Independent Republic Research Articles

OFFICIALLY NON-EXISTENT: STORAGE AND USE OF BANNED LITERATURE IN THE SOVIET LATVIA IN THE 1970s–1980s

In the Soviet Latvia (1940–1941, 1944–1990), as in other Communist-occupied countries, alongside with officially allowed media circulated alternative sources of information – forbidden and secret publications, works of cultural and intellectual movements sharply criticized or concealed by the Soviet power, etc. This paper considers storage and use of books and periodicals, published in the independent Republic of Latvia (1918–1940) and forbidden during the Soviet period. Legally this literature was accessible only at three major research libraries of the Lat­vian SSR to researchers and specialists with special permissions. Other professional and social groups could reach it illegally – at secret storage places of different libraries, black book markets as well as home libraries. Along with publications in the press, the archive of the central censorship body (the Main Literature Board of the Latvian SSR) and library docu­ments, interviews with librarians and historians are used in the research.

The Student as Political Metaphor in El Semanario de Caracas (1810–1811)

Miguel Jose Sanz and Jose Domingo Diaz’s El Semanario de Caracas (1810–1811) lived and died with the ill-fated first Venezuelan republic. An attorney and a member of the colonial elite, Sanz (1756–1814) tended to characterize the Venezuelan public as political beginners in need of extra instruction and to posit the Semanario as their textbook. Reading Sanz in the context of the tumultuous events and swirling opinions in Venezuela, I analyse the advantages and limitations of the student as a conceptual frame for the newly independent republic. I argue that the teacher–student gap that twentieth-century critics identified as an essential trope for the rhetoric of educational reform is embedded in the discourse of Sanz and his contemporaries. Positing himself as a political teacher who wishes to make the public see recent events from his, very different, perspective, Sanz becomes a political version of the educational reformer.

Normatyvinis vyriškumas tarpukario Lietuvos spaudoje ir reklamoje: karininko įvaizdis

The present article is an extended research of the expression of normative masculinity, aiming at complementing the studies on the history of culture and advertising, and the perception of masculinity in the First Independent Republic of Lithuania as well as demonstrating the tendencies of male selfidentification process in the interwar context. 
 First research results were published in the article “Masculinity Representation in Lithuanian Interwar Press Advertising” (Bankauskaitė, Stravinskaitė 2016). The prevailing images of masculinity were divided into several groups: a heroic superman, a successful careerist, a family man and a hedonistic or narcissistic man. This article complements the normative collection of masculinity with the image traits of an officer. It is the one who, due to the influence of aesthetic standards, fundamental national values active, physical education and aviation achievements, was associated with the highest level of masculinity in the interwar advertising. Active masculine physical power, courage, determination and a wish to dominate, conveyed in the advertisements and articles, are especially important constituent parts of a normative model of masculinity. The model of an officer includes the images of a young, handsome, and educated gentleman who served as a role model for every man in the interwar society.

The Irish Republic: Reconstructing Liberty, Right Principles, and the Fenian Brotherhood

The Irish Republic:Reconstructing Liberty, Right Principles, and the Fenian Brotherhood Matthew Knight (bio) This essay is an attempt to rescue from relative obscurity a pro-Fenian newspaper, the Irish Republic, published in Chicago from May 1867 until April 1868. In that year operations were moved to New York City and then finally to Washington, DC, where the paper ceased publication in 1873. As there are no significant extant copies beyond April 1868, this essay will concentrate mainly on the newspaper's first year of publication. This was a tumultuous period for the Fenian Brotherhood and Irish American nationalism, however, and a closer look at the Irish Republic will reveal an editorial stance that differed significantly from the viewpoints of other Irish American publications of the period. The Irish Republic certainly promoted the physical-force nationalism of the Fenian Brotherhood, but its editors also supported the Radical Republican agenda during the period of Reconstruction. They fiercely criticized the Democratic Party; promoted black suffrage and equal rights; supported the temperance movement; openly disparaged the Catholic press; and eventually advocated the creation of a secret revolutionary society based on the traditions of the Masonic Brotherhood. Since studies of the Irish Republic's unique platform are virtually absent from the historiography of the period, it is hoped that this essay will establish that a greater variety of perspectives were current in Fenian circles than has previously been recognized. Such a new awareness can deepen our understanding of Irish (and especially Irish American) nationalist political attitudes and concerns during this time of crisis in the Fenian Brotherhood.1 [End Page 252] On 4 May 1867 the inaugural issue of the Irish Republic was published in Chicago, proclaiming itself in its masthead to be "A Journal of Liberty, Literature, and Social Progress." The weekly paper was published by "The Republic News Company," which was itself chartered and incorporated by the legislature of the state of Illinois. This unusual arrangement called for a seven-member board of directors who would act on behalf of the stockholders and subscribers. The initial board was packed with prominent members of the Senate wing of the Fenian Brotherhood: P. W. Dunne of Peoria, Illinois, served as president; Michael Scanlan of Chicago was vice-president; Nicholas Crickhard and J. D. Tully of Chicago served as treasurer and secretary respectively; and Dr. David Bell of New York City, James W. Fitzgerald of Cincinnati, and William Fleming of Troy, New York, rounded out the group.2 Of these men, however, it was Dunne, Scanlan, and Bell who played the largest roles in the daily operations of the newspaper. P. W. Dunne was a prosperous distiller and a vicious antagonist of John O'Mahony and his wing of the Fenian Brotherhood; he was considered one of the fiercest, and most impatient, proponents of immediate war against Britain.3 Michael Scanlan owned a candy [End Page 253] factory with his brothers John and Mortimer, and was known as the poet laureate of Fenianism on account of his popular verses, such as "The Jackets Green" and "The Fenian Men."4 Dr. David Bell was a former Presbyterian minister who served the Irish Republic as its New York correspondent; in this role he repeatedly criticized O'Mahony's branch of the Fenian Brotherhood, dubbing it the "bloated carcass of gaseous Manhattanism."5 Together, Dunne, Scanlan, and Bell held fast to the belief that an independent Irish republic could be achieved only through a cleansing of the spirits of the Irish in America. These men proclaimed: "Let our people fling off the scales of bigotry and declare that all men are entitled to 'life, liberty, and happiness.'"6 In other words, if Irish Americans were only to embrace the Radical Republican agenda, their dreams of an independent republic of Ireland would be all but assured. When it first appeared on the scene, the Irish Republic had fierce competition for the physical-force nationalist readership in Irish America. Published in New York City and established in 1849, the Irish American had been the undisputed voice of the Fenian Brotherhood since the shuttering of the Phœnix in 1861.7 But when the Fenian Brotherhood split into its two...

РЕСПУБЛІКА СЕРБСЬКА КРАЙНА: ВІД СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ДО ПАДІННЯ

In this article we analize a historical experience of self-declared Rebublic of Serbian Kraina, that appeared in 1991 on a territory of Croatia and was destroyed in 1995. The consideration goes on in context of Serbian-Croatian military opposition during Yugoslav crisis of 1990-es. The historical background of Serbian separatism and the course of Serbian secession from new independent Republic of Croatia are being analyzed there. We course such aspects of Republic of Serbian Kraina’s existence like state-political development, inner political struggle (special attention) and foreign affairs, social-economical domain, cultural and educational policy and military building. The history of military defeat of this self-declared republic from Croatia, causes and consequenses of it are also shortly described. On the basis of this material we make the conclusions about the experience of Croatian Serbs’ state building and about their main problems and contradictions. Serbian and Croatian scientifical literature, weakly known in Ukraine, was used during the writing of this article.

“The pitch itself was no man's land:” Siege, Željezničar Sarajevo Football Club and the Grbavica Stadium

Inspired by microhistory, this essay explores the wartime plight of a football stadium and the multi-ethnic club that called it home as a means of understanding Bosnia and Herzegovina's descent into conflict, the siege of Sarajevo, and the impact upon civilians. Like the suburb of the same name, Grbavica became part of the frontline during the siege. Deprived of its home, FK Željezničar continued to function, while players, staff, and supporters longed for a return to the shattered ground. At a local level, the organization offers a means of visualizing the development of the Grbavica suburb, from its socialist foundations to its post-Dayton reintegration. In this way, the life of the stadium and those who frequent it map onto the history of Yugoslavia, its dissolution, and the independent republic that emerged in its wake. Moreover, the wartime partition of the stadium, the club, and its supporters’ group – all of which were claimed by actors on both sides of the frontline – were representative of political developments in a state where the ethnic balance was forcibly reengineered. This reconstruction of Grbavica's war harnesses original photographic evidence, oral history, maps, contemporary journalism, and the transcripts of the Hague Tribunal.

The issue of social functions of history in the periodicals of Latvia in the 1920s and 1930s / Socialinių istorijos funkcijų klausimas Latvijos periodiniuose leidiniuose XX a. 3–4 dešimtmečiuose

The article is based on such periodicals as Monthly Magazine of the Ministry of Education (Izglītības Ministrijas mēnešraksts), Our Future (Mūsu nākotne) and Educator (Audzinātājs), which were published in Latvia during the 1920s and 1930s. The article addresses the issue of social functions of history and its value in school education as reflected in the interpretation of politicians, professional historians and pedagogical community which is demonstrated in the mentioned periodicals. The issue is discussed in a diachronic context taking into consideration that the first independent Republic of Latvia experienced two periods: the period of democratic parliamentary republic and the period of authoritarian regime (after the coup of Kārlis Ulmanis in May, 1934).

Kebijakan Penerbangan Perintis di Indonesia: Latar Belakang, Tantangan dan Kontribusi

<p>It is a study of the Indonesian airline policy and the need of developing market for air traffic. The�research is taken through the written policies of the heads of state and the ministers of communication�from 1950 to the reformation era, and the interinsular flight schedules that were developed throughout�the time. The primary objective of an understanding of an archipelagic conception of air communication�has become the major concern of the independent republic of Indonesia since its independence in1945.�It was to maintain a strategic consideration for national purpose. The result of which, the effort of�the transfer of the colonial airline system, the KLM, to the Indonesian national airline, the GIA, was�successfully achieved. As the national air traffic was subsidized by thegovernment, the commercial line�was partly subsidized for a national security reason to control the air traffic. Therefore, the Indonesian�air transportation is to bridge the need for integrating the archipelago for effort of ethnic integration<br />and for a national unity in a wide-spread region, despite the need for profit. However, some commercial�endeavors have been initiated in the post-Soeharto era, which resulted a breakdown ofcertain airline�companies. Facing the globalization, the policy would accommodate the air traffic businesses to develop�their facilities for fulfilling the demand of regional welfare, but yet to increasing the supervision of the�national policy on archipelagic stability.</p>

Od Służby Bezpieczeństwa do Urzędu Ochrony Państwa

Formal–legal Aspects of the Establishment of the Office for State ProtectionA statue on the Office for State Protection (Urząd Ochrony Państwa — UOP) was passed on 6 April 1990 upon a tide of transformations commenced by the Round Table debates held a year earlier. The implementation of this legal act is regarded as the date of the inauguration of shaping the special services of an independent Republic of Poland. The article attempts to describe the transformation of the communist state security organs — the Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs — into a state protection service (such as the UOP). The characteristic feature of this process was its considerable dynamics, since in the course of only several months it achieved a formal conversion of the political police, which mainly combated the democratic opposition, into a social service whose domain of activity was totally different from that of its predecessor. The article called for an analysis of a process aiming at the establishment of new special services via a number of key formal–legal documents — the outcome of a sequence of political and organisational events. The sources on which the article is based are composed, first and foremost, of documents in the archives of the Institute of National Remembrance, and in particular material describing the transformation of the SB into the UOP and the verification of the functionaries, conducted in the spring of 1990. Supplementary material originates from the archive of the Chancellery of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and legal acts pertaining to the described problem, i.a. laws, ordinances, and orders.

The role of the Director Zmago Slokan in the development of Maribor General Hospital in the first period after the Second World War (1953-1970).

The author explores and explains the role of the director of Maribor General Hospital in the first period after Second World War. The period was problematic on account of the difficult economic situation and changes in the political system. On one hand the hospital suffered relatively large damage due to bombing attacks during the war and on the other it had to face numerous staffing problems, especially with a lack of physicians and trained nursing staff (from 1948 an executive order entered into force forbidding the nursing nuns from performing nursing care in hospitals). The change in the political system required the management of the hospital to be taken over by an individual who enjoyed the political, professional and economic trust of the then authorities. Based on his engagement during the Second World War, the director, Zmago Slokan, represented a form of guarantee for the political system of that time, which nevertheless wanted the quality-based, professional and economic progress of the hospital. Using his personal characteristics, professional medical and economic knowledge as well as political experience, he was able to manage different tendencies to continue the quality-based progress of the institution. Thus, he set a proper foundation for its development in the periods that followed, in the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia as well as in the independent Republic of Slovenia (after 1991). The author discusses the role of the director in the hospital's progress chronologically.

Renovation Concept of Liepaja City Centre Construction after World War II

The port city Liepaja had gained recognition in Europe and the world by World War I. On the coast of the Baltic Sea a resort developed, to which around 1880 a wide promenade – Kurhaus Avenue provided a functional link between the finance and trade centre in Old Liepaja. On November 8, 1890 the building conditions for Liepaja, developed according to the sample of Riga building regulations, were partly confirmed: the construction territory was divided into districts of wooden and stone buildings. In 1888 after the reconstruction of the trade canal Liepaja became the third most significant port in the Russian Empire. The railway (engineer Gavriil Semikolenov; 1879) and metal bridges (engineers Huten and Ruktesel; 1881) across the trade canal provided the link between Old Liepaja and the industrial territory in New Liepaja, where industrial companies and building of houses developed in the neighbourhood of the railway hub, but in spring 1899 the construction of a ten-kilometre long street electric railway line and power station was commenced. Since September 25 the tram movement provided a regular traffic between Naval Port (Latvian: Karosta), the residential and industrial districts in New Liepaja and the city centre in Old Liepaja. In 1907 the construction of the ambitious “Emperor Alexander’s III Military Port” and maritime fortress was completed, but already in the following year the fortress was closed. In the new military port there were based not only the navy squadrons of the Baltic Sea, but also the Pacific Ocean before sending them off in the war against Japan. The development of Liepaja continued: promenades, surrounded by Dutch linden trees, joined squares and parks in one united plantation system. On September 20, 1910 Liepaja City Council made a decision to close the New Market and start modernization of the city centre. In 1911 Liepaja obtained its symbol – the Rose Square. In the independent Republic of Latvia the implementation of the agrarian reform was started and the task to provide inhabitants with flats was set. Around 1927 in the Technical Department of Liepaja City the development of the master-plan was started: the territory of the city was divided into the industrial, commercial, residential and resort zone, which was greened. It was planned to lengthen Lord’s (Latvian: Kungu) Street with a dam, partly filling up Lake Liepaja in order to build the water-main and provide traffic with the eastern bank. The passed “Law of City Lands” and “Regulations for City Construction and Development of Construction Plans and Development Procedure” in Latvia Republic in 1928 promoted a gradual development of cities. In 1932 Liepaja received the radio transmitter. On the northern outskirts a sugar factory was built (architect Kārlis Bikše; 1933). The construction of the city centre was supplemented with the Latvian Society House (architect Kārlis Blauss and Valdis Zebauers; 1934-1935) and Army Economical Shop (architect Aleksandrs Racenis), as well as the building of a pawnshop and saving bank (architect Valdis Zebauers; 1936-1937). The hotel “Pēterpils”, which became the property of the municipality in 1936, was renamed as the “City Hotel” and it was rebuilt in 1938. In New Liepaja the Friendly Appeal Elementary school was built (architect Karlis Bikše), but in the Naval Officers Meeting House was restored and it was adapted for the needs of the Red Cross Bone Tuberculosis Sanatorium (architect Aleksandrs Klinklāvs; 1930-1939). The Soviet military power was restored in Latvia and it was included in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. During the World War II buildings in the city centre around the Rose Square and Great (Latvian: Lielā) Street were razed. When the war finished, the “Building Complex Scheme for 1946-1950” was developed for Liepaja. In August 1950 the city was announced as closed: the trade port was adapted to military needs. Neglecting the historical planning of the city, in 1952 the restoration of the city centre building was started, applying standard projects. The restoration of Liepaja City centre building carried out during the post-war period has not been studied. Research goal: analyse restoration proposals for Liepaja City centre building, destroyed during World War II, and the conception appropriate to the socialism ideology and further development of construction.

GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN SINGAPORE

The Singapore economy went through several changes due to changes in its mode of governance from being a trading outpost of the East India Company (EIC) to being part of the colony of the Straits Settlements, and more recently to being a British colony by itself, then to being part of Malaysia and now an independent republic. These modes of governance enabled the economy to grow until Singapore became more important and also more closely linked to the outside world. British rule, British capital and the response of the people who came, enabled Singapore to integrate technological change so that it is now part of a global network. However a declining rate of births and a large foreign population now compel Singapore to make further changes.

The USSR Victory in World War II and the Emergence of the Independent Republic of Indonesia

Victorious ending of the World War 2 on May, 9, 1945, stroke a crushing blow on the military axis Berlin - Rome - Tokyo. The USSR played a decisive role both on European and Asian fronts. Fulfilling its allied duty the Soviet Union entered the war in the Far East on 9 August, 1945 and defeated the Japanese army in Manchuria. This act became a great contribution to liberation of Asian peoples from the Japanese occupation. On the 17 August 1945 the Republic of Indonesia declared its independence. The recognition on the side of international community as well as diplomatic support became\e vital for the survival of the newly emerged Republic.The Soviet victory together with the allied nations in the Second World War, the new status of the USSR as a superpower, its constant anticolonial stance stimulated former colonies to appeal to the Soviet Union for backing and support. One of the first was the Republic of Indonesia, to which the USSR rendered all kind of help and encourages. The present article which is a result of the study of newly available documents from several recently opened Soviet archives shows the Soviet backing of Indonesia in the UN, its diplomatic recognition, in strengthening of Indonesian status as a sovereign state on the international arena as a whole.

Kirjanduslikest kontaktidest läbi raudse eesriide

Kirjanduslikest kontaktidest läbi raudse eesriide

Historical dictionary of Ireland

All places undergo change, but in few has this change been quite as sweeping as Ireland - both the independent Republic of Ireland and dependent Northern Ireland - so it is good to see where it is heading at present. Obviously, that has to be judged on the background of where it is coming from, not only over the past decade or so but over centuries and, indeed, millennia. This new edition of Historical Dictionary of Ireland is an excellent resource for discovering the history of Ireland. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, and an extensive bibliography. The cross-referenced dictionary section has over 600 entries on significant persons, places and events, political parties and institutions (including the Catholic church) with period forays into literature, music and the arts. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Ireland.

On the Origins of an Independent South Korean State: Separatism Versus a Policy of Unity

The present paper focuses on the political processes in South Korea after the liberation from Japanese colonialism in August 1945 and before the establishment of an independent Republic of Korea in August 1948. Due to the division of Korea along the 38 parallel and dislocation of the US and USSR’s occupation forces in South and North Korea respectively the US with support of UN contributed a lot to the establishment of an independent South Korean state but they didn’t prejudge the political situation completely. South Korean newspapers, documents on the American and Soviet foreign policy were used to determine a shift of the US strategy toward Korea and a political tactic of South Korean nationalists during transitional period (1945-1948). The preliminary results of the research show that the shift of the US strategy toward establishment a separatist government in South Korea coincided with the separatist tactic of South Korean right wing political groups. South Korean moderates developed a political movement for keeping national unity thus opposing to the rightists. The establishment of an independent South Korean state was a result of the joint efforts of the US and South Korean rightists and extreme right political groups.

Development of General Schools in the Republic of Uzbekistan for Years of Independence

Among the main priorities of the state policy of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan have always been questions of training of the educated and intellectually developed generation. The special role in the decision of these tasks belongs to the school education which is laying the foundation in formation of comprehensively developed personality. In the given article features of historical development of the education system in Uzbekistan in different historical periods are shined, functions and the content of training at different levels of formation of the Uzbek state and society are considered. Some data on types of the schools existed in the middle Ages, the methods of education in Muslim schools. In article the period of the end of XIX and the beginning of XX century, connected with emergence of movement of enlightenment when approaches to school education towards strengthening of its democratization, availability and a support on national values were radically reconsidered is allocated. The main attention in the article is paid to characteristics of changes that have occurred in continuing education in the country during the years of independence, marked the main directions of the reforms and achievements in the system of general secondary education on the basis of the established, on the initiative of the President of the country, National model of personnel training.

Effect of wind, thermal convection, and variation in flight strategies on the daily rhythm and flight paths of migrating raptors at Georgia's Black Sea coast

Every autumn, large numbers of raptors migrate through geographical convergence zones to avoid crossing large bodies of water. At coastal convergence zones, raptors may aggregate along coastlines because of convective or wind conditions. However, the effect of wind and thermal convection on migrating raptors may vary depending on local landscapes and weather, and on the flight strategies of different raptors. From 20 August to 14 October 2008 and 2009, we studied the effect of cloud development and crosswinds on the flight paths of raptors migrating through the eastern Black Sea convergence zone, where coastal lowlands at the foothills of the Pontic Mountains form a geographical bottleneck 5-km-wide near Batumi, the capital of the Independent Republic of Ajaria in southwestern Georgia. To identify key correlates of local aggregation, we examined diurnal variation in migration intensity and coastal aggregation of 11 species of raptors categorized based on size and flight strategies. As reported at other convergence zones, migration intensity of large obligate-soaring species peaked during the core period of thermal activity at mid-day. When clouds developed over interior mountains and limited thermal convection, these large obligate-soaring species aggregated near the coast. However, medium-sized soaring migrants that occasionally use flapping flight did not aggregate at the coast when clouds over the mountains weakened thermal convection. Numbers of alternate soaring-flapping harriers (Circus spp.) peaked during early morning, with these raptors depending more on flapping flight during a time of day with poor thermal convection. Small sparrowhawks (Accipiter spp.) aggregated at the coast during periods when winds blew offshore, suggesting aggregation caused by wind drift. Thus, weather conditions, including cloud cover and wind speed and direction, can influence the daily rhythm and flight paths of migrating raptors and, therefore, should be accounted for before inferring population trends from migration counts.

Seimo nutarimas: samprata ir istorinė raida

The article examines the concept of the Seimas (the parliament of the republic of Lithuania) resolution, its legal force, and practices of constitutional proceedings. Scientific research is undertaken with the goal to reveal its essential characteristics, as well as to detect possible legal regulation gaps and practice-based issues of implementation. While analyzing the evolution of centuries-old state parliamentarism, the state of the Seimas resolution and (or) of equivalent legislation was identified in times of the republic of both nations, the restoration of the state of Lithuania and of inter-war independent republic. Therefore, the Seimas resolution is the historical source of Lithuanian constitutional law. The concept of the Seimas resolution is enriched by its significance in march 1990, when the act of independence was adopted and published, as well as its direct provision in the constitution of 1992. This legal act addresses the relationship between the state authorities (distrust of government) and operational matters of the parliament itself (pre-term elections). The Seimas resolution is not an ordinary by-law. Having analysed more than twenty years of Lithuanian parliamentary experiences, the resolution should rather be considered as the primary means of expression of the political will of the Seimas. Depending on the importance of the issue, the will could be derived from the constitution itself and its principles, as well as from the representation of people“™s sovereignty. One of the most important areas of implementation of the Seimas resolution is the parliamentary oversight. By adopting respective resolutions, the Seimas may require reports from the accountable state authorities; it also may assess their performance or assign them various tasks. Some very important seimas resolutions (for example on elections results or impeachment petition to the constitutional court) could be voted with simple majority of participating members of seimas. The significance of such decisions requires renegotiating qualifications of voting to avoid unpredictable consequences in the Lithuanian politics. The Seimas resolutions also have a close relationship with the proceedings of the constitutional court of the republic of Lithuania. The Seimas can implement some of the court“™s judgments and conclusions by its resolutions. On the other hand, the constitutional court itself may assess whether the disputable Seimas resolution is in conformity with the constitution. It is possible in some cases that the court can examine the constitutionality of resolution on implementation of its own conclusions.

Enlightenment and Revolution: The Case of Louisiana, 1768

In 1768 the colonists of Louisiana rose up in a bloodless rebellion against the Spanish royal governor. Though almost totally ignored by historians of early America and the Atlantic world, the Louisiana uprising demonstrates the complex relationship between avant-garde philosophy and popular resistance in the eighteenth century. The rebel leaders produced a series of pamphlets justifying their actions, which deployed arguments drawn from the French legal tradition, Renaissance humanism, and Enlightenment radicalism. These arguments not only aimed to persuade audiences abroad, but helped cement a popular coalition within Louisiana society. This popular coalition broke down when, in the absence of imperial authority, colonists openly discussed the notion of founding an independent republic. A comparison between the Louisiana rebellion and the American Revolution illustrates the ways in which the latter event was not unique—and more specifically, how Enlightenment universalism could help paper over class divisions within colonial society, which civic republicanism then reopened.