteoporosis should be considered more often, and therapeutic interventions should be initiated.

The Effect of Hormonal Oral Contraception on Acquisition of Peak Bone Mineral Density of Adolescents and Young Women

Maximizing bone mass in youth is touted as the best strategy to offset the natural losses of aging and the menopausal transition. Not achieving maximum peak bone mineral density (BMD) is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis and thus a public health concern. Adolescence is a critical time of bone mineralization mediated by endogenous estradiol. Research has shown that the highest velocity of bone mass accrual occurs 1 year before menarche and after the first 3 years. Low-peak attainment of BMD in young women is associated with contributing factors such as diets low in calcium, eating disorders, lack of exercise, smoking, and low estrogen states. Oral contraceptives (OCs) suppress endogenous estradiol production by suppressing the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. Thus, OCs, by replacing endogenous estradiol with ethinyl estradiol (EE), establish and maintain new hormone levels. The early initiation and the use of very low dose of EE raises the possibility that bone mass accrual at a critical time of bone mineralization in young women or adolescents may be jeopardized. This review examines the studies of BMD in adolescents and young women that use combination hormonal contraception. Some studies had inherent limitations, such as small trial, poor control of confounders, failure to exclude women with prior use of hormonal contraceptives, or prior pregnancy from control groups. The vast majority of reviewed studies showed OCs containing 20 to 30 µg of EE interfere with acquisition of peak BMD. Limited numbers of studies examine the effects of OCs containing 35 µg on adolescents and young adults. Additionally, studies are needed evaluating the progestin component of OCs as their differing androgenic properties may affect bone mineralization as well.

The relationship between blood mercury level and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

Postmenopausal women have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis compared with premenopausal women. Postmenopause status has been found to be an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Several studies have reported that heavy metals, including lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As), have detrimental effects on bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association among heavy metals, including Pb, Hg, Cd, and As, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal Korean women. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 481 postmenopausal women, all of whom were enrolled in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008. Bone mineral density was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Blood Pb, Hg, and Cd and urinary As levels were measured. Postmenopausal women with higher blood Hg levels were more likely to be younger and have higher vitamin D levels, fish consumption, and prevalence of osteoporosis. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, postmenopausal women with blood Hg levels in the fourth quartile had a 0.36-fold decreased risk of having osteoporosis compared with those with levels in the first quartile, after adjustments for age, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking history, exercise, use of oral contraceptive pills, hormone therapy, intake of caloric energy and calcium, fish consumption, and vitamin D level. However, there was no association between other heavy metals and osteoporosis. High blood Hg levels were associated with a lower risk of having osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Because biomarkers of all four metals measured in this study reflect recent exposures, further studies are necessary to clarify the association of osteoporosis with the level of heavy metals in biomarkers for long-term exposure such as hair or fingernail.

BODY COMPOSITION, BONE MASS AND ADIPOKINES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH DIFFERENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK (SCORE)

Women after menopause have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with atherosclerosis (CVD-AS), and osteoporosis. Low body weight is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis and related fractures. At the same time, osteoporosis occurs in people with overweight and is associated with a high risk of death from cardiovascular disease. As the link of overweight with CVD-AS was proved long ago, the impact of obesity on bone status is not sufficiently investigated. Purpose: To study the relationship between bone, fat, lean mass and adipokines in postmenopausal women with low and high risk of cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study included 100 women aged 45-65 years. Assessment of cardiovascular risk was carried out using an electronic version of the scale of SCORE. Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD), the amount of bone, fat and lean mass was performed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. We investigated the concentration of leptin and adiponectin in serum. Results: The increased cardiovascular risk, and low BMD was associated with duration of menopause. Women with an increased risk of CVD-AS more common had obesity and osteoporosis. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were found in 63% of patients, among whom 49% were overweight and 27% obese. To assess the distribution of fat and lean body mass in the ratio have been introduced «fat mass in the trunk (kg)/fat mass in the limbs (kg)» (TF/LF) and «lean mass in the trunk (kg) / lean mass in the limbs (kg) «(TL/LL). The ratio TF/LF, was associated with the presence or absence of abdominal obesity, directly correlated with an increased cardiovascular risk, and BMD at the proximal femur, and TL/LL directly correlated with BMD of the proximal femur and spine. In a linear regression analysis confirmed the connection of the BMD only with the lean mass. Leptin was directly correlated with % fat in the body, spine and BMD of the proximal femur, in the regression analysis the relationship of leptin and BMD remained highly significant. The inverse correlation of BMD in the proximal femoral neck and adiponectin after regression analysis was not confirmed. Conclusions: Low bone mass is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Fat mass does not have neither protective, nor deleterious effect on BMD. Lean body mass and leptin may claim to be independent prognostic factors for bone mass.

905 RISK FACTORS FOR LOW MINERAL BONE DENSITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC VIRAL C INFECTION

Hepatitis C viral infection is one of the major public health problems, with a global prevalence of 2.35%. It is estimated that approximately 160 million people have been infected with HCV. Metabolic bone disease (often known as hepatic osteodystrophy) is a common complication of long-standing liver disease (affects 1255% of patients), and has an important effect on life as it causes fractures with immobilization. 85 patients with chronic HCV infection and 120 healthy controls were included in the study. Subgroups were defined on the basis of age, gender, menopausal status, alcohol intake, hormonal therapy, Metavir score, and serum viral load. Bone mineral density at the level of lumbar spine was evaluated using DEXA equipment: the WHO classification of osteoporosis was used. Diagnosis of chronic HCV liver disease was based on clinical, laboratory, imaging and invasive (liver biopsy) evidence. Student’s t, chi-square, Mann-Whitney tests, and logistic regression were used to assess the risk factors for osteoporosis in these patients. Prevalence of osteoporosis in patients versus controls was higher both in women (48.9% versus 37.2%) (p=0.003) and men (13% versus 8%) (p=0,645). Low BMD was significantly associated with patients’ age (p 5 years, as compared with those recently diagnosed (78.18% versus 11.36%, p<0.001). Patients with higher degrees of liver fibrosis had more frequently a low BMD (F3 or F4: 66.67%; F2: 41.2%; F1: 12.5%) (p<0.001). We found no association between BMD level and the activity score A (p=0.09). Evaluated by logistic regression, from the six predictor variables for a low BMD (duration since diagnosis, histological scores A and F, initial viremia, gender, age), only age at diagnosis (p<0.001) and high viremia (p=0.002) appeared to be independent risk factors for osteoporosis. Our results suggest that chronic viral C infection represents a risk factor for osteoporosis especially for patients with advanced liver disease, diagnosed for more than 5 years, and with a high viral load.

Raloxifene May Have Further Benefits in Women on Hemodialysis

Dear Editor, Saito et al. report on the possible beneficial effects of raloxifene on bone metabolism in women on hemodialysis (1). We commend the authors on their investigation of treatment in this difficult group. Currently there are limited options available for osteoporosis management in women on hemodialysis which is a significant concern given that the fracture rate for these women is quadruple that of women in the general population (2). The role of postmenopausal osteoporosis in higher fracture rates in women on dialysis is increasingly recognized (2). The frequency of early menopause, menstrual disturbance and hypo-estrogenic states are also higher in women on dialysis. (3) Menopause is a ‘window of vulnerability’ for depression in women, women on haemodialysis are particularly at risk of mental illness. A recent study found the prevalence of mental illness to be 30.3% in patients on hemodialysis (4). Mental illness, particularly depression has been found to be a predictor of reduced quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality (4). Whilst psychotropic medication can be used in hemodialysis patients, antidepressants and antipsychotic medications are independent risk factors for osteoporosis (5). Whether this risk is magnified in dialysis patients is not currently known. Both estrogen therapy and SERMs have been investigated for their benefit on bone turnover in hemodialyis patients, they may well have further benefits. The mood enhancing effects of estrogen are well known (6). We have performed clinical trials showing improvement in psychotic symptoms with adjunctive transdermal estrogen therapy. Our recent dose finding study found raloxifene 120mg to also be effective at reducing positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in postmenopausal women. We are currently conducting larger clinical trials examining the effect of raloxifene on psychosis in pre and postmenopausal women. Given the mortality risks of mental illness and osteoporosis in women on hemodialysis it would be helpful if drug regimens that improve both conditions could be developed. Hopefully raloxifene will fulfill this role. We keenly await further data from Saito and Co. regarding the longer term effects of raloxifene in women on dialysis and particularly the impact on fracture risk.

HIV: Inflammation and Bone

HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are now established independent risk factors for osteoporosis. With a spate of recent studies reporting significant elevations in fracture prevalence in HIV patients, and a rapidly aging demographic, defining the mechanisms underlying HIV/ART-induced skeletal decline has become imperative. The recent emergence of the field of "osteoimmunology" has provided a conceptual framework to explain how the immune and skeletal systems interact. Furthermore, it is becoming clear that inflammatory states leading to perturbations in the immuno-skeletal interface, a convergence of common cells and cytokine mediators that regulate both immune and skeletal systems, conspire to imbalance bone turnover and induce osteoporosis. In this review we examine the role of inflammation in the bone loss associated with diverse inflammatory conditions and new concepts into how the underlying mechanisms by which inflammation and immune dysregulation impact bone turnover may be pertinent to the mechanisms involved in HIV/ART-induced bone loss.

Role of Ghrelin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in the Development of Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A high prevalence of bone loss is observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 have been suggested to interfere in the bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these peptides in the development of osteoporosis in IBD. One hundred and eighteen consecutive IBD patients were included. All patients underwent bone densitometry by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at the femoral neck and lumbar spine levels. Serum samples were collected from all patients and analyzed for concentrations of the aforementioned peptides by radioimmunoassay. Forty (33.9%) patients were normal, 55 (46.6%) were osteopenic, and 23 (19.5%) were osteoporotic. Positive statistically significant correlations were found between body mass index (BMI), leptin, IGFBP-3 levels, and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Moreover, an inverse statistically significant correlation was found between BMD of the femoral neck and the lumbar spine, and age, duration of the disease, and ghrelin levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that the most significant factors associated with the BMD were age and BMI. A weak but statistically significant correlation was found between IGFBP-3 and femoral neck BMD (P=0.045) and between ghrelin and spine BMD (P=0.039). No correlation was observed between leptin and BMD. Low BMI is the most important independent risk factor for osteoporosis in IBD patients. There is no independent influence of leptin but ghrelin and IGFBP-3 may play a role in the bone metabolism in the IBD.

Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Screening and Management of Osteoporosis in Gastric Cancer Patients

Osteoporosis in gastric cancer patients is often overlooked or even neglected despite its high prevalence in these patients. Considering that old age, malnutrition, chronic disease, chemotherapy, decreased body mass index and gastrectomy are independent risk factors for osteoporosis, it is reasonable that the prevalence of osteoporosis in gastric cancer patients would be high. Many surviving patients suffer from back pain and pathological fractures, which are related to osteoporosis. Fractures have obvious associated morbidities, negative impact on quality of life, and impose both direct and indirect costs. In the era of a >55.6% 5-year survival rate of gastric cancer and increased longevity in gastric cancer patients, it is very important to eliminate common sequelae such as osteoporosis. Fortunately, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is well established and many therapeutic agents have been shown to be effective and safe not only in postmenopausal females but also in elderly males. Recently, effective treatments of gastric cancer patients with osteoporosis using bisphosphonates, which are commonly used in postmenopausal woman, were reported.

Association of interleukin-1 beta (-511C/T) polymorphisms with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Osteoporosis is a common disease of the elderly, in which genetic and clinical factors contribute to the disease phenotype. Since the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated in the bone mass and skeletal disorders, we investigated whether IL-1 system gene polymorphisms are associated with the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Taiwanese women.METHODS:Osteoporosis is diagnosed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, which measures bone mineral density (BMD) at multiple skeletal sites. We studied the IL-1α (-889C/T), IL-1β (-511C/T) and the 86 base pair variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in intron 2 of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene in 117 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and 135 control subjects without a history of symptomatic osteoporosis. These gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymerase. Blood sugar and other risk factors were also determined.RESULTS:The frequencies of IL-1β (-511C/T) genotypes (P=.022, odds ratio=1.972) and alleles (P=.02, odds ratio=2.909) showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, we did not find any statistically significant difference in IL-1α and IL-1ra polymorphisms (P>.05). We also observed a positive relationship between osteoporosis and cholesterol and a weak inverse relationship between blood sugar and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.CONCLUSIONS:These experimental results suggest that the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is associated with IL-1β (-511C/T) polymorphism in postmenopausal women. This polymorphism is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis.

Relation of plasma total homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 levels to bone mineral density in Moroccan healthy postmenopausal women

To test whether in Moroccan healthy postmenopausal women, levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), folate, and vitamin B12 are related to BMD. A total of 188 volunteer postmenopausal women were recruited from our blood taking center between April 2008 and December 2008. Each subject completed a standardized questionnaire designed to document putative risk factors of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density was determined by a Lunar Prodigy Vision DXA system, and blood samples for plasma tHcy, folate, vitamin B12, and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) were taken. Comparison between women with osteoporosis, osteopenia and normal BMD showed that the osteoporotic women were significantly older, had lower weight and height than the women of the other groups. Plasma tHcy was significantly higher in the osteoporotic group. Levels of tHcy were inversely related to BMD at the lumbar spine, at the total hip and plasma vitamin B12 and positively related to age and creatinine. Multiple regression analysis showed that age and BMI were the main predictors of BMD at the lumbar spine, whereas the main predictors of BMD at the total hip were age, BMI, plasma tHcy, and plasma vitamin B(12). tHcy and vitamin B12 are independent risk factors for osteoporosis in Moroccan healthy postmenopausal women.

Bone health-related factors and the use of bisphosphonates in community setting—15-year follow-up study

The present study investigated the bone health related factors that were associated with the use of bisphosphonates (BP) among 2,050 postmenopausal Finnish women. Low BMD + low trauma energy fracture was the strongest determinant of BP use, while other secondary causes of osteoporosis were less strongly related with BP use. BP use was associated with reduced femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) bone loss rate. The aim was to identify bone health related factors associated with the use of BP in a community setting. A population-based sample of 2,050 Finnish postmenopausal women was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry at the FN and LS in 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2004, and information on osteoporosis risk factors, including low-trauma energy fractures, were collected with postal inquiries. Self-reported use of BP in 2004 was considered as the end point variable. Among BP users, 12% had T-score > -2.0 SD and no fracture during follow-up (FU). In women without any bone medication, 26% had T-score < -2.0 SD or low-trauma energy fracture or both during the FU. In BP users, a significant reduction in FN and LS bone loss rate, cumulative with duration of use, was observed in ANCOVA (p < 0.001). Among BP users, there was a significantly higher proportion of women with several independent risk factors for osteoporosis and more spine and humerus fractures but less ankle fractures. T-score < -2 SD combined with low-trauma energy fracture was significantly related to the use of BPs (p < 0.001, OR = 15.96) and T-score < -2 SD was a stronger predictor of BP use (p < 0.001, OR = 13.29) than fracture (p > 0.05, OR = 1.35) in multivariate logistic regression. Other factors related with BP use were vitamin D use (p = 0.001, OR = 2.27), high number of medications (p < 0.001, OR = 1.26) and rheumatoid arthritis (p < 0.05, OR 2.55). These findings reveal the recent bone health-related indications for BP prescription.

Urinary cadmium, osteopenia, and osteoporosis in the US population

The association between cadmium and osteoporosis in a multiethnic population is unclear. We found that urinary cadmium is consistently associated with osteopenia and osteoporosis in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, regardless of age, sex, race, and smoking status. Cadmium exposure may be an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Our purpose was to test whether cadmium exposure is associated with a higher prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in the general US population and selected subgroups. We used multinomial logistic regression to analyze data on 10,978 subjects (aged 30-90) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We studied the association of urinary cadmium levels (adjusted for urinary creatinine) and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis as defined by the World Health Organization. After adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, calcium intake, and physical inactivity, odds ratios (ORs) for osteopenia and osteoporosis increased dose dependently with two urinary cadmium levels (in micrograms of urinary cadmium per grams of urinary creatinine: level I, 1.00-1.99 mcg/g; level II, > or =2.00 mcg/g). Osteopenia results were as follows: level I OR, 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.80); level II OR, 2.05 (95% CI, 1.52-2.78). Osteoporosis results were as follows: level I OR, 1.78 (95% CI, 1.26-2.52); level II OR, 3.80 (95% CI, 2.36-6.14). The association was consistent in all age, sex, race, and smoking status subgroups. Cadmium exposure may be a potential risk factor for osteopenia and osteoporosis in the general US population.