Independent Predictors Of Hospital Mortality Research Articles

Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoantibody Is an Independent Predictor of Hospital Mortality but Not Brain Dysfunction in Septic Patients.

The presence of autoantibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins and their relationship to autoimmune encephalitis have recently been characterized. These autoantibodies have been also reported in other pathologic conditions; however, their role during sepsis is not known. This study detected the presence of autoantibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins in the serum of septic patients and determined their relationship to the occurrence of brain dysfunction and mortality. This prospective, observational cohort study was performed in four Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs). Sixty patients with community-acquired severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to the ICU were included. Blood samples were collected from patients within 24 h of ICU admission. Antibodies to six neuronal proteins were assessed, including glutamate receptors (types NMDA, AMPA1, and AMPA2); voltage-gated potassium channel complex (VGKC) proteins, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), and contactin-associated protein-2 (Caspr2), as well as the GABAB1 receptor. There was no independent association between any of the measured autoantibodies and the occurrence of brain dysfunction (delirium or coma). However, there was an independent and significant relationship between anti-NMDAR fluorescence intensity and hospital mortality. In conclusion, anti-NMDAR was independently associated with hospital mortality but none of the measured antibodies were associated with brain dysfunction in septic patients.

Cancer bronchique : le pronostic en soins intensifs dépendrait surtout de la complication

It has been demonstrated in unselected populations of cancer patients that prognosis in intensive care is essentially dependent on the extent of the acute physiological disturbance caused by the complication precipitating the admission. By contrast, the prognosis after hospital discharge remains dependent on the characteristics of the underlying neoplasm. The aim of our study was to confirm whether this general finding was the case in a specific population of lung cancer patients, since there are no data on this patient group in the literature. We conducted a retrospective study including all patients with lung cancer admitted to our ICU between September 1, 2008 and December 31, 2013. During this period, 180 different patients with lung cancer were admitted into ICU. The simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II) (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04-1.11), respiratory failure (OR 4.00; 95% CI 1.76-9.07) and the presence of therapeutic limitations were the 3 factors independently affecting hospital mortality in multivariate analysis. Considering only patients discharged alive from the hospital, the presence of metastases (HR 2.30; 95% CI 1.44-3.65) and limitations on therapy (HR 5,89; IC 95% 3,11-11,14) were the two statistically independent prognostic factors for overall survival. In this population of lung cancer patients admitted into ICU, independent predictors of hospital mortality are determined by the physiological perturbations induced by the acute presenting complication. After recovery from this, prognosis is again determined by the characteristics of the underlying cancer.

The Golden Opportunity: Multidisciplinary Simulation Training Improves Trauma Team Efficiency

Every trauma patient has a golden hour, and resuscitation efficiency within that hour has large implications for patients. We instituted simulation based trauma resuscitation training with the hypothesis that it would improve trauma team efficiency. Five simulation training sessions were conducted with immediate debriefing. Metrics collected in actual trauma resuscitations before and after simulation training included time of primary and secondary surveys and time to computed tomography (CT) scan. Study participants were from multidisciplinary specialties involved in trauma resuscitations as well as former trauma patients from the Trauma Survivors Network. Seventy-three patients undergoing trauma resuscitations were screened and 67 patients were included. Time to CT scan and secondary survey completion were significantly reduced in actual trauma patient activations following implementation of the curriculum (reduction of 23 to 16 minutes for CT scan p < 0.05, and reduction from 14 to 6 minutes for secondary survey, p < 0.05). Time to primary survey completion did not change (5 minutes). Multidisciplinary simulation training was associated with improved trauma team efficiency in the form of reduced assessment time. As emergency department length of stay is an independent predictor of hospital mortality following trauma activation, team-based simulation training has the potential to improve patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary involvement was a key factor, and Trauma Survivors Network involvement brought credibility from the patient perspective.

Risk Factors Determining the Outcome of Critically Ill Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients: Time to Step Down?

The outcome of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) has improved over the past decades. However, the outcome of critically ill patients undergoing HCT admitted to intensive care units (ICU) is still considered dismal. Factors that predict outcome of this patient cohort and allow a proper triage assessment before and after ICU admission are still under discussion with no existing clinical standards.To identify accessible predictive factors, we retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 127 HCT patients who required admission to the ICU between 2009 and 2016 out of 580 (21.9%) HCT patients during this period (Table 1) in our center. In general, 72 of 127 patients (56.7%) died on the ICU, which is in line with previous publications. Respiratory failure was the leading cause for ICU admission (70%). The median age was 50 y (+/-12.7) (range, 19-73y) and ICU admission mainly occurred after the engraftment period (≥30 days after HCT) in 107 patients. The median time from HCT to ICU transfer was 228 days (+/-419.8).To better understand factors that predict the survival of HCT patients upon ICU admission, we assessed 73 clinical factors and parameters. In the according multivariate analysis, three out of 73 factors negatively impacted ICU mortality as well as overall survival (OS). These were septic shock (HR:3.27, p=0.002), SOFA score >9 (HR:5.93, p<0.004) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels >200 mg/l (HR:2.1, p=0.003). HLA-identical donors positively impacted only on ICU survival (HR:0.39, p=0.005), suggesting a benefit in this particular patient cohort. In contrast to previous publications, invasive mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy were no independent prognostic factors in any multivariate analysis in our cohort (p=0.63 and p=0.56, respectively).Twenty-eight (50.9%) out of 55 ICU-survivors died after transfer from the ICU to the general ward. Main causes of death were infections (53.6%) and respiratory failure (42.9%). Of note, 12 patients (42.9%) out of these 28 had to be readmitted to the ICU, suggesting the necessity of an ICU-to-Intermediate care step-down, allowing a close monitoring after ICU dismissal. Only 27 patients (21.3%) of the initial cohort were discharged from the hospital, resulting in a hospital mortality rate of 78.7% (100/127 patients) and translating into a 1-year overall survival (OS) rate of 7.8% for all patients in our cohort. Independent predictors for hospital mortality were multiorgan failure (HR:2.45, p=0.016), SOFA score >9 (HR:1.86, p=0.01) and C-reactive protein levels > 200 mg/l (HR:2.15, p=0.002).In summary we identified a high SOFA score and a high CRP value as predictors for a negative OS of HCT patients who required admission to the ICU. Although a prospective validation is beneficial, both factors can be assessed routinely and potentially allow the identification of high risk HCT patients that require a timely admission to ICU. In addition, close monitoring through a stepdown to intermediate care after ICU should be considered to improve mortality of this fragile patient cohort. [Display omitted] DisclosuresDöhner:Pfizer: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria; Agios: Consultancy, Honoraria; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celator: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; AROG Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sunesis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AROG Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Agios: Consultancy, Honoraria; Jazz: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Research Funding; Jazz: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celator: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sunesis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.

Host-pathogen interactions and prognosis of critically ill immunocompetent patients with pneumococcal pneumonia: the nationwide prospective observational STREPTOGENE study.

To assess the relative importance of host and bacterial factors associated with hospital mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (PCAP). Immunocompetent Caucasian ICU patients with PCAP documented by cultures and/or pneumococcal urinary antigen (UAg Sp) test were included in this multicenter prospective study between 2008 and 2012. All pneumococcal strains were serotyped. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for hospital mortality. Of the 614 patients, 278 (45%) had septic shock, 270 (44%) had bacteremia, 307 (50%) required mechanical ventilation at admission, and 161 (26%) had a diagnosis based only on the UAg Sp test. No strains were penicillin-resistant, but 23% had decreased susceptibility. Of the 36 serotypes identified, 7 accounted for 72% of the isolates, with different distributions according to age. Although antibiotics were consistently appropriate and were started within 6h after admission in 454 (74%) patients, 116 (18.9%) patients died. Independent predictors of hospital mortality in the adjusted analysis were platelets ≤ 100×109/L (OR, 7.7; 95% CI, 2.8-21.1), McCabe score ≥ 2 (4.58; 1.61-13), age > 65years (2.92; 1.49-5.74), lactates > 4mmol/L (2.41; 1.27-4.56), male gender and septic shock (2.23; 1.30-3.83 for each), invasive mechanical ventilation (1.78; 1-3.19), and bilateral pneumonia (1.59; 1.02-2.47). Women with platelets ≤ 100×109/L had the highest mortality risk (adjusted OR, 7.7; 2.8-21). In critically ill patients with PCAP, age, gender, and organ failures at ICU admission were more strongly associated with hospital mortality than were comorbidities. Neither pneumococcal serotype nor antibiotic regimen was associated with hospital mortality.

Effects of obesity on burn resuscitation

The effects of obesity on resuscitation after severe burn are not well understood. Formulas to calculate 24-h resuscitation volumes incorporate body weight, which in obese patients often leads to excessive fluid administration and potential complications such as pulmonary edema, extremity or abdominal compartment syndrome, and longer mechanical ventilation. We evaluated the impact of obesity on 24-h fluid resuscitation after severe burn using a cohort of 145 adults admitted to the burn ICU from January 2014 to March 2017 with >20% total body surface area burns. Patients were divided into four groups based on body mass index: normal weight (index of <25), overweight (25–29.9), obese (30–39.9), and morbidly obese (>40). Median total body surface area burn was 39.4% (interquartile range: 23.5%–49.5%). Patients were 74.5% male and demographics and injury characteristics were similar across groups. Resuscitation volumes exceeded the predicted Parkland formula volume in the normal and overweight groups but were less than predicted in the obese and morbidly obese categories (p<0.001). No difference was found in 24-h urine output between groups (p=0.08). Increasing body mass index was not associated with increased use of renal replacement therapy. Only total body surface area burned, and age were independent predictors of hospital mortality (p<0.001). We conclude that using body weight to calculate resuscitation in obese patients results in a predicted fluid volume that is higher than the volume actually given, which can lead to over-resuscitation if rates are not titrated regularly to address fluid responsiveness.

Predictors of surgical outcome in isolated prosthetic mitral valve endocarditis.

Background Most previous studies dealing with predictors of surgical outcome in prosthetic valve endocarditis included patients with aortic and/or mitral valve prostheses. Here, we concentrate on isolated prosthetic mitral endocarditis due to heterogeneity of epidemiological data, anatomical factors, and surgical techniques between mitral, prosthetic mitral, and aortic endocarditis between prosthetic mitral and prosthetic aortic endocarditis. Methods Data of 40 patients reoperated upon due to isolated prosthetic mitral endocarditis between July 2015 and March 2017 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results Independent predictors of major postoperative complications on multivariate analysis were: no blood cultures before referral (odds ratio 6.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.44-28.15), inadequate response to medical treatment (odds ratio 11.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.29-100.25), and serum creatinine ≥2.0 mg·dL-1 (odds ratio 4.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.07-19.36). Independent predictors of hospital mortality were: congestive heart failure (odds ratio 30.91, 95% confidence interval: 2.02 to 473.87), embolization (odds ratio 18.24, 95% confidence interval:1.94-171.91), peri-annular extension of infection (odds ratio 12.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-123.43), serum creatinine on admission > 2 mg·dL-1 (odds ratio 9.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.97-47.48), and early prosthetic valve endocarditis (odds ratio 7.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.35-45.00). EuroSCORE II > 5.93% was associated with the highest predictive value for hospital mortality (area under the curve 0.813). Conclusion Certain factors can predict morbidity and mortality in surgery for isolated mitral prosthetic valve endocarditis. EuroSCORE II has a good ability to predict hospital mortality in surgery for mitral prosthetic valve endocarditis.

Outcomes of very elderly treated with dialysis for acute kidney injury .

The factors that determine prognosis in elderly patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D) is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of in-hospital mortality in these patients. A retrospective, single-center study of hospitalized patients ≥70years old with AKI-D. Clinical and demographic variables were compared between survivors and non-survivors, independent predictors of hospital mortality were identified by logistic regression. Among 137 eligible patients, hospital mortality was 66%; 59% of survivors were dialysis dependent at hospital discharge and 43% of initial survivors died within 1 year post discharge. There was no significant difference in age between survivors (80.2) and non-survivors (80.5) (p=0.829). Non-survivors had higher rates of altered mental status (68.2 vs. 22.2%, p < 0.001), hypotension (29.5 vs. 13.6%, p=0.048), leucopenia/leukocytosis (62.6 vs. 42.2%, p=0.024), ICU admission (59.3 vs. 34.8%, p=0.007), mechanical ventilation (64 vs. 21.7% p < 0.001), hepatic dysfunction (46.2 vs. 21.7%, p=0.005), a diagnosis of sepsis (64.8 vs. 26.3%, p=0.04), and treatment with vasopressors (69.8 vs. 35.6%, p < 0.001). The presence of ≥5 of these conditions was associated with > 90% mortality. Logistic regression showed altered mental status (OR=7.4, 95% CI=3.0-18.2) and mechanical ventilation (OR=6.0; 95% CI=2.5-14.6, p < 0.001) to independently predict hospital mortality. Elderly patients with AKI-D have a very high rate of hospital mortality or dialysis-dependent survival. Acute illness severity predicts poor outcome despite dialysis. The decision to dialyze patients in this setting should not be based on age alone but consider prognosis and expected quality of life. .

Severity of disease scoring systems and mortality after non-cardiac surgery

Mortality after surgery is frequent and severity of disease scoring systems are used for prediction. Our aim was to evaluate predictors for mortality after non-cardiac surgery. Adult patients admitted at our surgical intensive care unit between January 2006 and July 2013 was included. Univariate analysis was carried using Mann-Whitney, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was performed to assess independent factors with calculation of odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). 4398 patients were included. Mortality was 1.4% in surgical intensive care unit and 7.4% during hospital stay. Independent predictors of mortality in surgical intensive care unit were APACHE II (OR=1.24); emergent surgery (OR=4.10), serum sodium (OR=1.06) and FiO2 at admission (OR=14.31). Serum bicarbonate at admission (OR=0.89) was considered a protective factor. Independent predictors of hospital mortality were age (OR=1.02), APACHE II (OR=1.09), emergency surgery (OR=1.82), high-risk surgery (OR=1.61), FiO2 at admission (OR=1.02), postoperative acute renal failure (OR=1.96), heart rate (OR=1.01) and serum sodium (OR=1.04). Dying patients had higher scores in severity of disease scoring systems and longer surgical intensive care unit stay. Some factors influenced both surgical intensive care unit and hospital mortality.

Severity of disease scoring systems and mortality after non-cardiac surgery

BackgroundMortality after surgery is frequent and severity of disease scoring systems are used for prediction. Our aim was to evaluate predictors for mortality after non-cardiac surgery. MethodsAdult patients admitted at our surgical intensive care unit between January 2006 and July 2013 was included. Univariate analysis was carried using Mann–Whitney, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was performed to assess independent factors with calculation of odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results4398 patients were included. Mortality was 1.4% in surgical intensive care unit and 7.4% during hospital stay. Independent predictors of mortality in surgical intensive care unit were APACHE II (OR=1.24); emergent surgery (OR=4.10), serum sodium (OR=1.06) and FiO2 at admission (OR=14.31). Serum bicarbonate at admission (OR=0.89) was considered a protective factor. Independent predictors of hospital mortality were age (OR=1.02), APACHE II (OR=1.09), emergency surgery (OR=1.82), high-risk surgery (OR=1.61), FiO2 at admission (OR=1.02), postoperative acute renal failure (OR=1.96), heart rate (OR=1.01) and serum sodium (OR=1.04). Dying patients had higher scores in severity of disease scoring systems and longer surgical intensive care unit stay. ConclusionSome factors influenced both surgical intensive care unit and hospital mortality.

Predictors of hospital mortality in adult trauma patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for advanced life support: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundUsing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to provide advanced life support in adult trauma patients remains a controversial issue now. The study was aimed at identifying the independent predictors of hospital mortality in adult trauma patients receiving ECMO for advanced cardiopulmonary dysfunctions.MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled 36 adult trauma patients receiving ECMO due to advanced shock or respiratory failure in a level I trauma center between August 2006 and October 2014. Variables collected for analysis were demographics, serum biomarkers, characteristics of trauma, injury severity score (ISS), damage-control interventions, indications of ECMO, and associated complications. The outcomes were hospital mortality and hemorrhage on ECMO. The multivariate logistic regression method was used to identify the independent prognostic predictors for the outcomes.ResultsThe medians of age and ISS were 36 (27–49) years and 29 (19–45). Twenty-three patients received damage-control interventions before ECMO. Among the 36 trauma patients, 14 received ECMO due to shock and 22 for respiratory failure. The complications of ECMO are major hemorrhages (n = 12), acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis (n = 10), and major brain events (n = 7). There were 15 patients died in hospital, and 9 of them were in the shock group.ConclusionsThe severity of trauma and the type of cardiopulmonary dysfunction significantly affected the outcomes of ECMO used for sustaining patients with post-traumatic cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Hemorrhage on ECMO remained a concern while the device was required soon after trauma, although a heparin-minimized protocol was adopted.Trial registrationThis study reported a health care intervention on human participants and was retrospectively registered. The Chang Gung Medical Foundation Institutional Review Board approved the study (no. 201601610B0) on December 12, 2016. All of the data were extracted from December 14, 2016, to March 31, 2017.

Hospital Mortality Among Elderly Patients Admitted With Neurological Disorders Was Not Predicted by any Particular Diagnosis in a Tertiary Medical Center.

Background:Neurological disorders (NDs) are associated with high hospital mortality. We aimed to identify predictors of hospital mortality among elderly inpatients with NDs.Methods:Patients aged ≥60 years admitted to the hospital between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2010 with acute NDs, chronic NDs as underpinnings of acute clinical disorders, and neurological complications of other diseases were studied. We analyzed demographic data, NDs, and comorbidities as independent predictors of hospital mortality. Logistic regression was performed for multivariable analysis.Results:Overall, 1540 NDs and 2679 comorbidities were identified among 798 inpatients aged ≥ 60 years (mean 75.8±9.1). Of these, 54.5% were female. Diagnostic frequency of NDs ranged between 0.3% and 50.8%. Diagnostic frequency of comorbidities ranged from 5.6% to 84.5%. Comorbidities varied from 0 to 9 per patient (90% of patients had ≥2 comorbidities), mean 3.2±1.47(CI, 3.1-3.3). Patients with multimorbidities presented with a mean of 4.7±1.7 morbidities per patient. Each ND and comorbidity were associated with high hospital mortality, producing narrow ranges between the lowest and highest incidences of death (hospital mortality = 18%) (95% CI, 15%-21%). After multivariable analysis, advanced age (P<0.001) and low socioeconomic status (P=0.003) were recognized as predictors of mortality, totaling 9% of the variables associated with hospital mortality.Conclusion:Neither a particular ND nor an individual comorbidity predicted hospital mortality. Age and low socioeconomic class accounted for 9% of predictors. We suggest evaluating whether functional, cognitive, or comorbidity scores will improve the risk model of hospital mortality in elderly patients admitted with ND.

Emergency department hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in mechanically ventilated patients: a cohort study

BackgroundProviding supplemental oxygen is fundamental in the management of mechanically ventilated patients. Increasing amounts of data show worse clinical outcomes associated with hyperoxia. However, these previous data in the critically ill have not focused on outcomes associated with brief hyperoxia exposure immediately after endotracheal intubation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of isolated early hyperoxia exposure in the emergency department (ED) on clinical outcomes among mechanically ventilated patients with subsequent normoxia in the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsThis was an observational cohort study conducted in the ED and ICUs of an academic center in the USA. Mechanically ventilated normoxic (partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) 60–120 mm Hg) ICU patients with mechanical ventilation initiated in the ED were studied. The cohort was categorized into three oxygen exposure groups based on PaO2 values obtained after ED intubation: hypoxia, normoxia, and hyperoxia (defined as PaO2 < 60 mmHg, PaO2 60–120 mm Hg, and PaO2 > 120 mm Hg, respectively, based on previous literature).ResultsA total of 688 patients were included. ED normoxia occurred in 350 (50.9%) patients, and 300 (43.6%) had exposure to ED hyperoxia. The ED hyperoxia group had a median (IQR) ED PaO2 of 189 mm Hg (146–249), compared to an ED PaO2 of 88 mm Hg (76–101) in the normoxia group, P < 0.001. Patients with ED hyperoxia had greater hospital mortality (29.7%), when compared to those with normoxia (19.4%) and hypoxia (13.2%). After multivariable logistic regression analysis, ED hyperoxia was an independent predictor of hospital mortality (adjusted OR 1.95 (1.34–2.85)).ConclusionsED exposure to hyperoxia is common and associated with increased mortality in mechanically ventilated patients achieving normoxia after admission. This suggests that hyperoxia in the immediate post-intubation period could be particularly injurious, and targeting normoxia from initiation of mechanical ventilation may improve outcome.

Co-infection with influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

The co-infection frequency and impact among influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are not known. This retrospective observational analysis concerned data prospectively collected from patients admitted to our medical intensive care unit (ICU) who received ECMO support for influenza-associated ARDS between 2009–2016. Co-infection was defined as occurring within 48 h following ICU admission. Among the 77 ARDS patients requiring ECMO support, 39 (51%) developed co-infections, with Staphylococcus aureus [18 (46%) of the co-infected patients] being the most prevalent pathogen. Panton–Valentin leukocidin (PVL)-producing S. aureus was isolated from 10 patients (56% of S. aureus co-infections and 26% of all co-infections). Co-infected patients were comparable with those without co-infection, except for BMI, initial disease severity and antibiotic treatment prior to admission. Co-infection was associated with higher in-ICU mortality (62% vs. 29%; P = 0.006) and with fewer ECMO-free days [median (IQR) 0 (0–19) vs. 23 (0–46); P = 0.004] and fewer mechanical ventilation-free days [0 (0–0) vs. 6 (0–35); P = 0.003] on Day 60. Multivariable analysis retained age >49 years, pre-ECMO Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II score >70 and co-infection as independent predictors of hospital mortality. In conclusion, co-infection is frequent in ECMO-treated patients with influenza-associated ARDS, affecting ca. 50%, and is independently associated with poor outcome. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently identified pathogen, with a high rate of PVL-positive S. aureus. Whether specific therapy targeting PVL-producing S. aureus should be given remains to be determined.

Hospital Outcome and Risk Indices of Mortality after redo-mitral valve surgery in Potential Candidates for Transcatheter Procedures: Results From a European Registry

Transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve/valve-in-ring procedures (TM-VIVoR) are increasing. The authors aimed to identify independent predictors for hospital mortality in redo mitral valve surgery as possible future selection criteria for TM-VIVoR. Retrospective multicenter registry. Tertiary university and community hospitals. Two-hundred and sixty patients (out of 920 enrolled) who are potentially candidates for TM-VIVoR undergoing redo-surgery. Redo mitral surgery. Regression analyzes and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves identified independent predictors of death. Patients potentially candidates for TM-VIVoR reported significant hospital mortality (9.2%; EuroSCORE II: 13.2 ± 13.1, Society of Thoracic Surgeons [STS] score: 6.2 ± 3.1) and major morbidity (3.8% acute myocardial infarction, 5% stroke, 16.9% perioperative respiratory failure, 16.5% acute renal insufficiency, 25% massive transfusions). EuroSCORE II (odds ration [OR] 1.06; confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.10; p = 0.005), STS score (OR 1.58; CI 1.27-1.97; p = 0.001), age at surgery (OR 1.05; CI 1.00-1.15; p = 0.05), preoperative dialysis (OR 2.5; CI 1.8-12.6; p = 0.042), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <30% (OR 4.8; CI 1.12-37.1; p = 0.021), severe pulmonary hypertension (OR 7.5; CI 1.9-29.4; p = 0.003), and previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (OR 11.8; CI 1.7-36.9; p = 0.002) were independent predictors of hospital mortality. ROC analyses reported good prediction for EuroSCORE II (AUC: 0.76; cut-off value: >13.1; 70.8% sensitivity and 68.2% specificity) and better prediction for STS score (AUC: 0.81; cut-off value: 7.4; 75.0% sensitivity and 66.2% specificity). Quintiles stratification identified EuroSCORE II ≥18.7 (5th quintile, observed mortality: 19.3%) and STS score >9.1 as strong predictors of death within each risk-categorization (OR 5.9 and 12.1, respectively). High EuroSCORE II and STS scores, advanced age at surgery, LVEF <30%, previous CABG, severe pulmonary hypertension or preoperative dialysis might represent in the future preferred indications for TM-VIVoR in the redo-mitral surgery scenario.

Impact of hyperglycemia on the results of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

To investigate the impact of hyperglycemia on the results of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI). A study group consisted of 511 patients with hyperglycemia (blood glucose level (BGL) ≥7.77 mmol/L) who underwent primary PCIs in the period from 2005 to 2015. A comparison group included 579 patients (BGL ≥7.77 mmol/L). Assessment of the results of hospital interventions revealed that the mortality rates in patients with hyperglycemia proved to be higher than in those with normal BGL (6.5 and 2.6%, respectively; p=0.002). No differences were found in the rates of stent thrombosis (1 and 1.4%; p=0.541) and recurrent myocardial infarction (1.2 and 1.6%; p=0.591). Major adverse cardiac events, including death, recurrent infarction, and stent thrombosis, were more frequently determined in the hyperglycemic patients (7.6 and 4.3%; p=0.020). No-reflow phenomenon statistically significantly more frequently developed in the patients with hyperglycemia (6.8 and 3.3%; p=0.007). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of hyperglycemia served as an independent predictor of hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR) 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4 to 4.8; p=0.002). The application of a random probability sampling technique revealed that mortality remained statistically significantly higher in the hyperglycemic patients than in the normoglycemic individuals at admission (6.7 and 2.6%; р=0.011). PCIs in patients with ASTEMI and hyperglycemia are characterized by higher mortality rates and the risk of major adverse cardiac events. Admission hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of hospital mortality.

Serum Lactate is an Independent Predictor of Hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Patients in the Emergency Department

Serum Lactate is an Independent Predictor of Hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Patients in the Emergency Department

Early troponin I in critical illness and its association with hospital mortality: a cohort study

BackgroundTroponin I (TnI) is frequently elevated in critical illness, but its interpretation is unclear. Our primary objectives in this study were to evaluate whether TnI is associated with hospital mortality and if this association persists after adjusting for potential confounders. We also aimed to ascertain whether addition of TnI to the Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) risk prediction model improves its performance in general intensive care unit (ICU) populations.MethodsWe performed an observational cohort study with independent derivation and validation cohorts in two general level 3 ICU departments in the United Kingdom. The derivation cohort was a 4.5-year cohort (2010–2014) of general ICU index admissions (n = 1349). The validation cohort was used for secondary analysis of a prospective study dataset (2010) (n = 145). The primary exposure was plasma TnI concentration taken within 24 h of ICU admission. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. We performed multivariate regression, adjusting for components of the APACHE II model. We derived the risk prediction score from the multivariable model with TnI.ResultsHospital mortality was 37.3% (n = 242) for patients with detectable TnI, compared with 14.6% (n = 102) for patients without detectable TnI. There was a significant univariate association between TnI and hospital mortality (OR per doubling TnI 1.16, 95% CI 1.13–1.20, p < 0.001). This persisted after adjustment for APACHE II model components (TnI OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.09, p = 0.003). TnI correlated most strongly with the acute physiology score (APS) component of APACHE II (r = 0.39). Addition of TnI to the APACHE II model did not improve discrimination (APACHE II concordance statistic [c-index] 0.835, 95% CI 0.811–0.858; APACHE II + TnI c-index 0.837, 95% CI 0.813–0.860; p = 0.330) or other measures of model performance.ConclusionsTnI is an independent predictor of hospital mortality and correlates most highly with the APS component of APACHE II. It does not improve risk prediction. We would not advocate the adoption of routine troponin analysis on admission to ICU, and we recommend that troponin be measured only if clinically indicated.

Serum lactate is an independent predictor of hospital mortality in critically ill patients in the emergency department: a retrospective study

BackgroundElevated lactate has been found to be associated with a higher mortality in a diverse patient population. The aim of the study is to investigate if initial serum lactate level is independently associated with hospital mortality for critically ill patients presenting to the Emergency Department.MethodsSingle-center, retrospective study at a tertiary care hospital looking at patients who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) between 2014 and 2016. A total of 450 patients were included in the study. Patients were stratified to lactate levels: <2 mmol/L, 2-4 mmol/L and >4 mmol/L. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included 72-h hospital mortality, ED and hospital lengths of stay.ResultsThe mean age was 64.87 ± 18.08 years in the <2 mmol/L group, 68.51 ± 18.01 years in the 2-4 mmol/L group, and 67.46 ± 17.67 years in the >4 mmol/L group. All 3 groups were comparable in terms of age, gender and comorbidities except for diabetes, with the 2-4 mmol/L and >4 mmol/L groups having a higher proportion of diabetic patients. The mean lactate level was 1.42 ± 0.38 (<2 mmol/L), 2.72 ± 0.55 (2-4 mmol/L) and 7.18 ± 3.42 (>4 mmol/L). In-hospital mortality was found to be 4 (2.7%), 18(12%) and 61(40.7%) patients in the low, intermediate and high lactate groups respectively. ED and hospital length of stay were longer for the >4 mmol/L group as compared to the other groups. While adjusting for all variables, patients with intermediate and high lactate had 7.13 (CI 95% 2.22–22.87 p = 0.001) and 29.48 (CI 95% 9.75–89.07 p = <0.001) greater odds of in-hospital mortality respectively.DiscussionOur results showed that for all patients presenting to the ED, a rising lactate value is associated with a higher mortality. This pattern was similar regardless of patients’ age, presence of infection or blood pressure at presentation.ConclusionHigher lactate values are associated with higher hospital mortalities and longer ED and hospital lengths of stays. Initial ED lactate is a useful test to risk-stratify critically ill patients presenting to the ED.

Survival predictor in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and diffuse alveolar damage undergoing open lung biopsy.

BackgroundDiffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a typical pathological finding of open lung biopsies in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients with ARDS and DAD have been reported to have a poorer prognosis than those without DAD. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival predictors in patients with ARDS and DAD.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all ARDS patients who underwent an open lung biopsy which showed evidence of DAD from January 2006 to June 2015 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Clinical data including baseline characteristics, medication, and survival outcomes were analyzed.ResultsA total of 64 ARDS patients with DAD were eligible for analysis and divided into known etiology (n = 17, 26.6%) and unknown etiology groups (n = 47, 73.4%). There was no significant difference in hospital mortality rate between the two groups (71.9% vs. 70.6%, p = 0.890). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score at the time of a diagnosis of ARDS, and SOFA score, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and positive end expiratory pressure level when the biopsy was performed were associated with hospital mortality. Multivariate analysis showed that the SOFA score on the day of the biopsy was an independent predictor of hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.413, 95% confidence interval 1.127–1.772; p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in the use, dose, duration and timing from ARDS to glucocorticoid therapy between the survivors and nonsurvivors.ConclusionFor selected ARDS patients who underwent an open lung biopsy with pathological DAD, SOFA score was an independent predictor of hospital mortality.