Independent Paths Research Articles

W-Net: Convolutional neural network for segmenting remote sensing images by dual path semantics.

In the latest research progress, deep neural networks have been revolutionized by frameworks to extract image features more accurately. In this study, we focus on an attention model that can be useful in deep neural networks and propose a simple but strong feature extraction deep network architecture, W-Net. The architecture of our W-Net network has two mutually independent path structures, and it is designed with the following advantages. (1) There are two independent effective paths in our proposed network structure, and the two paths capture more contextual information from different scales in different ways. (2) The two paths acquire different feature images, and in the upsampling approach, we use bilinear interpolation thus reducing the feature map distortion phenomenon and integrating the different images processed. (3) The feature image processing is at a bottleneck, and a hierarchical attention module is constructed at the bottleneck by reclassifying after the channel attention module and the spatial attention module, resulting in more efficient and accurate processing of feature images. During the experiment, we also tested iSAID, a massively high spatial resolution remote sensing image dataset, with further experimental data comparison to demonstrate the generality of our method for remote sensor image segmentation.

Transcriptome-wide association study coupled with eQTL analysis reveals the genetic connection between gene expression and flowering time in Arabidopsis.

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has improved our understanding of complex traits, but challenges exist in distinguishing causation versus association caused by linkage disequilibrium. Instead, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) detect direct associations between expression levels and phenotypic variations, providing an opportunity to better prioritize candidate genes. To assess the feasibility of TWAS, we investigated the association between transcriptomes, genomes, and various traits in Arabidopsis, including flowering time. The associated genes formerly known to regulate growth allometry or metabolite production were first identified by TWAS. Next, for flowering time, six TWAS-newly identified genes were functionally validated. Analysis of the expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) further revealed a trans-regulatory hotspot affecting the expression of several TWAS-identified genes. The hotspot covers the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene body, which possesses multiple haplotypes differentially affecting the expression of downstream genes, such as FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1). We also revealed multiple independent paths towards the loss of function of FRI in natural accessions. Altogether, this study demonstrates the potential of combining TWAS with eQTL analysis to identify important regulatory modules of FRI-FLC-SOC1 for quantitative traits in natural populations.

Some remarks on graphs with no induced subdivision of [formula omitted

For a positive integer n, we use Kn and Pn to denote a complete graph and an induced path on n vertices, respectively. A subdivision of G is a graph obtained from G by replacing the edges of G with independent paths of length at least one between their end vertices. A graph is said to be ISK4-free if it does not contain any subdivision of K4 as an induced subgraph. Lévêque, Maffray and Trotignon conjectured that every ISK4-free graph is 4-colorable. In this paper, we show that this conjecture is true for the class of P6-free graphs.

Extensions on spectral extrema of C5/C6-free graphs with given size

Let F denote a set of graphs. A graph G is said to be F-free if it does not contain any element of F as a subgraph. The Turán number is the maximum possible number of edges in an F-free graph with n vertices. It is well known that classical Turán type extremal problem aims to study the Turán number of fixed graphs. In 2010, Nikiforov [17] proposed analogously a spectral Turán type problem which asks to determine the maximum spectral radius of an F-free graph with n vertices. It attracts much attention and many such problems remained elusive open even after serious attempts, and so they are considered as one of the most intriguing problems in spectral extremal graph theory. It is interesting to consider another spectral Turán type problem which asks to determine the maximum spectral radius of an F-free graph with m edges. Denote by G(m,F) the set of F-free graphs with m edges having no isolated vertices. Each of the graphs among G(m,F) having the largest spectral radius is called a maximal graph. Let θp,q,r be a theta graph formed by connecting two distinct vertices with three independent paths of length p,q and r, respectively (length refers to the number of edges). In this paper, we firstly determine the unique maximal graph among G(m,θ1,2,3) and G(m,θ1,2,4), respectively. Then we determine all the maximal graphs among G(m,C5) (resp. G(m,C6)) excluding the book graph. These results extend some earlier results.

A Miniaturized Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Base Station Antenna Loaded With Duplex Baluns

A novel miniaturized dual-band and dual-polarized base station antenna loaded with duplex baluns is proposed in this letter. The duplex balun consists of a lower-band filter structure (LFS) and an upper-band filter structure (UFS). The LFS contains a stepped-impedance filter, an open-circuited stub, and an impedance matching section. The UFS contains a highpass filter and an impedance matching section. The proposed antenna has two independent current paths, which enables it to operate in dual bands, and the two paths are bent to achieve its small overall size. By miniaturizing the antenna and loading LFS&UFS, the operating bands of 1.71-2.17 GHz and 3.22-3.7 GHz, the compact size of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.24 \times 0.24 \times 0.18\lambda _{LL}^3$</tex-math></inline-formula> (λ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">_LL</i> is the wavelength at the lowest frequency of the lower band), the lower coupling coefficients(<-20dB), the normal in-band radiation characteristics, and good out-of-band suppression characteristics(>20dB at the lower-band ports as well as >23dB at the upper-band ports) are obtained. It represents an excellent scheme for 5G applications.

Performance Analysis of NOMA-Based Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Networks With CCI

Hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay networks (HSTRNs) which exploit relay cooperative technology in the integrated system of satellites and terrestrial base stations (BSs) are expected to offer enhanced transmission performance benefited from the spatial gain of independent fading paths. To enable multi-user accessing and resource sharing among users, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique can be applied in HSTRNs. In this paper, we consider a NOMA-based HSTRN where a satellite transmits signals to a relay base station (RBS) and a destination ground station (DGS), and RBS also serves a cellular user (CU) and DGS simultaneously by leveraging NOMA scheme. We assume that the satellite shares spectrum with a number of cellular small BSs (SBSs), hence SBSs will cause co-channel interference (CCI) to DGS, RBS and CU. We examine the transmission characteristics of the satellite and terrestrial links, and derive the closed-form expressions of the outage probability (OP) and average symbol error rate (ASER) of DGS and CU, respectively. Specially, we consider the effect of perfect and imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) on the ASER performance of CU. Then, considering the stochastic characteristics of satellite links and CCI, we analyze the mean energy efficiency (MEE) of the satellite and propose an optimal power allocation scheme which maximizes the MEE of the satellite and achieves system performance optimization. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis and the proposed power allocation scheme.

Mathematical Model of Network and Communication Node State in TensorField Algebraic Space Subject to Electromagnetic Pulse Lesion

The possibility of applying a tensor approach to the mathematical model construction of the network and communication node state in the algebraic space of tensor field is proposed, taking into account the factors of destructive impact by an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) causing functional damage to the structural elements of communication equipment (routers, controls, computing equipment and monitoring) of networks and communication nodes. To construct the specified mathematical model under conditions of destructive influence, taking into account the provisions of network tensor analysis, a 2-simplex structure at the router level is introduced: a set of closed and open paths connecting nodes with N possible connections in total. The whole set of structures is considered as a particular coordinate system within N-dimensional space, corresponding to various ways of connecting N branches, while maintaining their original number or moving from one set of independent paths to another within the analyzed space without loss of quality and performance characteristics of the communication equipment of networks and communication nodes. Taking into account the size, quantity of source data and multi-criteria, the solution of problems of optimizing the characteristics, properties and structure of a communication system that is subject to destructive influence, including networks and routing nodes, is carried out in parts, iteratively involving special methods. In future, the use of this model at the stage of the network and communication node parameter optimizing will allow to account them in the benefit of protection from negative (destructive) impact threats, followed by the mathematical model formation to ensure functional stability of networks and communication nodes of critical purpose.

Alkaline zero gap bipolar water electrolyzer for hydrogen production with independent fluid path

The production of green hydrogen by water splitting from renewable energy is of great significance for achieving sustainable energy development. Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the most economical and feasible route at present due to its earth-abundant catalysts, but it is desirable and crucial to improve the efficiency and purity of hydrogen production. Hydrogen production purity and energy consumption affect the fluctuation range of input power and economy respectively. In this paper, an electrolyzer with independent fluid flow path (IFP) is designed, which improves the problem of shutting current, hydrogen purity and hydrogen production efficiency. It has the characteristics of bipolar plate, zero gap and IFP. A test platform was built to verify its performance. The results showed that the IFP structure significantly improved the purity of hydrogen production, and the energy efficiency value increased by more than 3.29%.

An Innovative System of Deep In Situ Environment Reconstruction and Core Transfer

The reconstruction of deep in situ environment up to 95 °C and 70 MPa using water is critical for the fidelity testing of deep Earth rocks. The temperature and pressure of the water have strong coupling in such an environment, which makes the control of temperature and pressure very difficult. The paper firstly presents the design of the system of deep in situ environment reconstruction and core transfer (SERCT); secondly, for the problem of high temperature and pressure control, a pressure-temperature (P-T) interpolation control algorithm based on the iso–density P-T curves of water is proposed. A P-T coupling control path is decomposed into two independent interpolation paths: an iso–thermal pressure control and an iso–mass temperature control, which realizes the decoupling control of temperature and pressure. Then, a fuzzy-PID dual mode method is adopted for the pressure control after decoupling, which reduces the overshoot and the dynamic response time of the system. For temperature control, a segmented and grouped electric heating mode is designed to improve the uniformity of the temperature field. A fuzzy PID temperature control algorithm based on grey prediction is proposed to achieve high precision temperature control with small overshoot. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified by experiments.

Comparing Older Parents' and Adult Children's Fear of Falling and Perceptions of Age-Friendly Home Modification: An Integration of the Theories of Planned Behavior and Protection Motivation.

This study investigated how a fear of falling affects perceptions and behavioral intentions toward age-friendly home modification (AFHM) in older parents and adult children by integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain AFHM decision-making processes and the protection motivation theory to explain the impact of a fear of falling on AFHM intention. The target population comprised older parents (≥75 years old) and adult children (45-64 years old) in Busan, South Korea (N = 600). The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire in March 2022. Independent t-test and path model analyses were conducted to compare primary constructs between older parents and adult children and analyze the relationships among a fear of falling, TPB components, and AFHM intention. Results showed that both groups had positive attitudes toward AFHM. However, adult children showed significantly higher rates of having a fear of falling, lower perceived behavioral control, and higher AFHM intention than older parents. The proposed research models were partially supported in the older-parent group and fully supported in the adult-children group. Adult children play a critical role in AFHM, along with older adults who are directly involved in an aging society. AFHM-supporting programs, including monetary and human-force assistance, education, related public advertisements, and an active AFHM market, should be expanded.

Partial reuse of circadian clock genes along parallel clines of diapause in two moth species.

Understanding the molecular basis of repeated evolution improves our ability to predict evolution across the tree of life. Only since the last decade has high-throughput sequencing enabled comparative genome scans to thoroughly examine the repeatability of genetic changes driving repeated phenotypic evolution. The Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), and the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), are two closely related moths displaying repeatable phenological adaptation to a wide range of climates on two separate continents, largely manifesting as changes in the timing of diapause induction and termination across latitude. Candidate genes underlying diapause variation in North American ECB have been previously identified. Here, we sampled seven ACB populations across 23 degrees of latitude in China to elucidate the genetic basis of diapause variation and evolutionary mechanisms driving parallel clinal responses in the two species. Using pooled whole-genome sequencing (Pool-seq) data, population genomic analyses revealed hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) whose allele frequencies covaried with mean diapause phenotypes along the cline. Genes involved in circadian rhythm were over-represented among candidate genes with strong signatures of spatially varying selection. Only one of two circadian clock genes associated with diapause evolution in ECB showed evidence of reuse in ACB (period [per]), but per alleles were not shared between species nor with their outgroup, implicating independent mutational paths. Nonetheless, evidence of adaptive introgression was discovered at putative diapause loci located elsewhere in the genome, suggesting that de novo mutations and introgression might both underlie the repeated phenological evolution.

The Chinese Path to Modernization and Its Implications for the World: A Historical Perspective

ABSTRACT The Chinese path to modernization, explored by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), breaks the Western-created mindset that “modernization equals capitalism.” While overcoming the inherent problems brought about by Western modernization, problems that include polarization, ecological destruction and the supremacy of capital, China’s modernization also refutes the myth that “modernization equals Westernization.” It serves as a proof that developing countries can take an independent path to modernization based on their own national conditions and historical traditions. Through its successful practice, China’s modernization has given the lie to the Western-centric concepts of the “end of history” and the “clash of civilizations.” It has brought deep changes to the world landscape, and is exerting a profound influence on the trend of development of world history.

ЦІЛІСНИЙ РОЗВИТОК ОСОБИСТОСТІ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ФАХІВЦЯ

According to a wide variety of information, for a young person who embarks on an independent path (in scientific publications this period is called the level of personal development), the specific thing is the dominance not of an educational institution, not of learning, not of entertainment and recreation, but of society, of course, in each individual; s own worldview. The peculiarity of a person, which determines the significant characteristics of his / her nature, is the systemic unity of special objectively determined creative activity – operations and subjectivity, which contains the necessity, need, ability and possibility of changing, expanding, projecting such activity, treating it as acondition of one; being and one; growth and holistic development in it. In ontogenesis, there is not only development, growing up – at the level of mastering the complete, specialized qualities and properties of a species, but also development with open boundary lines – development-self-development. This involves expanding one capabilities beyond biologically determined growing up, and developing on the basis of expanding conditions and changing one environment and oneself in it. Self- development is initially a determining factor of the movement. The growth of human development in ontogenesis is an important structural component of this process, where the effective and original quality of implementation depends on the extent to which a person becomes a real subject of his / her subjective development and self-development. The degree and level of self-development are determined by its real manifestation in the evolution and differential development of the subject effectiveness. Self-development of the subject, which is manifested in the growth and development of his / her subjectivity, ability and need for self-determination, self-knowledge, in its essence implies the need and necessity of realizing the achieved level, with a tendency to self- realization as a condition and result of not only evaluating oneself and one capabilities , but also defining oneself among others. We mean self- realization, which implies belonging to society in its effectiveness as a condition for further self-development. Self-realization implies the individual belonging to society in its effectiveness as a condition for further self-development. Any activity of an individual projects his / her involvement in the social field, his / her functioning in the system of social relations.

Physical-layer key generation based on multipath channel diversity using dynamic metasurface antennas

Physical layer key generation (PKG) technology leverages the reciprocal channel randomness to generate the shared secret keys. The low secret key capacity of the existing PKG schemes is due to the reduction in degree-of-freedom from multipath fading channels to multipath combined channels. To improve the wireless key generation rate, we propose a multipath channel diversity-based PKG scheme. Assisted by dynamic metasurface antennas (DMA), a two-stage multipath channel parameter estimation algorithm is proposed to efficiently realize super-resolution multi-path parameter estimation. The proposed algorithm first estimates the angle of arrival (AOA) based on the reconfigurable radiation pattern of DMA, and then utilizes the results to design the training beamforming and receive beamforming to improve the estimation accuracy of the path gain. After multipath separation and parameter estimation, multi-dimensional independent path gains are utilized for generating secret keys. Finally, we analyze the security and complexity of the proposed scheme and give an upper bound on the secret key capacity in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the secret key capacity compared with the existing schemes.

Quantum-enabled millimetre wave to optical transduction using neutral atoms.

Early experiments with transiting circular Rydberg atoms in a superconducting resonator laid the foundations of modern cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics1, and helped explore the defining features of quantum mechanics such as entanglement. Whereas ultracold atoms and superconducting circuits have since taken rather independent paths in the exploration of new physics, taking advantage of their complementary strengths in an integrated system enables access to fundamentally new parameter regimes and device capabilities2,3. Here we report on such a system, coupling an ensemble of cold 85Rb atoms simultaneously to an, as far as we are aware, first-of-its-kind optically accessible, three-dimensional superconducting resonator4 and a vibration-suppressed optical cavity in a cryogenic (5 K) environment. To demonstrate the capabilities of this platform, and with an eye towards quantum networking5, we leverage the strong coupling between Rydberg atoms and the superconducting resonator to implement a quantum-enabled millimetre wave (mmwave) photon to optical photon transducer6. We measured an internal conversion efficiency of 58(11)%, a conversion bandwidth of 360(20) kHz and added thermal noise of 0.6 photons, in agreement with a parameter-free theory. Extensions of this technique will allow near-unity efficiency transduction in both the mmwave and microwave regimes. More broadly, our results open a new field of hybrid mmwave/optical quantum science, with prospects for operation deep in the strong coupling regime for efficient generation of metrologically or computationally useful entangled states7 and quantum simulation/computation with strong non-local interactions8.

A Scalable Tree Based Path Planning for a Service Robot

Path planning plays a vital role in a mobile robot navigation system. It essentially generates a shortest traversable path between two given points. There are many path planning algorithms proposed by researchers all over the world, however, there are very little work focussing on path planning for a service environment. The general assumption are either the environment is fully known or unknown. Both the cases will not be suitable for a service environment. Afully known environment will restrict further expansion in terms of number of navigation points and unknown environment would give an inefficient path. Unlike other environments, service environments have certain factors to be considered, like user friendliness, repeatability, scalability and portability which are very essential for a service robot. In this paper a simple, efficient, robust and environment independent path planning algorithm for an indoor mobile servicerobot is presented. Initially the robot is trained to navigate to all the possible destinations sequentially with minimal user interface which will ensure the robot knows partial paths in the environment. With the trained data the path planning algorithm maps all the logical paths between all the destinations, which helps in autonomous navigation. The algorithm is implemented and tested using 2D simulator Player/Stage. The proposed system is tested with two differentservice environment layouts and proved to have features like scalability, trainability, accuracy and repeatability. The algorithm is compared with various classical path planning algorithms and the results shows that proposed path planning algorithm is in par with the other algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficient path generation.

Path sampling and integration method to calculate speckle patterns.

A stable speckle pattern is generated when a coherent beam illuminates a stationary scattering medium that contains numerous scatterers with fixed positions. To date, there has been no valid method to the best of our knowledge for calculating the speckle pattern of a macro medium with a large number of scatterers. Here, a new method based on possible path sampling with corresponding weights and coherent superposition is presented for the simulation of optical field propagation in a scattering medium and output speckle patterns. In this method, a photon is launched onto a medium with fixed scatterers. It propagates in one direction; upon collision with a scatterer, its direction is updated. The procedure is repeated until it exits the medium. A sampled path is obtained in this manner. By repeatedly launching photons, numerous independent optical paths can be sampled. A speckle pattern, corresponding to the probability density of the photon, is formed by the coherent superposition of sufficiently sampled path lengths ending on a receiving screen. This method can be used in sophisticated studies of the influences of medium parameters, motion of scatterers, sample distortions on speckle distributions, and morphological appearances. It can be used for micro-examination of optical fields in scattering media and may inspire new methods and techniques for non-invasive precision detection and diagnosis of scattering media.

CryptoMaze: Privacy-Preserving Splitting of Off-Chain Payments

Payment protocols developed to realize off-chain transactions in Payment channel network (PCN) assumes the underlying routing algorithm transfers the payment via a single path. However, a path may not have sufficient capacity to route a transaction. It is inevitable to split the payment across multiple paths. If we run independent instances of the protocol on each path, the execution may fail in some of the paths, leading to partial transfer of funds. A payer has to reattempt the entire process for the residual amount. We propose a secure and privacy-preserving payment protocol, CryptoMaze. Instead of independent paths, the funds are transferred from sender to receiver across several payment channels responsible for routing, in a breadth-first fashion. Payments are resolved faster at reduced setup cost, compared to existing state-of-the-art. Correlation among the partial payments is captured, guaranteeing atomicity. Further, two party ECDSA signature is used for establishing scriptless locks among parties involved in the payment. It reduces space overhead by leveraging on core Bitcoin scripts. We provide a formal model in the Universal Composability framework and state the privacy goals achieved by CryptoMaze. We compare the performance of our protocol with the existing single path based payment protocol, Multi-hop HTLC, applied iteratively on one path at a time on several instances. It is observed that CryptoMaze requires less communication overhead and low execution time, demonstrating efficiency and scalability.

Analyzing Multi-Channel and Single-Channel on Multi independent Paths of Ad-Hoc Sensor Network

The Ad Hoc routing protocols include the route rediscover algorithms. Thus, a desirable aim for any routing protocol is to design an effective and rapid route recovery technique to rebuild the broken link. This study presents Multiple Node Index in Multi-Channel (MNIMC) and Multiple Node Index in Single-Channel (MNISC) as two novel route discovery techniques. MNIMC integrates multiple pathways and channels to create an alternate path. MNIMC reroutes the data packet via a different route in previously detected channels. Furthermore, it works with numerous link failures. MNIMC nodes are considered multi-transceiver enabled, in contrast to MNISC, which enables several routes and a single channel. Using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2), the MNIMC and MNISC schemes are developed and thoroughly tested. Simulation results demonstrate that the suggested approach improves packet delivery ratio, throughput, and end-to-end latency.

Enhancement of failure independent path protection preconfigured cycles for electric power communication networks

For the purpose of improving the resources utilization efficiency and decrease network redundancy of electric power communication network (EPCN), the paper explores using failure independent path protection preconfigured cycle (FIPP p-Cycle) to provide backup paths for electric communication service and presents a protection algorithm of enhanced FIPP p-Cycle with traffic grooming (EFIPP-TG). Firstly, the multiplexing conditions of FIPP p-Cycle are analyzed specifically, and we propose a FIPP p-Cycle multiplexing algorithm to improve the utilization efficiency of backup resources. Then segment protection algorithm for working path is designed to decrease service blocking ratio as much as possible. In addition, by taking advantage of traffic grooming strategy, the routing paths of services are optimized, yielding effective decrease of network blocking probability. Simulation results from different topologies demonstrate that compared with traditional FIPP p-Cycle scheme, other p-Cycle based protection algorithms and shared backup path protection algorithm, the proposed EFIPP-TG algorithm can significantly reduce the redundancy and blocking probability of networks, shorten the length of backup path and hence improve the reliability of service and performance of network survivability.