Independent Kazakhstan Research Articles

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЛИЧНОСТНОГО ЗНАНИЯ В СТАНОВЛЕНИИ И РАЗВИТИИ НАУКИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО КАЗАХСТАНА

In the conditions of science-intensive economy formation, according to the strategy “Kazakhstan-2050” a lot of attention is paid to the formation and development of the science of independent Kazakhstan. The concept of personal knowledge of Michael Polanyi allows making more complex and detailed analysis of trends and processes taking place in the scientific environment of the republic. It is based on the fact that Polanyi’s theory, who is the English chemist, physicist and philosopher, representative of post-positivism, presupposes significant influence of the environment around us in the process of scientific study and research, due to which great discoveries occur, and the cognitive process is generally built. At the first stage, the researcher focuses on certain objects and phenomena, going deeper into the surrounding reality. But by becoming involved more and more, transformations can occur, as a result of which new subjects and objects of research emerge from the environment. And vice versa, the subjects on which the scientist was focused earlier can go out of the attention of his research and take a secondary position in the study environment. In this regard, the concept of personal knowledge has an appliedcharacter in the issue of the formation and development of science in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Thearticle gives many examples based on the concept of M. Polanyi, as well as his own example of choosinga topic and writing a master’s thesis.

ҚАЗАҚСТАН ЖӘНЕ ӘЛЕМДІК ҚАУЫМДАСТЫҚ

The article describes the history of the formation of an independent state of The article describes the history of the formation of the state of independent Kazakhstan and its membership in international organizations, as well as the activities of the country within the organization. In his article, the author draws attention to the country’s activities in organizations in the field of security. In particular, the Organization for security and cooperation in Europe (OSCE) can be noted as an organization having priority at the beginning of the formation of the state property of independent Kazakhstan. Also, the essence of the activities and initiatives of our country within the framework of the organization will be revealed, including the activities of the Shanghai cooperation organization. The article also noted that the partnership relations with different unions. The author assesses the history and direction of development of relations between our country and NATO. The author systematically shows the work done in the foreign policy of the country, and analyzes its achievements. The results will help in the disclosure of individual topics on international relations, political science and Motherland history.

Regional urban studies as a promising trend in Kazakhstan linguistics

s, including the use of urbonymic systems from the point of view of their communicative existence. Urbonymes, their typology, linguistic analysis of functioning of systems of Kazakhstan cities-related onomastic terms are promising issues of Kazakhstan’s Russian studies. The authors emphasize the close relation of onomastic processes to the society life. The formation of onomastic space of independent Kazakhstan and the definition of its national expression are considered by the researchers as one of the most important problems of the modern Kazakhstan linguistics. Language planning and language policy should become an integral part of a general policy aimed at improving the social, economic and cultural situation in the city. This provision is significant for the nomination process in Pavlodar, the onomastic system of which, like of a similar system of any Kazakhstan city, reflects the sociocultural changes taking and having already taken place. The article specifically shows promising new approaches to the study of the city, in particular, from the standpoint of study of general cultural landscape of the city.

The Ideas and Methods: Realization of Modern Artists of Kazakhstan in Creative Works through Colour Distribution of Paintings - Muratbayev

The article features color combination and painting techniques of the Kazakh artists, such as Muratbayev, Muratbayev, Bube Belly, Akzhan Fbdieva and Nartay Zhardemov. Realization of color combinations can be accomplished through the following way: all of creative works/images, which come together in tone and color correlations, are proportional to visual image; the main integrity of fine art works is only the image in the soul of the artist - “work in soul”. The main part of Art works/paintings is being in harmony within themselves. Hence, the artists of modern era in Kazakhstan have been able to use harmony techniques in their art works. A person is in harmony with nature. It can be seen from mountain shapes, valleys, trees and grasses, animals and birds, which are perceptive to human brain and human eyes. Crucial factors have been rhythm and symmetry, the eternal harmony of creators. The universal manifestation of rhythm and symmetry leads to single order of all that are present in nature. 21st century’s Art of Independent Kazakhstan is expressed through аesthetics, language, implements of the high visual art. Art of Independent Kazakhstan is covering continuity of cultural, political, historical signs of the modern art. Therefore, paintings of Independent Kazakhstan are unique in their structure. They have been developed for 25 years in correlation with other art forms, improving the new directions, as well as forms and genres. The art works and paintings of Independent Kazakhstan form their own aesthetic language, specific modern methods, national traditions and particular art language of the graphic works, as well as the new directions of Kazakhstan’s paintings that have resulted from certain specific factors. That is why it is important to understand the main directions of Visual Art of Independent Kazakhstan’s artists, along with the color combination and painting techniques that they have used. Hence, that is what this paper is addressing.

The historical aspect of the formation of the diplomatic practice of independent Kazakhstan

The historical aspect of the formation of the diplomatic practice of independent Kazakhstan

Sociopolitical associations in independent Kazakhstan: Evolution of the phenomenon

This article examines the evolution of political parties in the Republic of Kazakhstan from the time the nation gained its independence after the dissolution of the USSR to the present (1991–2016). In the 25 years that have passed since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the political system in Kazakhstan has developed considerably and undergone a number of essential changes. This paper attempts to analyse the process of party construction in Kazakhstan and the factors that have influenced that process. In particular, we investigate the role of laws and constitutional reforms connected with the party system.

Mythologization of History and the Invention of Tradition in Kazakhstan

This paper is dedicated to the issue of mythologized history andthe invention of traditions in independent Kazakhstan. Every nation state encounters this phenomenon, but it is particularly relevant during the struggle for independent and the process of state building. In this article the author reviews different sources for this in Kazakhstanand reviews often-encountered topics, which are used by mythologizators. First of all, there is the effort to show that the Kazakhs are a very ancient people and tribes and people that were well-known in ancient history like the Sumerians, Sakas, Huns and other ethnic groups were in fact Kazakh tribes. They also often try to prove that Chingiz khan was a Kazakh. Most of those who create these myths are not professional historians, they are mobilizorsof ethnicity, and usually they are physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. They invent traditions too. The mythologized history of Kazakhstan has various functions, one of them to delineate the territory of state. Another is to prove the special claims to authority of some Kazakh tribes. These myths are also used to counter the claims of other peoples to the territory of Kazakhstan.

In search of a "new" Sovietology, new Post-Sovietology or Central Asian Studies…

The Euro-American, Kazakh and Russian studies naturally raised and are still raising the question of the future Sovietology, Post-Sovietology and even Post-Post- Sovietology caused by the USSR collapse and understanding the need to rethink the theoretical and methodological foundations to study the New Independent States / CIS as a whole and in the Central Asian region, in particular. Sovietology could not adequately reflect the changed reality. The author demonstrates the consistency and inconsistency of sovietology concerning the question about Kazakhstan history, as colonization, russification, sovietization and etc. The socio-economic development of independent Kazakhstan evaluated by foreign researchers was taken as an example in order to show traits of Sovietology inherited earlier. Guided by the inequality of the world order and sovietology experience, the objective and impartial theoretical and methodological basis to study CIS space is required. Otherwise, methodological inconsistency of Sovietology and PostSovietology in explanation and understanding of the political and socio-cultural processes in the territory of CIS will be a natural phenomenon. The "special way" of study, neoinstitutional approach, historical, comparative and pluralist approaches are offered on the basis of international scholars' analysis.

Director’s Methods in the Kazakhstan Auteur Documentary Filmmaking

The article is focused on an important issue of art studying: Director’s methods in the auteur documentary film creation. The objectives of this work are systematization of methods, study of their individual characteristics and the identification of common approaches to their application. The authors have relied on the works of philosophers, film theorists, art historians, psychologists, critics and the screen art researchers. As a conceptual framework, the authors have used such notions as the theory of “visual thinking”; film as a “text” and its “metatext in the otherness”; the “cinema” metaphor. The study is based on the examples of the director’s methods in auteur documentary films made during the collapse of the USSR and the formation of independent Kazakhstan (1985-2005). The authors have studied the tendencies of correlation between the creator’s techniques and the principle autonomy of directors’ personal attitude. This article proves that the set of artistic methods can be considered as a single ideological system. The example of hermeneutic film analysis of the filmmaker S. Dvortsevoy has been given.

Multilingualism in Modern Kazakhstan: New Challenges

The paper is devoted to the problem of multilingualism and multilingual education in modern Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is a multiethnic and multi-religious state, where live more than 126 representatives of different ethnic groups. At the present stage in the development of Kazakhstani society, bilingualism is gradually turning into multilingualism. One of the most important strategic goals of the language policy of Kazakhstan is the necessity of speaking several languages: Kazakh, Russian and English. Kazakhstan is currently implementing overall modernization of the education system and embedding a multilingualism policy into the educational process as well. The experimental sites for multilingual education have been initiated in several Kazakhstani Universities and secondary schools. The young Kazakhstani generation brought up in independent Kazakhstan is involved in multilingual education process. By the year 2020, 100% of the population is expected to speak the Kazakh language, 95% Russian and 25% English. For the implementation of these goals a fundamentally new type of learning - e-learning - is being developed. Its test-project has been initiated within 44 institutions. In 2014 the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan is increasing the number of such institutions by providing them with the Internet access at the speed of 4 to 10 Mbit per sec. The outcome of the research is based on the sociolinguistic data which has been conducted in all regions of the country, using the methods of sociolinguistic data collection.

Research of the Educational Policy in Kazakhstan: Analysis Reflection and Modeling

Problem statement: Under conditions of education globalization and society openness a problem involving comparison of educational policies practiced in different world countries is becoming more important, on the one hand, for coordination of vectors and trends of development and enrichment of education content and methods, and, on the other hand, for clearer identification, preservation of national educational values, and definition of a national development way. Issues of the research: It stimulates comparative researches of the educational policy to extend and elaborate reforms, a need for education managers and students to master methods of comparison and modeling for educational system development in an institution, region or a country. Research objective: Development of methods to be used in the comparative analysis of the educational policies practiced in various countries and definition of skills to model educational strategies focused on internationalization of education taking into account national traditions. Research methods: Methods of the research are based on a historiographic approach, systems and comprehensive approaches in education, critical analysis, and modeling. Historiographic materials of the research included:-works of Kazakhstani and foreign scientists specializing in history of pedagogy and education, comparative pedagogy, and educational policy;-laws and regulations;-statistical digests and summaries, national reports on education in Kazakhstan;-national websites;-Kazakhstani and Russian periodicals, etc.Summary: The following strategies are typical for Kazakhstan. The Soviet period: elimination of illiteracy, compulsory secondary education, popular education; a tradition of Kazakhstani people to appreciate knowledge and education is set. Educational strategies of independent Kazakhstan: “livelong learning – LLL”, continuous education, integration into world community, competitiveness of education, “triunity of languages”, computerization, variation of training, etc. A strategy map for education development in Kazakhstan is being developed starting from the 1930s to the present moment. ConclusionA peculiar feature of the research is analysis using key tools of the educational policy - “strategy”, introduction of “strategy pyramid in education” concept, principles, parameters, and criteria of evaluation. As a basis of comparative research methods a comparative tool is built up: strategies (strategy pyramid) → principles → parameters and evaluation criteria of the educational policy. A hierarchized model of educational policy and strategy influence on education content and methods is worked out.

A Problem of Religion Study Teaching in an Independent Kazakhstan

Teaching of “Religion study” as a discipline in the Republic of Kazakhstan has not been paid a proper attention yet because Kazakh people had suffered a lot in the process of gaining independence a creating a new state. All these events had negatively affected consciousness of people. A the is tie education in a totalitarism society diligently abolished spiritual-cultural basis of Kazakh people which brought to a strong weakening of religious concepts and values in people's consciousness. After gaining independence in the Republic if Kazakhstan a religious teaching begin to revive. However, the absence of unified religious conceptions among people had negatively affected a teaching of religion study and theology. Because of this reason the study of that problem and reasons of its appearance is found to be a matter of the present time. In this article we will analyze the reasons of that problem's appearance a regard the possible ways of solutions. At present time some centers of training specialists on the specialists “Religion study” are formerly. Unfortunately, the absence of untied standards of specialists’ training in these centers are leading to serious distinctions in methods and directions of teaching, also peculiarities of the outlook formed under the influence of historical factors are also the reasons of it. These peculiarities seriously affect teaching a school discipline “Religion study” in a secondary school. The article regards the above mentioned problems, introduces concrete decisions.

Bilingualism among Young People in Kazakhstan

For Kazakhstan, a multilingual and multiethnic country, the issue of multilingualism is a historic and current phenomenon. It is home to 126 nationalities, such as: Belarusians, Kirghiz, Korean, Russian, Tajik, Tatar, Uighurs, Uzbeks, Ukrainians and others. It is well known fact that the observed linguistic and cultural diversity of the country is affected by a number of historical factors, in particular, processes accompanying the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia (1731-1865), as the researchers note,; repeated revision of state borders, especially state-political system pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet periods, and recent events that have taken extremely consequences for all the people of the country; radical transformation of the entire society - governmental system, the modernization of society and the economy of independent Kazakhstan (Suleimenova and others, 2010, Suleimenova, Smagulova 2005).

“Imagining community” in Soviet Kazakhstan. An historical analysis of narrative on nationalism in Kazakh-Soviet literature

Although much attention has been paid to national construction in Soviet and post-Soviet Central Asia, the field of literary and cultural analysis of the origins of current national symbols and texts in this region is yet not fully acknowledged and discovered. This article tries to shed light onto the literary construction of an ethnic identity and its historical background in Soviet Kazakhstan and its influence on the post-Soviet ideology in this multicultural country. In doing so it investigates the ways and the time when most of the important historical epics were “re-written,” brought back by the Kazakh writers and intellectuals in the mid-twentieth century. The importance of investigating this period and this phenomenon is twofold. First, it provides further contribution to the Soviet creation of binary approaches to the formation of ethnic identities and the continuous attack on local nationalisms. Following the arguments of some scholars in the field (e.g. [Adams, Laura. 1999. “Invention, Institutionalization and Renewal in Uzbekistan's National Culture.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 2; Dave, Bhavna. 2007. Kazakhstan: Ethnicity and Power. London: Routledge]) this asserts that the local cultural elites found ways of bargaining and re-structuring such identity contributing to its “localization” through the usage of pre-Soviet and pre-Russian historical symbols. In a way, they were able to construct their own “imagined community” and resistance to the past and existing (according to them) colonialism within the given framework of Kazakh-Soviet literature. Secondly, the historicity that became a leitmotif of most important literary works and later on a main focus of national ideology in post-Soviet Kazakhstan must be viewed not just as an instrument of legitimation in this post-colonial state but also as a strong continuity of cultural and ethnic identity lines. The very fact that a detailed and continued genealogy of Kazakh medieval tribes and rulers was the main focus of major works by such famous Kazakh writers as Mukhtar Auezov or Ilyas Yessenberlin demonstrates the importance of the “continuity” and kinship and family lines for Kazakhs. The paper raises the questions of how national and elitist these movements were before the independence and how the further post-independent projects of using and re-establishing these links and continuity formed more questions than answers for the nation-builders in independent Kazakhstan.

The ‘heart’ of Eurasia? Kazakhstan's centrally located capital city

In a world still dominated by a geopolitical system of territorial states, one tool in the state- and nation-building repertoire is the strategy of moving a capital from one city to another, and to an ostensibly more ‘central’ location of a geometrically conceived territory. From Ankara to Brasília, the technique has been used in a variety of places around the world, and Kazakhstan's new capital since 1997, Astana, is one more recent iteration. Taking a Foucauldian approach to analysing political technologies of government, the author examines the strategy of the centrally located city and considers how it has been instrumental to simultaneously producing a ‘state effect’ and a ‘territory effect’ in newly independent Kazakhstan. Part of a larger mixed-methods study, this article draws on a diverse range of methods, including data from interviews, participant observation, textual analysis, focus groups and a country-wide survey.

Training Problems of Religious Studies in Independent Kazakhstan

In the Republic of Kazakhstan training questions about religious still didn't receive enough attention since after statehood formation and before independence the Kazakhs endured a set of various historical events. Some of these events negatively affected people's consciousness. Seventy years of atheistic education changed people’s spiritual and cultural basis, as a result religious concepts partially lost the importance. After independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan started raise questions about teaching religious studies. However, heterogeneity in religious beliefs of the population to some extent negatively influences training in religious studies. Therefore study of the reasons for emergence of this problem turned into an actual problem. Within this article the genesis analysis of modern training problems in religious was carried out and ways of their decision were considered. Currently some religious teaching centers and preparation of the corresponding experts are formed. However, despite of the training standards are identical for all centers, ways of their implementation differ from each other. The reason for that – features of the outlook created under the influence of historical factors. These features cause necessity of teaching religious in high school. In article the questions on this problem was considered and necessary answers were given. The main method used in research work is the comparative historical method. In summary it is necessary to specify that authors within article do the full analysis of questions of teaching of the subject Religious studies and offer solutions of these questions.

Our professionalism - for education of independent Kazakhstan

The author considers the higher education system of Kazakhstan from the standpoint of the private university offering innovative ideas in this sphere.

Television Dependency in Independent Kazakhstan

With little written on media in this oft-forgotten part of Asia, this article seeks to analyse a model of television development within a key post-Soviet state. The research found that there was little programme production or adaptation in Kazakhstan but much done by Russian television on which the former’s channels were dependent. The Russian programming was either broadcast directly, relayed in part by domestic channels or comprised individual programmes purchased for use locally. Thus this article argues that Russia acts as a sub-franchisor in redistributing global creative products, exploiting commonalities in the regional geolinguistic market created through its past communist imperialism. A national policy placing increasing emphasis on Kazak-ization of media has triggered demand for ‘localized’ programming in this transitional Central Asian economy. Yet given the market imperatives of privatized media, this has encouraged the dubbing and adaptation of successful regional and global programmes formats in Russian, rather than production of local originals. In doing so, Kazakhstan may be discerned to be supporting Russia in its role as a semi-periphery country in global cultural production and export, thus mediating capitalism within its non-European region of transitional economies.

Uneasy Alliance: Relations between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992-1997

Introduction Emergence of Independent Kazakhstan Formulation of Russian Policy Towards Kazakhstan Problem of Ethnic Russians in Kazakhstan Russian and Kazakh Approaches to CIS Integration Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Military and Strategic Spheres Russia and International Competition for Kazakhstan's Energy Resources Appendix Index

Reading in Kazakhstan

The main purpose of the sociology of reading is determining, through the analysis of reading data, the social processes actually at work in society. This article analyses the results of sociological research done by the research staffs of libraries in Kazakhstan between 1991 and 1994. It focuses also on the problems faced by the sociology of reading in Kazakhstan, where such research was previously considered by the authorities as purposeful only in solving the practical problems of libraries. Today, reading in Kazakhstan is characterized by frequent changes in readers' demands caused by the dramatic changes in ideology, politics and economics in the constituent parts of the former Soviet Union. Reading in Kazakhstan is becoming more utilitarian. Pragmatic information needs determine the choice of literature. There is a sharp decline in the demand for fiction compared to the 1980s. Those intellectual spheres in which ideological control was severest, such as history and philosophy, flourish and effect reading. Finally, the decision of independent Kazakhstan to encourage the use of the Kazakh language is having an effect on reading patterns.