National Independence Research Articles

Implementation of the policy of technological sovereignty in China

The article analyzes the current policy of ensuring technological sovereignty in China in the context of growing global turbulence. For half a century, China has traditionally paid significant attention both to the country's innovative technological development and national independence at the state and public levels in this area. For that the state provides financing for leading breakthrough innovative and technological areas, contributes to the growth of demand for innovations in the national economy among legal entities and individuals, forms a self- developing institutional structure of the innovation ecosystem, creates conditions for personnel growth. Due to international cooperation and China's desire to enter the global innovation system for effective interaction at the global level, the country has significantly advanced in the world innovation rankings and achieved substantial results in a number of key technologies. At the same time, the Chinese leadership sets new long-term goals and forms appropriate plans for the development of the innovation sector in order to achieve new results implying the challenges that China faces in the technological sphere against the background of the trade war unleashed against the PRC by the United States and a number of other Western countries. The purpose of the article is to analyze the stages of China's innovative and technological development, as well as the results that the country has managed to achieve over a number of decades. The article shows that China has sufficient potential to ensure technological sovereignty in key technological areas based on a common high and dynamically developing economic situation, a capacious domestic market, significant financial opportunities – national and attracted – and international cooperation.

VATANPARVARLIK TUSHUNCHASINING G’OYAVIY ASOSLARI

In this article, the concept of patriotism and its essence, strengthening of national independence in today's globalization processes, issues of its importance in ensuring the country's security are scientifically and theoretically analyzed, and practical suggestions are given.

“Higher up, further” approaching air transport in postcolonial Africa through the biographies of planes

The 1960s were a pivotal moment for global air transport: the confluence of the technological innovations of the jet age and the formal decolonisation of most African countries resulted in a new connectivity between Africa and the world, as global aerial mobility rapidly intensified. This paper focuses on the multifaceted role of the jet plane in this process. Jets as flag carriers were key objects in terms of national representation on foreign ground for the newly independent nations. They featured prominently as icons of postcolonial African modernity, were diplomatic tools in the Cold War context and were valuable business assets in a competitive global market. The biographies of the first African-owned jets, Air Afrique's DC-8s and Ethiopian Airlines’ Boeing 720Bs, were analysed for this paper. Following these biographies brings to the fore the social life of planes as a new and exciting research avenue for postcolonial aerial infrastructure and geographies.

The emergence and role of Lancaster in Mexican public education

The Lancaster mutual teaching model originated in late 18th century England and quickly spread to the American colonies after receiving positive responses in Europe. In the 1820s, renowned Spanish physician, educator, and publisher Manuel Codorniú Ferreras brought it to Mexico, making outstanding contributions to the newly independent nation in educational philosophy, system, and methods. In the mid-19th century, with the absence of a centralized institution for public education in Mexico, the Lancaster Company took on the significant responsibility of guiding the direction of national public education development. Although this function did not persist for too long due to political changes in Mexico, the educational system continued to play an important role in the Mexican education sector. The Lancaster Company and its teaching system exerted a positive and profound influence on the democratization and secularization of education in Mexico, laying important foundations for the modernization and reform of Mexican education.

Effectiveness of an institution-based adapted physical activity programme versus a home-based self-management programme for chronic poststroke adults: protocol for a randomised controlled study

IntroductionPhysical activity (PA) protects the cardiovascular system and reduces the risk of stroke recurrence. However, most stroke survivors have significantly lower daily PA levels than those recommended. Adapted PA programmes...

The role of international institutions in stabilising the global legal order: Assessing impact and effectiveness

Abstract The article delves into the complexities of defining legal world order and security in the aftermath of the Cold War, investigating how the notion of security has broadened in the era of globalisation. It aims to evaluate different theoretical frameworks concerning international security and their adaptation to changes in the global environment. The research uses dialectical and hermeneutic principles to dissect the topic. It employs systemic-structural and functional methods to explore the involvement of international organisations in global security. A range of research methodologies, including analogy, historicism, formal-logical analysis, and situational analysis, are employed to delve into the studied matters. The article underscores various significant discoveries, notably the waning influence of the United Nations (UN) as a comprehensive global institution today. It stresses the importance for the global community to confront the geopolitical shifts and difficulties of the 21st century. Presently, global politics are marked by enduring instability, and the current peacekeeping and conflict resolution mechanisms need to demonstrate more in tackling contemporary hybrid challenges and threats. The article concludes by asserting that the current framework for handling international affairs needs to be revised to meet the demands of the 21st century. It emphasises the necessity of simplifying interactions among independent nations, updating collaborative institutions, and forming a capable supervisory entity to bolster global security. The research advocates for establishing fresh international legal standards covering diverse areas of global cooperation and reinforcing international organisational frameworks to address evolving global issues. The successful and prompt execution of these strategies is deemed crucial for the well-being of humanity in the future.

India’s North Border Conflicts: Between Reality and Fiction

Ever since the Republic of India became an independent nation in 1947, the Indian state has strived to keep its territorial integrity, in spite of the numerous territorial claims made by neighboring states. Firstly, the Kashmir region is home to both Muslim and Hindu populations; therefore, when the Indian and Pakistani states were created, the region was split between the two new states. However, both states hold the belief that the entirety of the Kashmir region should be part of their territory. This situation sparked numerous local conflicts and four local wars (1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999). Secondly, another disputed area is located on the border with the People’s Republic of China, as the Chinese state does not recognize the McMahon Line, which was agreed upon by British India and Tibet. This led to the conflict in 1962 and to a tension-filled relationship between China and India. This paper approaches both the historical evolution of the conflicts and the way in which these two conflict areas are portrayed in literature. While Veera Hiranandani, in The Night Diary (2018), and Khushwant Singh, in Train to Pakistan (1956), focus on the conflicts between Muslims and Hindus after the partition of India and Pakistan, Salman Rushdie, in Midnight’s Children (1981), analyzes the traumas of the conflict in Kashmir. Furthermore, Jon Cleary, in Pulse of Danger (1966), presents the context of the Sino-Indian war. The most disturbing novel about the Indian conflicts is Humphrey Hawksley’s novel, Dragon Fire (2000), because the author presents an apocalyptic war between the Republic of India, on one side, and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan allied with the People’s Republic of China, on the other side.

Contribution of Islamic Figures in the Formulation of Pancasila

This research aims to analyze the contribution of Islamic figures in the formulation of Pancasila. This research is qualitative research using the library research model, historical approach, political approach, and figure study. The political approach referred to in this research is a paradigm review that adopts the thoughts of figures, namely the main figures in the research (KH. Agus Salim and KH Wahid Hasyim) and other nationalist groups, both religious and secular. Primary sources in this research refer to writings written by the figure who is the subject of the research, namely the writings of KH. Agus Salim and KH. Wahid Hasyim. The method used in this research is to collect information and review books, literature, notes, and various reports related to the problem at hand. The data analysis techniques used in this research consist of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research reveal that Pancasila is the foundational philosophy of the Republic of Indonesia, consisting of five principles that guide the nation. While Pancasila itself is not directly derived from Islamic teachings, some Islamic figures have played roles in the formulation and development of the philosophy, especially during Indonesia's struggle for independence. It's important to note that Pancasila aims to be inclusive and is not specific to any particular religious or ideological group. While Pancasila incorporates universal values, including social justice, democracy, and national unity, it has roots in Indonesia's cultural and religious diversity. The influence of Islamic figures during the formulation of Pancasila reflects the collaborative effort to create a philosophy that could serve as a unifying force for the newly independent nation. In conclusion, the contribution of Islamic figures in the formulation of Pancasila is a testament to the inclusive and collaborative spirit that prevailed during Indonesia's struggle for independence. The resulting philosophy seeks to accommodate the nation's religious and cultural diversity while promoting values of justice, unity, and social welfare. The efforts of these Islamic figures have helped shape Indonesia as a nation that values pluralism and tolerance.

MODERN FRENCH AND AZERBAİJANİ POETRY AT THE LEVEL OF COMPARATİVİSTİCS

In the article, the stages of development of Azerbaijani poetry from the 19th century to the 20th–21st centuries, which were accompanied by fundamental changes, were reviewed. It has been noted that the wars that took place at the beginning of the 20th century and the strict rules and regulations applied by the Soviet regime had an undeniable influence on our literature. It was at that time, during the years of Repression, prominent representatives of Azerbaijani poetry were subjected to political oppression and persecution, exiled and shot. The names of the poets who played a special role in the development of Azerbaijani poetic thought during the Soviet period were mentioned, and at the same time, the genre and form innovations they brought to our poetry were shown. Starting from the 60s, poets and writers began to deepen their view of man and his spiritual world. This movement, which began in literature for the sake of freedom of speech and thought, political thought, pluralism, national independence, and social justice, was continued in the 70s and 90s, and finally achieved its prospective goals with the acquisition of political sovereignty and state independence of Azerbaijan. The trend of critical realism that prevailed in Azerbaijani poetry in the 19th century was replaced by socialism- realism in the 20th century. The names of the leading representatives of this current have been mentioned. The article compares the similarities and differences of both French and Azerbaijani poetry of the 20th century in terms of literary trends, form, content, and genre, citing the names of poets and showing examples. In particular, the poems of the French surrealist poet Jacques Préver are compared to the poems of Rasul Rza and Huseyn Javid and Adil Mirseyid. The article also examines the form and content of the newest poets distinguished by their innovation in 21st century Azerbaijani poetry.

Bangladesh-Pakistan Conflict: An Overview

The Bangladesh-Pakistan conflict, rooted in the events of 1971, marked a pivotal moment in South Asian history. The conflict emerged from deep-seated political, economic, and cultural disparities between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (now Pakistan). Despites East Pakistan's larger population, political power was concentrated in West Pakistan, leading to widespread discontent. In the 1970 general elections, the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a majority but was denied power, igniting demands for autonomy in East Pakistan. The situation escalated on March 25, 1971, when the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight, a brutal crackdown aimed at quelling the independence movement. This resulted in mass atrocities, including killings, rapes, and the displacement of millions. The ensuing Bangladesh Liberation War saw the emergence of the Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army), with significant civilian support for independence. India's intervention, both in terms of support for the Mukti Bahini and direct military involvement, was crucial in the conflict's resolution. The war ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces on December 16, 1971, leading to the creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation. The conflict caused extensive loss of life and destruction, leaving a legacy of strained Bangladesh-Pakistan relations and ongoing efforts to address the war's human rights violations.

광복회 지부조직과 핵심인물에 대하여

Gangwon-do, and Jeolla-do, and inns and general stores were established across the country as bases. The organization of the Liberation Association expanded not only to national angles but also to Seogando and Bukgando. The Liberation Association was a secret association that, despite the tyrannical unauthorized rule of Japanese imperialism based on the military police system in the 1910s, united independence movement forces to resist the unauthorized rule of colony of Japanese Imperialism and sought national independence.

Human-Centric Digitization in Montenegro: Progress through 17 Years of National Independence and Future Trends

Montenegro restored its national independence in 2006, and in the 17 years since then, the country has made significant progress in digital transformation, which is especially important for its accession to the European Union. In this paper, this period of 17 years of Montenegrin digital transformation is reviewed. The work aims to provide comprehensive coverage of the digitization processes across all relevant sectors, including healthcare, education, telecommunications and internet, personal and public transportation, tourism, agriculture, energy and sustainability, and public administration. The human-centric nature of digitization is emphasized where relevant, as well as related future trends. This paper also highlights barriers and limitations, such as the lack of consideration for cooperative intelligent transportation systems in national strategies, and user-related issues in digital public administration.

Theatre of the Absurd, Pre-Election Matters and the Future of Democracy in Nigeria: Reflections on APC V Machina

The practice of theatre of the absurd is more present and popular with politicians in Africa than with playwrights. Particularly in Nigeria, the grotesque images and ridiculousness in the utterances of those saddled with the responsibilities of governance can only be viewed as characters in any known absurdist’ play. Nigeria is a nascent democracy, and the 2023 general elections are fraught with inadequacies right from the moment of selection of party candidates through the election proper. Candidates, political parties executives and the court have engineered these inadequacies. The concern of court being the last hope of common man, is on the administration of justice as perceived by parties involved in a case and the society. Therefore, a flawed judgment can only serve to dampen the peoples’ belief in the sanctity of the judiciary. On 28th May 2022, Bashir Machina contested and won the All Progressive Congress’s Yobe North Senatorial primary election unopposed, and in June the same year, the political party submitted the name of Ahmad Lawan to the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) as its candidate for the main election into the Senate. In the ensuing litigation, both lower court and court of appeal affirmed the authentic candidacy of Machina, however, the Supreme Court in its judgment, affirmed Ahmad Lawan as the APC candidate for the election to the Senate. It is against this background that this study examines APC v Machina and argued that in this particular case, justice has been perceived not to have been done by the large segment of the society based on the peoples reaction in the media. We conclude that the five justices of the Supreme Court with divided resolution of three against two, and other participants in the litigation, merely represent different characters of an absurd drama fit only for the stage.

რუსეთ-უკრაინის ურთიერთობა და პერსპექტივები

The article is dedicated to the Russian-Ukrainian relations, that finds its roots from the deep historical past and issues number of important aspects of these relations. Russia views Ukraine as a part of its own strategical objective, which does not give the ability to the latter to form itself as an independent and sovereign nation. The key issue in the article is dedicated to the western role and its importance, which brings the occurring Russian-Ukrainian crisis on the global scale. In the article, main reasons of the escalation of RussianUkrainian relations are factors, such as Ukrainian aspiration of joining NATO and the general integration process in the European Union, as well as the asymmetrical attitude between the two nations including Russian perception of Ukraine as underdeveloped and failed state. The main reason of these intensified relations is the fear of insecurity by the Russian Federation, which finds its roots from its loss of influence on Ukraine. Meanwhile, the article also stipulates such a formidable conception as the theory of mutual dependance and the balance of power. In the section of above-mentioned theories is analyzed not only Russian-Ukrainian relations but objectives and missions of other nations with the state-of-interest as well. Research proves that the regulation of current crisis between the Russian Federation and Ukraine is possible in case of declaring Ukraine as the neutral state, which can become a possibility after the governmental changes in Ukraine.

Herman Bang og det sydøstlige Europa – med særligt henblik på Østrig

This article presents an in-depth account of the Danish writer Herman Bang’s preoccupation with southeastern Europe and, in particular, Austria. Visiting the various countries served as a source of artistic inspiration but also presented Bang with material which he, also being a prolific journalist, could utilise for writing articles for various Danish newspapers. These articles, a large selection of which are quoted in the present article, contain snapshots of picturesque sceneries and cultural sites as well as commentaries on political issues during a period when a number of countries under the Austrian-Hungarian Empire were in the process of gaining national independence. Furthermore, the present article has traced and documented the instances where Bang in his fictional work includes observations from his many journeys to the southeastern countries as well as Austria. The article concludes with the first bibliography listing Bang’s works which over the years have been translated from Danish to Bulgarian, Czech, Hungarian and Romanian as well as texts published in Austria.

Research on the Linguistic Landscape of Memorial of Northeast China Revolutionary Martyrs

The use of language in red education bases is an important part of linguistic landscape research. The red education bases in Harbin not only represent the local revolutionary history and spirit, but also are important symbols of the Chinese people's struggle for national independence and people's liberation. Taking Memorial of Northeast China Revolutionary Martyrs as an example, the paper uses qualitative and quantitative analyses to examine the use of the linguistic landscape of the red educational bases in Harbin City from the perspectives of code types and combinations, dominant codes, and functional classifications, and to point out the various problems and their coping strategies, with a view to better understanding and grasping the current situation of the history and inheritance of the red culture in Harbin, providing theoretical support for the subsequent protection and inheritance, promoting the overall red culture in China, and providing a better understanding of the history and inheritance of the red culture in Harbin. In order to better understand and grasp the history and inheritance status of Harbin red culture, provide theoretical support for the subsequent protection and inheritance work, and promote the overall inheritance and development of Chinese red culture.

The Libyan askaris on the eve of national independence: two life stories across different strategies of intermediation

ABSTRACT Italian colonial authorities heavily relied on the askaris (i.e. native soldiers) throughout the history of colonialism to alleviate the economic and political burdens of colonial warfare. For that, the askaris became privileged intermediaries for the Italians and emerged as a de facto elite within colonial society, seeking social mobility for themselves and their families. After the end of the Second World War, the askaris lost their role as soldiers, but gained new relevance as political intermediaries for Italian or British plans regarding the final resolution of the Italian colonies affaire. The article delves into the life stories of two askaris, which were documented by the author on 3rd November 2009, in Tripoli. Their memories highlight the relationships of friendship or intimacy that existed with the colonisers and showcase the askaris’ ability to downplay colonial elements of domination and oppression through their intermediation. Being an askar entailed, on one hand, questioning the political and racial boundaries of society, and on the other hand, challenging the agendas of nationalist groups. The transition to independence indeed involved a struggle between colonisers and the colonised, as well as among various groups of colonial subjects, all vying for power within the post-colonial State and society.

CONFLICTS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN THE POST-COMMUNIST SPACE (IN THE CASE OF POST-COMMUNIST UZBEKISTAN)

Because of national independence, post-colonial, post-communist Central Asian values, such as democracy, pluralism, human rights and freedoms, entered the region. Such an important historical event occurred in 1991 after the collapse of the totalitarian, violent communist political regime called the USSR. The violent political system and its ideology disappeared, but its social psychology and mentality remained to a certain extent in the life of society and came into conflict with the values of the new, democratic thought. This was observed in the field of national identity, national self-awareness. The article analyzes the conflicts between the new, democratic values and the national perception inherited from the past in the field of social consciousness after national independence in the post-communist space, on the example of Uzbekistan, one of the leading countries of the Central Asian region, which is building a democratic society.

Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and the Conduct of Elections in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of Maurice Iwu and Attahiru Jega’s Administration

Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and the Conduct of Elections in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of Maurice Iwu and Attahiru Jega’s Administration

Declaration on the Common Language (Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku, 2017): Anti-nationalist Provocation, or a Reflection of Objective Reality?

The language policy of the states in which Serbo-Croatian was the official language at the time has not always been the same either in the historical plan or in the present. From the first half of the 19th century until the establishment of the Yugoslav state (1918), a part of the Serbian and Croatian elites was characterized by a search for ways to find a mutually acceptable standard for their common written language. This process then continued under changed political conditions after 1918, but without romantic notions, especially on the part of the Croatian political and professional community. The rejection of the sociolinguistic project of a common written language with the Serbs manifested itself first during the Second World War (1941–45), then in the period 1967–71, and finally in the new Croatian Constitution of 1990. Linguistic issues related to the specifics of the language of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina began to emerge in the late 1960s, but only came into full force after the break-up of the SFR Yugoslavia (1992). The four national communities using Serbo-Croatian (and then in a separate form Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin) during the Yugoslav era generated a total of seven declaratory texts with different scope, content, accents and conclusions between 1967 and 2007. All of them, however, were united by their linguistic nationalism – from moderate and rather defensive to radical and offensive. The eighth was the Declaration on a Common Language (2017), another decade later, the nature of which contradicts many of the postulates proclaimed in previous declaratory texts. This approach has been described by many critics as a marginal effort to return to Serbo-Croatian or even as a provocation that contradicts the relevant constitutional articles and that threatens national independence. The authors of the Declaration, however, point out that their declaration does not mandate anything, does not oblige anyone, does not discriminate against anyone, but tries to point out the obvious shortcomings of the existing language policy in the post-Serbo-Croatian space, which lead to linguistic segregation in schools and other unusual and even defective manifestations caused by the alleged otherness of the four written languages mentioned above. At the same time, they offer a relatively simple and appropriate model of how to understand and interpret the linguistic situation in the territory of the former Serbo-Croatian language, e.g. in the university teaching of Slavic studies.