Independent Risk Factors For Reoperation Research Articles

Impact of malnutrition and vitamin deficiency in geriatric patients undergoing orthopedic surgery

Background and purpose — There is growing evidence that hypoproteinemia is an important risk factor for adverse events after surgery. Less is known about the impact of vitamin deficiency on postoperative outcome. Therefore we evaluated the prevalence and impact of malnutrition and vitamin deficiency in geriatric patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Patients and methods — In a retrospective analysis of 599 geriatric patients who had undergone elective orthopedic surgery in 2018 and 2019, hypoproteinemia, and deficiency of vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folate were assessed. Reoperation rates, readmission rates, complication rates, and transfusion rates were compared between malnourished patients and patients with normal parameters. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between malnutrition and postoperative adverse events, controlling for confounding factors such as age, sex, diabetes mellitus, and frailty. Results — Patients with malnutrition showed a higher rate of reoperation (13% vs. 5.5%; p = 0.01) and exhibited more wound-healing disorders (7.4% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.001) as well as Clavien–Dindo IV° complications (7.4% vs. 2.4%; p = 0.03). Deficiency of vitamin D led to a higher rate of falls (8.4% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.006). Deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate did not affect postoperative adverse events. Although correlated to frailty (p = 0.004), multivariable regression analysis identified malnutrition as independent risk factor for reoperation (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–6.2) and wound healing disorders (OR 7.1, CI 1.9–26). Interpretation — Malnutrition is common among geriatric patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery and represents an independent risk factor for postoperative adverse events.

Hospital Frailty Risk Score Predicts Adverse Events in Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundThe Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is a validated geriatric comorbidity measure derived from routinely collected administrative data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of the HFRS as a predictor for postoperative adverse events after primary total hip (THA) and knee (TKA) arthroplasty. MethodsIn a retrospective analysis of 8250 patients who had undergone THA or TKA between 2011 and 2019, the HFRS was calculated for each patient. Reoperation rates, readmission rates, complication rates, and transfusion rates were compared between patients with low and intermediate or high frailty risk. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between the HFRS and postoperative adverse events. ResultsPatients with intermediate or high frailty risk showed a higher rate of reoperation (10.6% vs 4.1%, P < .001), readmission (9.6% vs 4.3%, P < .001), surgical complications (9.1% vs 1.8%, P < .001), internal complications (7.3% vs 1.1%, P < .001), other complications (24.4% vs 2.0%, P < .001), Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications (4.1% vs 1.5%, P < .001), and transfusion (10.4% vs 1.3%, P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed a high HFRS as independent risk factor for reoperation (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-3.09; P < .001), readmission (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.21-2.61; P = .003), internal complications (OR = 3.72; 95% CI, 2.28-6.08; P < .001), surgical complications (OR = 3.74; 95% CI, 2.41-5.82; P < .001), and other complications (OR = 9.00; 95% CI, 6.58-12.32; P < .001). ConclusionThe HFRS predicts adverse events after THA and TKA. As it derives from routinely collected data, the HFRS enables hospitals to identify at-risk patients without extra effort or expense. Level of EvidenceLevel III–retrospective cohort study.

Risk Factors for Reoperation After Debridement of Acute Pancreatitis

BackgroundAcute pancreatitis (AP) is a common gastrointestinal disorder with a high mortality rate. This study evaluated the incidence of and risk factors for reoperation after debridement of AP. MethodsThis retrospective study included 168 patients diagnosed with AP who had undergone debridement between January 2007 and December 2017 at our hospital. Patients were divided into single-operation and reoperation groups separately. ResultsSixty-eight (40.24%) patients underwent reoperation after AP debridement. The main procedure for reoperation was debridement of necrosis. In univariate analysis, the risk factors for reoperation included younger age; higher admission temperature and heart rate; higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), blood urea nitrogen and creatinine; higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and rate of continuous renal replacement therapy; shorter operation interval; lower postoperative albumin level; and high incidence of preoperative and postoperative complications. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that independent risk factors for reoperation included higher levels of C-reactive protein and creatinine in admission, preoperative percutaneous catheter drainage, and postoperative complications. ConclusionsThe general characteristics and clinical procedures of patients with AP after debridement might affect prognosis and reoperation. The identification of risk factors could help clinicians to provide specific treatment, better ward management, and stratification of reoperation risk.

Early reoperation after adult living-donor liver transplantation is associated with poor survival.

BackgroundPatients who undergo reoperation after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) have poor outcomes. However, the specific outcomes of patients undergoing reoperation due to gastrointestinal (GI) tract-related complications following adult LDLT are relatively unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the causes and outcomes of reoperation after LDLT and classified the risk groups.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 506 patients who underwent LDLT at Samsung Medical Center in Seoul between 2010 and 2016.ResultsAmong 506 adult LDLT recipients, 98 (19.4%) underwent reoperation. The causes for reoperation included bleeding (n=39, 39.8%), vascular complications (n=26, 26.5%), wound complications (n=12, 12.2%), bile leakage (n=7, 7.1%), GI tract complications (n=6, 6.1%), and others (n=8, 8.1%). Based on a multivariate analysis, we identified prolonged operation time, hospitalization days, and a history of previous hepatocellular carcinoma-related operation as independent risk factors for reoperation. Patient survival after 3 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years was 96.3%, 90.6%, 82.5%, and 79.4% in the non-reoperation group and 95.9%, 82.7%, 72.8% and 69.3% in the reoperation group, respectively. Patient survival in the reoperation group was significantly lower than that in the non-reoperation group (P=0.018). In the reoperation group, the survival rates of patients with GI tract-related complications—including bile leakage and GI tract complications—were significantly worse than those of patients with non-GI tract-related complications such as bleeding, vascular complications, and wound complications (P<0.001).ConclusionsOur results showed that patient outcomes are poor after early reoperation after LDLT and that patients with GI tract-related complications have a higher risk of mortality.

National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis of unplanned reoperation in patients undergoing low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer

BackgroundThe rate of unplanned reoperation for rectal cancer can provide information about surgical quality. We sought to determine factors associated with unplanned reoperation after low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection for patients with rectal cancer and outcomes after these reoperations. MethodsThe American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to conduct this retrospective study. Patients who underwent elective low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer from 2012–2014 were identified. The primary outcomes were 30-day reoperation rates and postoperative complications. ResultsA total of 454 low anterior resection patients (5.9%) and 289 abdominoperineal resection patients (8.1%) required reoperation within 30 days of their index operation. The most common reasons for reoperation were infection, bleeding, and bowel obstruction. Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex (odds ratio: 1.5, P = .001), poor functional status (odds ratio: 2.2, P = .04), operative time (odds ratio: 1.001, P = .01), low preoperative albumin (odds ratio: 0.79, P = .04), and lack of ostomy (odds ratio, 0.66, P = .005) were independent risk factors for reoperation after low anterior resection. Smoking (odds ratio: 1.7, P = .001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio: 1.8, P = .03), poor functional status (odds ratio: 2.1, P = .032), operative time (odds ratio: 1.003, P < .001), low preoperative albumin (odds ratio: 0.69, P = .007), and open approach (odds ratio: 1.5, P = .02) were independent risk factors for reoperation after abdominoperineal resection. Postoperative complication rates are high for those undergoing reoperation, often leading to non-home discharge (P < .001) after reoperation. ConclusionReoperation after low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer is not uncommon. This study highlights the indications for reoperation, potentially modifiable preoperative risk factors for reoperation, and the morbidity associated with such operations.

Abstract: Predictors of Adverse Outcomes in the Management of Mandibular Fractures: An Analysis of 953 Cases

PURPOSE: Mandibular fractures are the most common isolated facial fractures in the United States and often require surgical treatment with open reduction and internal fixation to prevent infection and promote adequate bone healing. Various clinical risk factors have been associated with increased rates of postoperative complications, including smoking, substance abuse, and surgical approach. However, national outcomes reports are limited, and data are conflicting. Using a national multi-institutional database, we sought to analyze 30-day outcomes after mandibular fracture repair and determine risk factors for complications, readmission, and reoperation. METHODS: Retrospective review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement (ACS-NSQIP) database was performed to identify patients undergoing surgical treatment of mandibular fractures between 2010 and 2015. Case distribution was based on available CPT codes and included open treatment of mandible fracture with external fixation (21454), open treatment of mandible fracture with and without interdental fixation (21462, 21461), and open treatment of complex fractures involving multiple approaches (21470). Preoperative demographic data and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Primary outcomes included: wound complications (superficial surgical site infection (SSI), deep SSI, and wound dehiscence), overall complications (wound complications and/or medical complications), as well as 30-day readmission and reoperation rates. For risk factors significant on univariate analysis, multivariate analysis was performed to control for confounders. RESULTS: Review of the database identified 953 eligible patients who underwent surgical treatment of mandibular fractures. Mean age was 34.5 years and 84% of the cohort was male. Fifty percent of patients were active smokers. Wound complications occurred in 38 patients (4.0%) and the overall complication rate was 7.9%. The 30-day reoperation and readmission rates were 2.2% and 3.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated age to be a significant risk factor for 30-day readmission (OR = 1.06, p=0.01) and reoperation (OR = 1.05, p=0.01), as well as overall complications (OR = 1.03, p=0.02). Additionally, active smoking was a significant risk factor for 30-day reoperation (OR = 4.86, p=0.03). The odds of readmission for smokers was more than 3 times higher than non-smokers (OR=3.25; 95% CI 0.93–11.43); however, this approached but failed to reach our threshold for statistical significance (p=0.07). CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrates that surgical treatment of mandibular fractures can be performed safely and with low rates of wound and overall complications. However, increased age is an independent risk factor for readmission, reoperation, and overall complications. Active smoking was also found to be an independent risk factor for reoperation, with active smokers nearly five times as likely to undergo additional surgery. This is a particularly important finding given that over half of all mandibular fracture patients in our nationwide study were active tobacco users, highlighting the importance of patient education and smoking cessation in the perioperative period within this population.

Changes in coagulation factor XII and its function during aortic arch surgery for acute aortic dissection°™a prospective observational study

Changes in the intrinsic coagulation pathway during aortic arch surgery in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD) have not yet been reported. The aim of this study is to describe the changes in intrinsic coagulation factor XII, explore its function and find a new target for the treatment of coagulopathy during surgery. Eighty-eight patients undergoing emergent surgery for AAD were enrolled. Changes in the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways were evaluated at 5 different timepoints during the perioperative period by measuring intrinsic coagulation factor XII, extrinsic coagulation factor VII and some intrinsic upstream stimulating factors. The 88 patients were also divided into two groups according to whether reoperation for coagulopathy was required after surgery. Both coagulation factors XII and VII demonstrated a significant and similar change during the perioperative period. These factors decreased significantly during hypothermia circulation arrest (P<0.001) and recovered to normal levels by 24 hours after surgery. Among the intrinsic upstream stimulating factors, bradykinin (BK) demonstrated a similar changing trend with coagulation factors XII and VII, while other stimulating factors did not. However, compared with factor VII, factor XII demonstrated a greater decline during surgery. The proportion of decline of factor XII from anesthesia induction to hypothermia circulation arrest was 42%, whereas the proportion of decline of factor VII during the same period was 20% (P<0.001). Moreover, factor VII recovered to preoperative levels 4 hours after surgery with a relatively faster speed (P<0.001) while factor XII had not recovered (P=0.010). The independent t-test and Wilcoxon test showed that coagulation factor XII levels during hypothermia circulation arrest (P=0.002), total dosage of fibrinogen (P=0.027), total dosage of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) (P=0.006) and total dosage of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (P=0.022) during the perioperative period were significantly different between the patients who did or did not require reoperation for coagulopathy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that the factor XII level during hypothermia circulation arrest was an independent risk factor for reoperation for coagulopathy [odds ratio (OR): 1.342, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.058-1.570; P=0.012]. Factor XII levels are more influenced by surgery and require a longer period of time to recover to preoperative levels compared with factor VII, and the level of factor XII during hypothermia circulation arrest might be an independent risk factor for reoperation for coagulopathy. Therefore, supplementation of coagulation factor XII and its upstream stimulating factors might be a promising therapeutic modality in the future.

Trends and Risk Factors for 1-Year Revision of the Latarjet Procedure: The New York State Experience During the Past Decade.

Little research has been conducted evaluating surgical trends during the past 10 years and subsequent procedure risk factors for patients undergoing bone-blocking procedures for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database was queried between 2003 and 2014 to identify patients undergoing soft tissue or bone-blocking procedures for anterior shoulder instability in New York. Patient demographics and 1-year subsequent procedures were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify 1-year subsequent procedure risk factors. From 2003 through 2014, a total of 540 patients had Latarjet procedures performed. During this period, the volume of Latarjet procedures increased by 950%, from 12 procedures in 2003 to 126 procedures in 2014. The volume of open Bankart repairs declined by 77%; arthroscopic Bankart repairs fluctuated, being up (328%) between 2003 and 2012 and then down (6%) between 2012 and 2014. Of the 540 patients, 2.4% (13 of 540) required intervention for recurrent shoulder instability events. Age older than 20 years and workers' compensation were identified as independent risk factors for reoperation. The number of bone-blocking procedures, such as the Latarjet, has increased by nearly 1000% during the past decade in New York. Only 2.4% (13 of 540) of the patients had subsequent shoulder instability interventions. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(3):e389-e394.].

Low rate of reoperations after acute type A aortic dissection repair from The Nordic Consortium Registry

ObjectivesTo describe the relationship between the extent of primary aortic repair and the incidence of reoperations after surgery for type A aortic dissection. MethodsA retrospective cohort of 1159 patients treated for type A aortic dissection at eight Nordic low- to medium-sized cardiothoracic centers from 2005 to 2014. Data were gathered from patient records and national registries. Patients were separately divided into 3 groups according to the distal anastomoses technique (ascending aorta [n = 791], hemiarch [n = 247], and total arch [n = 66]), and into 2 groups for proximal repair (aortic root replacement [n = 285] and supracoronary repair [n = 832]). Freedom from reoperation was estimated with cumulative incidence survival and Fine-Gray competing risk regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for reoperation. ResultsThe median follow-up was 2.7 years (range, 0-10 years). Altogether 51 out of 911 patients underwent reoperation. Freedom from distal reoperation at 5 years was 96.9%, with no significant difference between the groups (P = .22). Freedom from proximal reoperation at 5 years was 97.8%, with no difference between the groups (P = .84). Neither DeBakey classification nor the extent of proximal or distal repair predicted freedom from a later reoperation. The only independent risk factor associated with a later proximal reoperation was a history of connective tissue disease. ConclusionsType A aortic dissection repair in low- to medium-volume centers was associated with a low reoperation rate and satisfactory midterm survival. The extent of the primary repair had no significant influence on reoperation rate or midterm survival.

Laparoscopic versus open surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with S-1: Short- and long-term outcomes of multicenter prospective phase II trials.

793 Background: We have reported the effectiveness of neoadjuvant radiotherapy (RT) combined with S-1 in terms of compliance and pathologic response for locally advanced rectal cancer. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant RT combined with S-1 in comparison with open surgery. Methods: Two multicenter prospective phase II trials were conducted (UMIN003396, UMIN003398). A total of 63 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer classified as T3-4, N0-3, and M0 were enrolled, and neoadjuvant RT combined with S-1 and total mesorectal excision with D3 lymphadenectomy was performed. Of these, 57 patients were analyzed and divided into a laparoscopic group (LAP, n = 43) and open group (OP, n = 14). We evaluated the short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery compared with open surgery by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: In the patient background, there were no significant differences between the two groups except that cases with T3 and N0 were significantly higher in the LAP compared with the OP. In the operative findings, operation time was longer (mean 447 min vs. 352 min, p = 0.007) and blood loss was lesser (median 220 ml vs. 485 ml, p = 0.033) in the LAP than those in the OP. Although there were no significant differences observed in the incidence of perioperative and late complications between the two groups, reoperation within 30 days was significantly less in the LAP compared with the OP (1 case vs. 5 cases, p = 0.0004). In the multivariate analysis, a distance of the tumor from anal verge within 3 cm was the independent risk factor for reoperation within 30 days. Furthermore, estimated 5-year disease-free survival (LAP 72 % vs. OP 73 %, p = 0.945) and 5-year overall survival (LAP 76 % vs. 75 %, p = 0.836) didn’t significantly differ between the two groups in the Kaplan–Meier curve. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated that laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant RT combined with S-1 could be an optional procedure in terms of short- and long-term outcomes. Clinical trial information: UMIN000003396, UMIN000003398.

Abstract: Analysis of Post-Operative Reoperation Timing and Risk Factors for Post-Operative Free Flap Compromise in Head and Neck Reconstruction: A National Retrospective Cohort

INTRODUCTION: Unplanned reoperation, specifically for free flap compromise, following head and neck reconstruction can exert a significant toll on the healthcare system and its resources. The timing of the different indications for reoperation remains to be elucidated. Given that the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) groups all causes of unplanned reoperations into a single variable, we aim to identify the rates and timing of various indications for reoperation and the independent predictors of head and neck free flap compromise. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent head and neck free flap reconstruction for a malignant head and neck lesion was done in the ACS-NSQIP database 2012–2014. CPT codes 15756, 15757, and 15758 were identified to determine free flap reconstruction. Preoperative demographics, intraoperative variables and postoperative surgical morbidities were identified. Manual identification of ICD-9 codes allowed for determination of cause of reoperation. Subgroup analysis of mean time to reoperation was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent predictors of unplanned free flap reoperation in the head and neck free flap population. An increased operative time was defined as >75%-tile (612 minutes). RESULTS: From 2012–2014, a total of 300 patients underwent head and neck free flaps. 62 patients (20.7 percent) underwent an unplanned reoperation. Most common reasons for unplanned reoperation were hematoma (19.4%), flap failure (19.4%) and a systematic vascular reason (17.7%). Mean time to reoperation was earliest in the hematoma cohort (4.33 ± 6.11 days) and flap failure cohort (4.92 ± 7.37 days). Latest time to reoperation was in the infection cohort (14.00 ± 4.85 days) and dehiscence cohort (13.50 ± 5.57 days). On multivariate logistic regression, independent risk factors for unplanned free flap reoperation (p < 0.05) included an ASA >3 [adjusted OR, 6.04 (95 percent CI, 1.40 to 26.07), adjusted p = 0.022] and an increased operative time in minutes [adjusted OR, 5.21 (95 percent CI, 1.54 to 17.64), adjusted p = 0.009]. CONCLUSION: National data indicates that complication rates are high in head and neck reconstruction for malignancy. Patients with independent risk factors for reoperation should be monitored more closely to reduce the severity of these complications. Development of a clinical risk calculator may help patient decision making by tailoring information on risk of complications.

Risk Balancing of Cold Ischemic Time against Night Shift Surgery Possibly Reduces Rates of Reoperation and Perioperative Graft Loss.

Background. This retrospective cohort study evaluates the advantages of risk balancing between prolonged cold ischemic time (CIT) and late night surgery. Methods. 1262 deceased donor kidney transplantations were analyzed. Multivariable regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) for reoperation, graft loss, delayed graft function (DGF), and discharge on dialysis. CIT was categorized according to a forward stepwise pattern ≤1h/>1h, ≤2h/>2h, ≤3h/>3h,…, ≤nh/>nh. ORs for DGF were plotted against CIT and a nonlinear regression function with best R2 was identified. First and second derivative were then implemented into the curvature formula k(x) = f′′(x)/(1 + f′(x)2)3/2 to determine the point of highest CIT-mediated risk acceleration. Results. Surgery between 3 AM and 6 AM is an independent risk factor for reoperation and graft loss, whereas prolonged CIT is only relevant for DGF. CIT-mediated risk for DGF follows an exponential pattern f(x) = A · (1 + k · e(I · x)) with a cut-off for the highest risk increment at 23.5 hours. Conclusions. The risk of surgery at 3 AM–6 AM outweighs prolonged CIT when confined within 23.5 hours as determined by a new mathematical approach to calculate turning points of nonlinear time related risks. CIT is only relevant for the endpoint of DGF but had no impact on discharge on dialysis, reoperation, or graft loss.

Analysis of risk factors for failure of locked plate fixation of distal femur fracture

Background: It is quite rare as well as severe to seen commonly distal femur fractures. 0.4% and 3% is the estimated frequency of all fractures and femoral fractures. The gender ratio has changed and today there is a majority of women, and the population is also increasingly older; mean 61 years old at fracture and over 65 in more than half the cases. Hence; we planned this study to examine patients with distal femoral fractures which were treated with locked plates, to assess the various risk factors responsible for complications. Materials & Methods: The present study was carried out in department of orthopaedics and included 400 patients who were treated with open reduction internal fixation (OIF) using a lateral distal femoral locked plate construction. Prospective institutional databases were used to gather information on the fixation which included locked screws in the distal fragment and non-locked, locked, or a combination of locked and non-locked screws in the proximal fragment of the bone. Only the patients with unilateral fracture were included for the present study. All the patients were divided into three predominant groups for the sake of convenience of description, namely; the entire cohort group, group with closed fractures, and group with open fractures. Primary outcome measures included reoperation to promote union, deep infection, and construction failure. These dependent variables were used in statistical analyses. For the identification of the risk factors, the 3 separate groups (entire cohort, closed fractures, and open fractures) were used for each of these populations. Results: A little of 20% of the total fractures required re-operation. Diabetes and open fractures were found to be the independent risk factors for reoperation to promote union and deep infection. For implant failure, risk factors included open fracture, smoking and shorter plate length. Conclusion: It is more advantageous to use relatively long constructs for the treatment of supracondylar femur fractures

Subsequent Surgery after Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Objectives:Failure or reinjury after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can lead to recurrent instability and concomitant intra-articular injuries. While revision ACL reconstruction (rACLR) can be performed to restore knee stability and improve patient activity level, outcomes after these surgeries are reported to be inferior to primary ACL reconstruction. Further reoperation after rACLR can have an even more profound effect on patient satisfaction and outcome. Yet, there is a current lack of information regarding the rate and risk factors for subsequent surgery after rACLR.Methods:1205 patients who underwent rACLR were enrolled between 2006 and 2011, comprising the prospective cohort. Two-year questionnaire follow-up was obtained on 989 (82%), while telephone follow-up was obtained on 1112 (92%). If a patient reported having a subsequent surgery, operative reports detailing the subsequent procedure(s) were obtained and categoriezed. A repeated meaures ANOVA was used to reveal significatnt differences in patient reported outcomes. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for reoperation.Results:One hundred and twenty-two patients (10.1%) underwent a total of 172 subsequent procedures on the ipsilateral knee at 2-year follow-up. Of the reoperation procedures, 26.7% were meniscus procedures (69% meniscectomy, 26% repair), 18.6% were subsequent rACLR, 17.4% were cartilage procedures (61% chondroplasty, 17% microfracture, and 13% mosaicplasty), 10% hardware removal, and 9.3% were procedures for arthrofibrosis such has lysis of adhesions and synovectomy. Patients who had reoperations had significantly lower IKDC, KOOS symptoms and pain scores, and WOMAC stiffness scores at two-year follow up. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients under 20 years old were 2.1 times more likely than patients aged 20-29 to have a reoperation. Use of allograft at the time of rACLR and staged revision (bone grafting of tunnels before rACLR) were also significant predictors for need for reoperation within 2 years. Patients with grade IV cartilage damage seen during rACLR were 47% less likely to undergo subsequent operations within 2 years. Gender, BMI, smoking history, Marx activity score, technique for femoral tunnel placement and meniscal tear or meniscal treatment at the time of rACLR showed no significant effect on reoperation rate.Conclusion:There is a significant reoperation rate following rACLR at two years (10.1%). The most prevalent reoperations involved meniscal procedures. Independent risk factors for subsequent surgery on the ipsilateral knee include age<20 years old, a staged revision and use of allograft tissue at the time of rACLR.

Current expectations of the arterial switch operation in a small volume center: a 20-year, single-center experience.

BackgroundWe reviewed our 20-year experience with arterial switch operation (ASO) for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) or double outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (Taussig-Bing anomaly) to assess the early and long-term outcomes.MethodsBetween January 1995 and December 2014, 139 consecutive patients who underwent ASO for TGA or Taussig-Bing anomaly were included in this retrospective study. The median age at the operation was 9 (0–485) days, and 97 patients (70 %) underwent ASO less than 2 weeks. The median weight was 3.3 (2.1-10.3) kg. The patients were divided into three groups; simple TGA (n = 78) included patients with TGA with intact ventricular septum, complex TGA (n = 46) included those who had TGA with ventricular septal defect or other anomalies, and Taussig-Bing anomaly (n = 15). Median follow-up duration was 72.5 (0.4-230) months.ResultsThere were 3(2.2 %) in-hospital deaths. One patient (0.7 %) underwent early reoperation due to coronary insufficiency. Late deaths occurred in 3 (2.2 %) of 136 survivors. The Kaplan-Meier’s survival rate was 97.6 ± 1.4 % at 15 years. Twenty-three patients (16.9 %) required 26 reintervention. The freedom from reintervention rates were 82.5 ± 3.7 % at 5 years and 75.8 ± 4.7 % at 10 years, respectively. Median interval between ASO and first reintervention was 22.8 (6.4-89.2) months. The multivariate analysis showed that diagnosis of Taussig-Bing anomaly (hazard ratio, 7.09; P < 0.001) and side by side great artery relationship (hazard ratio, 7.98; P = 0.001) were independent risk factors for reoperation. Five patients (3.9 %) had developed at least moderate neo-aortic regurgitation during the follow-up and one patient underwent reoperation mainly for neo-aortic regurgitation. By multivariate analysis, Taussig-Bing anomaly was the risk factor for at least moderate neo-aortic regurgitation (P = 0.035).ConclusionsASO can be performed with a low risk of early mortality and satisfactory long-term outcomes even in a small volume center. Close long-term surveillance is mandatory to detect structural or hemodynamic changes.

Laparoscopic Repair of Primary Inguinal Hernia Performed in Public Hospitals or Low-Volume Centers Have Increased Risk of Reoperation for Recurrence.

Inguinal hernia repair is traditionally carried out as either open or laparoscopic repair. Laparoscopic repair has been shown to be superior in terms of pain and discomfort, but has a higher risk of reoperation. Quality of inguinal hernia repair is related to factors such as method of repair, characteristics of patients, and possibly the annual volume of procedures performed by a center. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that hospital volume and type of hospital (private vs public) could influence the reoperation rate for recurrence as a marker of surgical quality of care. This study was based on data from the Danish Hernia Database covering the period from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2013. Hernia repairs included in this study were laparoscopic repair of primary, inguinal hernias in the elective setting, performed on adult male patients. A total of 14 532 laparoscopic repairs were included for analysis. Centers reporting less than 50 procedures a year had a significantly higher cumulative reoperation rate compared with centers reporting more than 50 procedures a year (9.97% vs 6.06%), P < .0001. Private centers had a lower cumulative reoperation rate compared with public centers: 5.36% versus 8.53%, P ≤ .0001. Type of center and center volume were both independent risk factors for reoperation in a Cox regression model. Hospital volume had an effect on the reoperation rate for recurrence after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Furthermore, private centers performed better than public centers irrespective of volume.

Standardized Strategy and Long-Term Surgical Outcome of Mitral Valve Repair in Congenital Mitral Stenosis

Objectives: Having collected a large series of congenital mitral stenosis we studied the operative results and long-term outcome of our evolving mitral valve (MV) repair techniques performed to correct this lesion. Methods: Between 1986 and 2012, 137 infants and children (mean age 4.1 ± 5.0 (range 1 month to 16.8 years) underwent surgical correction of congenital mitral stenosis (CMS). In 48 patients, CMS is involved in Shone's anomaly. CMS was defined according to Ruckman and Van Praagh's classification. Type I, typical congenital MS, was seen in 56 patients. Hypoplastic MV (Type II), d was seen in 15 patients. TSupravalvar mitral ring (Type III) was seen in 48 patients. VParachute MV (Type IV) was seen in 10 patients, described as having the usual two leaflets and commissures, but all chordae merged into one major papillary muscle. T Results: MV repair was performed using commissurotomy, division of chordae tendinae, papillary muscle splitting and fenestration, and resection of mitral ring, applied according to the presenting morphology in patients with either previously corrected or concomitant correction of the left-sided obstructive lesions. Postoperative echocardiography showed absence of MV stenosis and immediate improvement of symptoms, except in a 3-month-old infant who died 18 days postoperatively due to myocardial failure. During the 24-year follow-up, 23 patients underwent repeat MV repair and 1 underwent MV replacement after failed attempts at repair. Mean duration of follow-up was 17.5 ± 1.5 years (range 6.4–24.2 years). Freedom from reoperation was 97.6 ± 2.4%, 89.3 ± 5.1%, 77.1 ± 7.2%, 72.0 ± 8.3% and 52.8 ± 11.8%, at 30 days, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years postoperatively, respectively Cumulative survival rate was 97.6 ± 2.4%, 92.3 ± 4.3%, 83.8 ± 6.1%, 75.7 ± 7.8% and 70.3 ± 8.9%, at 30 days, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years postoperatively, respectively Mortality unrelated to valve repair accounted for 9 (20%) deaths. Age at operation, severity of mitral abnormalities and concomitant left ventricular outflow tract lesions proved to be independent risk factors for reoperation and mortality (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Long-term functional outcome of mitral valve repair in children with CMS is satisfactory. Repeat MV repair and/or replacement may be deemed necessary during the course of follow-up.

Risk Factors for Failure of Locked Plate Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures

Locked plating has become a standard method to treat supracondylar femur fractures. Emerging evidence indicates that this method of treatment is associated with modest failure rates. The goals of this study were to determine risk factors for complications and to provide technical recommendations for locked plating of supracondylar femur fractures. Retrospective review. Three level I or II trauma centers. Three hundred twenty-six patients with 335 distal femur fractures (OTA 33A or C, 33% open) treated with lateral locked plates were studied. The average patient age was 57 years (range 17-97 years), 55% were women, 34% were obese, 19% were diabetic, and 24% were smokers. All patients were managed with open reduction internal fixation using a lateral distal femoral locked plate construct that included locked screws in the distal fragment and nonlocked, locked, or a combination of locked and nonlocked screws in the proximal fragment. Risk factors for reoperation to promote union, deep infection, and implant failure. After the index procedure, 64 fractures (19%) required reoperation to promote union, including 30 that had a planned staged bone grafting because of the metaphyseal defect after debridement of an open fracture. Independent risk factors for reoperation to promote union and deep infection included diabetes and open fracture. Risk factors for proximal implant failure included open fracture, smoking, increased body mass index, and shorter plate length. The identified risk factors for reoperation to promote union and complications included open fracture, diabetes, smoking, increased body mass index, and shorter plate length. Most factors are out of surgeon control but are useful when considering prognosis. Use of relatively long plates is a technical factor that can reduce risk for fixation failure. Prognostic level II. See instructions for authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Long-Term Clinical and Echocardiographic Follow-Up of the Freestyle Stentless Aortic Bioprosthesis

Stentless aortic bioprostheses were designed to provide enhanced hemodynamic performance and potentially greater longevity. The present report describes the outcomes of patients with the Freestyle stentless bioprosthesis followed for ≤18 years. Between 1993 and 2011, 430 patients underwent primary aortic valve replacement with a Freestyle bioprosthesis in the subcoronary position. Mean age was 68.2 ± 8.2 years. All of the clinical and echocardiographic data were collected prospectively. Mean overall follow-up was 9.1 ± 4.4 years and was complete in all of the patients. In-hospital mortality was 3.5% (n=15). Overall, 10- and 15-year survival were 60.7% and 35.0%, respectively. Fifty-one patients required reoperation during follow-up, including 27 for structural valve deterioration (SVD). Overall, freedom from reoperation was 91.0% and 75.0% at 10 and 15 years, whereas freedom from reoperation for SVD was 95.9% and 82.3%, respectively. At 10 and 15 years, freedom from reoperation for SVD was 94.0% and 62.6% for patients <60 years of age and 96.3% and 88.4% for patients ≥60 years of age (P=0.002). The median time to explant for SVD was 10.7 years. SVD presented mostly as acute, severe aortic insufficiency attributed to leaflet tear (77.8%). The independent risk factors for reoperation for SVD were age <60 years (P=0.001) and dyslipidemia (P=0.02). Aortic valve replacement with the Freestyle bioprosthesis in a subcoronary position provides good long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes for patients >60 years of age. Severe aortic insufficiency with leaflet tear is the major mode of SVD leading to reoperation in these patients.

Long-term surgical outcome of mitral valve repair in infants and children with Shone's anomaly†

Having assembled information on a large series of patients with Shone's anomaly with the longest follow-up, we studied the operative results and long-term outcome of mitral valve (MV) repair techniques performed to correct the left ventricular inflow tract lesions of this congenital anomaly. Between 1986 and 2011, 45 infants and children [mean age 5.16 ± 5.0 (median 3.9; range 2 months to 16.8 years] underwent surgical correction of Shone's anomaly. Left ventricular outflow tract obstructive lesions consisted of coarctation of the aorta, found in 89%, subaortic stenosis due to fibromuscular hypertrophy in 71% and subvalvular membrane in 51%. Left ventricular inflow tract obstructions concentrated on the mitral valve included mitral ring in all cases and the gamut of small and narrowed mitral orifice, commissural fusion, dysplastic or thickened leaflets, shortened and fused chordae, fibrous obliteration of interchordal spaces, underdeveloped papillary muscles, parachute valve, and supravalvular mitral ring-all contributing to mitral stenosis. MV repair was performed using commissurotomy, division of chordae tendinae, papillary muscle splitting and fenestration, and resection of mitral ring, applied according to the presenting morphology in patients with either previously-corrected or concomitant correction of the left-sided obstructive lesions. Postoperative echocardiography showed absence of MV stenosis and immediate improvement of symptoms, except in a 3-month-old infant who died 18 days postoperatively due to myocardial failure. During the 23-year follow-up, 23 patients underwent repeat MV repair and one underwent MV replacement after failed attempts at repair. Mean duration of follow-up was 17.5 ± 1.5 years (range 6.4-22.7 years). Freedom from reoperation was 97.6 ± 2.4%, 89.3 ± 5.1%, 77.1 ± 7.2%, 72.0 ± 8.3% and 52.8 ± 11.8%, at 30 days, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years postoperatively, respectively Cumulative survival rate was 97.6 ± 2.4%, 92.3 ± 4.3%, 83.8 ± 6.1%, 75.7 ± 7.8% and 70.3 ± 8.9%, at 30 days, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years postoperatively, respectively. Mortality unrelated to valve repair accounted for nine deaths (20%). Age at operation, severity of mitral abnormalities and concomitant left ventricular outflow tract lesions proved to be independent risk factors for reoperation and mortality (P < 0.05). Long-term functional outcome of mitral valve repair in children with Shone's anomaly is satisfactory. Repeat MV repair and/or replacement may be deemed necessary during the course of follow-up.