Independent Housing Research Articles

Factors affecting exits from homelessness among persons with serious mental illness and substance use disorders.

We sought to understand the housing trajectories of homeless consumers with serious mental illness (SMI) and co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD) and to identify factors that best predicted achievement of independent housing. Using administrative data, we identified homeless persons with SMI and SUD admitted to a residential rehabilitation program from December 2008 to November 2011. Our primary outcome measure was independent housing status. On a random sample (N = 36), we assessed a range of potential predictors of housing outcomes, including symptoms, cognition, and social/community supports. We used the Residential Time-Line Follow-Back (TLFB) Inventory to gather housing histories since exiting rehabilitation and to identify housing outcomes. We used Recursive Partitioning (RP) to identify variables that best differentiated participants by these outcomes. We identified 3 housing trajectories: stable housing (n = 14), unstable housing (n = 15), and continuously engaged in housing services (n = 7). In RP analysis, 2 variables (Symbol Digit Modalities Test [SDMT], a neurocognitive speed of processing measure, and Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale [BASIS-24] Relationships subscale, which quantifies symptoms affecting relationships) were sufficient to capture information provided by 26 predictors to classify participants by housing outcome. Participants predicted to continuously engage in services had impaired processing speeds (SDMT score < 32.5). Among consumers with SDMT score ≥ 32.5, those predicted to achieve stable housing had fewer interpersonal symptoms (BASIS-24 Relationships subscale score < 0.81) than those predicted to have unstable housing. This model explains 57% of this sample's variability and 14% of this population's variability in housing outcomes. Because cognition and symptoms influencing relationships predicted housing outcomes for homeless adults with SMI and SUD, cognitive and social skills training may be useful for this population.

Housing and Support Services with Homeless Mothers: Benefits to the Mother and Her Children.

This study reports the mental health outcomes of a small randomized clinical trial (n=60) that compared housing and supportive services (Ecologically-Based Treatment, EBT) to community based housing and support services (treatment as usual, TAU). Mothers receiving EBT, but not those receiving TAU, reported reductions in their children's behavioral health problems. Reductions in mothers' mental health problems and intimate partner violence were observed in both TAU and EBT. The current findings provide evidence supporting the efficacy of independent housing and integrated support services. Given that EBT showed similar, and in some cases superior findings to TAU, EBT may be an effective alternative for communities that do not have shelters available for those families experiencing homelessness.

Scandinavian Contrasts and Norwegian Variations in Special Housing for Older People

De-institutionalization is a general trend for Scandinavian long-term care over the last decades. Denmark and Sweden have taken this trend a step further than Norway has, as Denmark suspended institutional care altogether in 1987 and Sweden in 1992. Since then, residential care has been provided to individuals in special housing in various forms. This housing is in principle “independent housing,” where residents are tenants and are provided services according to needs and not sites. This article concentrates on the Norwegian variations to this system, as this is the only country of the 3 that still provides residential care under 2 “regimes,” an institutional care regime and an assisted housing regime. Is assisted housing essentially different from institutional care, or is it better described as old wine in new bottles? The latter may be the case for Sweden, whereas Denmark stands out as having the most housing-oriented care model. Institutional care (i.e., nursing homes) still dominates in Norway, where assisted housing is merely a minor supplement to institutional care in most municipalities. The article explores the reasons for these trends and, in particular, the reasons for the Norwegian resistance to assisted housing as an alternative form of residential care.

Supportive housing and forensic patient outcomes.

In Canada, Review Boards are mandated to evaluate individuals found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) on an annual basis and render 1 of 3 dispositions: (a) custody, (b) conditional discharge, or (c) absolute discharge. To promote social reintegration, conditional discharge can be ordered with the condition to live in supportive housing. However, NCRMD accused face great barriers to housing access as a result of the stigma associated with the forensic label. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of housing in the clinical and criminal trajectories of forensic patients as they reintegrate into the community. Data for this study were extracted from a national study of individuals found NCRMD in Canada (Crocker, Nicholls, Seto, Côté, et al., in press). The present study focuses on a random sample of NCRMD accused in the province of Québec, who were under a conditional discharge disposition during the study period (n = 837). Controlling for sociodemographic, clinical, and criminal variables, survival analysis showed that individuals placed in independent housing following a conditional discharge from the Review Board were 2.5 times more likely to commit a new offense, nearly 3 times more likely to commit an offense against a person, and 1.4 times more likely to be readmitted for psychiatric treatment compared with individuals residing in supportive housing. These results point to the influence housing can have on the trajectories of forensic patients, above and beyond a range of clinical, criminological, and sociodemographic factors.

Teachers’ Subjective Definition of a Family-frequency Conceptual Analysis

The family as a topic is an essential part of primary school curriculum in the Czech Republic. The present study describes the expressions used by teachers (N=219) to define the term family and the possible implicit theories behind the definitions. A total of 513 expressions were used by the respondents to define family, the ten most frequent ones being: člověk, ten, dítě, skupina, spolu, žít, blízký, rodič, my a rád (man/human being, this, child, group, together, live, close, parent, we and like). The initial analysis suggests that the teachers’ implicit understanding of the concept of family is associated with 1) parenthood and blood kinship, 2) emotional relations (love each other), 3) the co-existence in the household. The teachers’ implicit understanding is based on egocentric and pedocentric view (the family equals mainly me-child and my parents or me-parent and my children). The lexical trace makes it evident that the implicit understanding is deeply embodied in language (the expressions that occur to us are commonly used ones, which restricts the final concept) and that it reflects the changing socio-cultural discourse (for example, the modern concept of family is typically nuclear, based on partnership, which is a result of the postponement of parenthood, other phenomena include emancipation, economic independence, independent housing with variable individualized features, such as pets as a part of family structure). Czech teachers do not use in their definitions concepts like education, nation, culture or religion which sometimes appear in theoretical academic concepts of family.

Staff perceptions of the quality of life of individuals with an intellectual disability who transition from a residential campus to community living in Ireland: An exploratory study

Background This study explores the quality of life (QoL) of individuals with a severe intellectual disability (ID) who had recently moved from an institutional setting (i.e., “residential campus”) to independent housing in the community (i.e., “community living”) and whether aspects of their QoL were perceived to have changed over the course of this move.Method A qualitative approach was adopted by interviewing the key workers of 8 individuals with an ID (M age = 37.38, range: 26–44, male n = 6, female n = 2). An interview tool focusing on aspects of QoL was utilised and the interviews were analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006).Results Ten themes emerged from the analysis that provided insight into the experience of transitioning to community living.Conclusions The emotional wellbeing, health, privacy, freedom, and material wellbeing of all the individuals were perceived to have improved, as well as independence, choice, and social opportunities for many.

Transitions to adulthood in contexts of economic crisis and post-recession. The case of Argentina

The possibilities that are available to youth in contemporary Western societies are highly sophisticated and related mostly to the transition between secondary school and higher education, the first job placement, independent housing, lifestyle construction and the consumption of goods produced by cultural industries in a globalist world. Secondary education represents a main factor in terms of socialisation, training, access to employment, citizenship and youth identity construction, making it a key for public policies aimed at youth in Latin America. The article presents the initial results of a research project on transition processes from secondary school to employment in Argentina. The findings are based on statistical information and the empirical analysis of data gathered in two very different economic and social contexts: the first was one of the worst social and economic crisis in the country's history (1999–2003), and the second was a long period of economic growth and increased social welfare (2004–2012). The data are presented in response to the following question: How do different economic contexts influence the transitions of youth in different social class contexts? By answering this question, the significant role of public policies in generating better living conditions for youth becomes clear.

Quality of life after housing first for adults with serious mental illness who have experienced chronic homelessness

This 1-year longitudinal study of adults who have recently transitioned from homelessness to Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) focuses on quality of life as a primary outcome of interest. Eighty of 103 new tenants participated in structured interviews at the time of entry into their new home and at 12-months post-housing. t-tests assessed differences in community participation and quality of life measures at the 2 time points. Mixed effects models examined the impact of community participation on quality of life. Results show that time in independent housing was significantly associated with several domains of quality of life. Symptom severity was also significantly and negatively related to quality of life domains. Community participation was significantly related to frequency of social contacts only. These findings suggest that community participation is not critical to improving quality of life, and that despite concerns that individuals may feel isolated and lonely when living independently, satisfaction with one׳s living situation and family relationships nevertheless improves with housing tenure.

Leaving home in Slovenia: A quantitative exploration of residential independence among young adults

The present paper analyzes and contextualizes the phenomenon of prolonged co-residence of parents and young adult children in Slovenia. It analyzes the process of moving out or staying at home on the basis of a subsample of young people between 19 and 29 who are no longer at school included in the representative Slovenian field survey Youth 2010. Young people still living in the household of their parents or (legal) guardians are compared with those who have already left. The analysis considers factors associated with the status transitions from youth to adulthood; the demographic, social and economic background; and the perception of the parent–child relationship quality and parenting style by the children. Our findings point to the importance of possibilities for independent housing and the economic capacity of young people and their family. The most important factor behind moving out seems to be a stable partnership.

Comparative palatability of five supplements designed for cats suffering from chronic renal disease.

BackgroundIntestinal phosphate binders, uremic toxin binders and some other types of supplements are an integral part of the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in various species, including cats. This pathology in domestic carnivores requires life-long nutritional and medical management. In this context, the compliance of owners and patients cannot be achieved without an adequate level of palatability for oral medication or supplementation. Knowing that hyporexia and anorexia are among the most commonly seen clinical signs in cats suffering from CKD this is already, in itself, a serious obstacle to acceptable compliance in sick animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the palatability of four commercially available products designed for cats suffering from CKD: Ipakitine® (Vetoquinol, France), Azodyl® (Vetoquinol, USA), Renalzin® (Bayer, France), Rubenal® (Vetoquinol, France) and an additional recently developed product: Pronefra® (Virbac, France). The study was performed with a group of previously-characterised cats, all living in an enriched and well-being securing environment of an independent centre housing panels of pets expert in palatability measurement. In total 172 monadic testings were performed. The palatability of each product was assessed by measuring their rates of prehension and consumption, and the consumption proportions were also analysed.ResultsThe most palatable presentation (based on useful consumption) was Pronefra®, which was significantly higher than Azodyl® (p = 0.046), Ipakitine® (p < 0.0001), Renalzin® (p < 0.0001) and Rubenal® (p < 0.0001). The product with the highest rate of prehension was also Pronefra®, which was significantly higher than Azodyl® (p = 0.0019), Ipakitine® (p = 0.0023), Renalzin® (p = 0.0008) and Rubenal® (p < 0.0001).ConclusionPronefra® was the most palatable presentation tested, meaning it may be useful for improving ease of supplementation in CKD cats.

Housing First: exploring participants' early support needs.

BackgroundHousing First has become a popular treatment model for homeless adults with mental illness, yet little is known about program participants’ early experiences or trajectories. This study used a mixed methods design to examine participant changes in selected domains 6 months after enrolment in a Canadian field trial of Housing First.MethodsThe study sample included 301 participants receiving the Housing First intervention at the Toronto site of the At Home/Chez Soi project. This study used a pre-post design to compare quantitative 6-month outcome data to baseline values in key domains and multivariate regression to identify baseline demographic, clinical or service use variables associated with observed changes in these domains. In addition, qualitative data exploring participant and service provider perspectives and experiences was collected via stakeholder interviews and focus groups, and analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe majority (60 to 72%) of participants followed the expected trajectory of improvement, with the remaining experiencing difficulties in community integration, mental health symptom severity, substance use, community functioning and quality of life 6 months after program enrolment. Diagnosis of psychotic disorder was associated with a reduction in quality of life from baseline to 6-months, while substance use disorders were associated with reduced mental illness symptoms and substance use related problems and an improvement in quality of life. Participants housed in independent housing at 6-months had greater improvements in community integration and quality of life, and greater reduction in mental illness symptoms, compared to those not independently housed. The quality of the working alliance was positively associated with improvements in physical and psychological community integration and quality of life. Qualitative data provided a unique window into the loneliness and isolation experienced by Housing First participants, as well as problems related to substance use and a need for life skills training and support.ConclusionsAdditional strategies can help support Housing First participants in the early stages of program participation and address potential causes of early difficulties, including lack of life skills and social isolation. This study highlights the importance of early and ongoing evaluation, monitoring and program adaptations to address consumer support needs.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN42520374

Families experiencing housing instability: the effects of housing programs on family routines and rituals.

Maintenance of family processes can protect parents, children, and families from the detrimental effects of extreme stressors, such as homelessness. When families cannot maintain routines and rituals, the stressors of poverty and homelessness can be compounded for both caregivers and children. However, characteristics of living situations common among families experiencing homelessness present barriers to the maintenance of family routines and rituals. We analyzed 80 in-depth interviews with parents who were experiencing or had recently experienced an instance of homelessness. We compared their assessments of challenges to family schedules, routines, and rituals across various living situations, including shelter, transitional housing programs, doubled-up (i.e., living temporarily with family or friends), and independent housing. Rules common across shelters and transitional housing programs impeded family processes, and parents felt surveilled and threatened with child protective service involvement in these settings. In doubled-up living situations, parents reported adapting their routines to those of the household and having parenting interrupted by opinions of friends and family members. Families used several strategies to maintain family routines and rituals in these living situations and ensure consistency and stability for their children during an otherwise unstable time.

Study on the Affecting Factors of Housing Prices along Rail Transit Based on Hedonic Price Model - Case Study of Beijing Subway Line 5

In order to study the major affecting factors of commercial housing prices along rail transit lines, the paper chooses samples of commercial housing prices along the Beijing Subway Line 5, and uses 11 elements of location, structure and neighborhood factors as independent variables and housing prices as dependent variable to construct the housing hedonic price model. Make regression analysis by using SPSS software, and come to three major affecting factors and their influence degree which are distance from the nearest subway station, whether there is a hospital nearby and distance from CBD. In the planning and construction of rail transit, the coordination and convergence of subway stations, commercial housing and hospitals should be a serious consideration to improve the driving effect of rail transit on real estate.

Using the community health assessment to screen for continued driving

This project used the interRAI based, community health assessment (CHA) to develop a model for identifying current elder drivers whose driving behavior should be reviewed. The assessments were completed by independent housing sites in COLLAGE, a non-profit, national senior housing consortium. Secondary analysis of data drawn from older adults in COLLAGE sites in the United States was conducted using a baseline assessment with 8042 subjects and an annual follow-up assessment with 3840 subjects. Logistic regression was used to develop a Driving Review Index (DRI) based on the most useful items from among the many measures available in the CHA assessment. Thirteen items were identified by the logistic regression to predict drivers whose driving behavior was questioned by others. In particular, three variables reference compromised decision-making abilities: general daily decisions, a recent decline in ability to make daily decisions, and ability to manage medications. Two additional measures assess cognitive status: short-term memory problem and a diagnosis of non-Alzheimers dementia. Functional measures reflect restrictions and general frailty, including receiving help in transportation, use of a locomotion appliance, having an unsteady gait, fatigue, and not going out on most days. The final three clinical measures reflect compromised vision, little interest or pleasure in things normally enjoyed, and diarrhea. The DRI focuses the review process on drivers with multiple cognitive and functional problems, including a significant segment of potentially troubled drivers who had not yet been publicly identified by others. There is a need for simple and quickly identified screening tools to identify those older adults whose driving should be reviewed. The DRI, based on the interRAI CHA, fills this void. Assessment at the individual level needs to be part of the backdrop of science as society seeks to target policy to identify high risk drivers instead of simply age-based testing.

Evaluation of the Housing First program in patients with severe mental disorders in France: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundRecent studies in North American contexts have suggested that the Housing First model is a promising strategy for providing effective services to homeless people with mental illness. In the context of the highly generous French national health and social care system, which is easily accessible and does not require out-of-pocket payment, the French Health Ministry insists on rigorous techniques, including randomized protocols, to evaluate the impact of Housing First approaches in France.Method and designA prospective randomized trial was designed to assess the impact of a Housing First intervention on health outcomes and costs over a period of 24 months on homeless people with severe mental illness, compared to Treatment-As-Usual. The study is being conducted in four cities in France: Lille, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse. The inclusion criteria are as follows: over 18 years of age, absolutely homeless or in precarious housing, and possessing a ‘high’ level of need: diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and moderate to severe disability according to the Multnomah Community Ability Scale (score ≤ 62) and at least one of the following three criteria: 1) having been hospitalized for mental illness two or more times in any one year during the preceding five years; 2) co-morbid alcohol or substance use; and 3) having been recently arrested or incarcerated. Participants will be randomized to receiving the Housing First intervention or Treatment-As-Usual. The Housing First intervention provides immediate access to independent housing and community care. The primary outcome criterion is the use of high-cost health services (that is,, number of hospital admissions and number of emergency department visits) during the 24-month follow-up period. Secondary outcome measures include health outcomes, social functioning, housing stability and contact with police services. An evaluation of the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of Housing First will also be conducted. A total of 300 individuals per group will be included.DiscussionThis is the first study to examine the impact of a Housing First intervention compared to Treatment-As-Usual in France. It should provide key information to policymakers concerning the cost-effectiveness and health outcomes of the Housing First model in the French context.Trial registrationThe current clinical trial number is NCT01570712

Housing support and personalisation: observations from the Scottish Self-Directed Support Test Sites

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the role of housing and housing support services in working with systems of self-directed support (SDS). The paper draws upon findings from an evaluation and follow up study of three SDS Test Sites in Scotland and wider research. Design/methodology/approach – The evaluation of the SDS Test Sites took place in 2009-2011 with a follow up study in 2011-2012. Methods included a literature review; an analysis of secondary data on the use of SDS in Scotland; interviews with key stakeholders; learning sets in the three areas; 30 depth individual case studies and a large-scale stakeholder event prior to finalising the report. These data are drawn upon to reflect on the implications for housing providers and practitioners. Findings – The interviews revealed that some SDS users had housing and related support needs, such as to prevent or resolve homelessness, to facilitate resettlement, to prevent hospital admissions, to access supported accommodation or to move from shared to independent housing. For some people flexible housing support seemed to enhance community living, also well-informed independent advocacy could make a difference to outcomes. While there was policy support for the Test Sites, it was notable that linkages between agencies at strategic level were limited, with neither housing nor health services greatly involved in strategic planning. Training, alongside liaison and partnerships, may help to broaden SDS. Research limitations/implications – While housing and related support needs and services were not specifically investigated in this evaluation, data suggest that the contribution of housing services may be both under-developed and under-researched in the context of SDS. There are indications that SDS may act as a catalyst for improving housing opportunities provided that collaboration between housing and care services is maximised. Practical implications – This paper suggests approaches that may improve and consolidate the role of housing in achieving SDS objectives of maximising user control and choice, improving outcomes and sustaining ordinary living. Originality/value – This paper considers the less charted territory of the implications of SDS for the role of housing services. While drawing primarily on recent research in Scotland the themes raised will have wider relevance to housing and care services generally.

Housing Welfare Policies in Scandinavia: A Comparative Perspective on a Transition Era

(Received December 18, 2012 / Revised April 29, 2013 / Accepted April 29, 2013)ABSTRACTIt is commonplace to refer to the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland as a distinctive and homogenous welfare regime. As far as social housing is concerned, however, the institutional heritage of the respective countries significantly frames the ways in which social housing is understood, regulated and subsidized, and, in turn, how housing regimes respond to the general challenges to the national welfare states. The paper presents a historical institutionalist approach to understanding the diversity of regime responses in the modern era characterized by increasing marketization, welfare criticism and internationalization. The aim is to provide outside readers a theoretically guided empirical insight into Scandinavian social housing policy. The paper first lines up the core of the inbuilt argument of historical institutionalism in housing policy. Secondly, it briefly introduces the distinctive ideal typical features of the five housing regimes, which reveals the first internal distinction between the universal policies of Sweden and Denmark selective policies of Iceland and Finland. The Norwegian case constitutes a transitional model from general to selective during the past quarter of a decade. The third section then concentrates on the differences between Denmark, Sweden and Norway in which social housing is, our was originally, embedded in a universal welfare policy targeting the general level of housing quality for the entire population. Differences stand out, however, between finance, ownership, regulation and governance. The historical institutional argument is, that these differences frame the way in which actors operating on the respective policy arenas can and do respond to challenges. Here, in this section we lose Norway, which de facto has come to operate in a residual manner, due to contemporary effects of the long historical heritage of home ownership. The fourth section then discusses the recent challenges of welfare criticism, internationalization and marketization to the universal models in Denmark and Sweden. Here, it is argued that the institutional differences between the Swedish model of municipal ownership and the Danish model of independent cooperative social housing associations provides different sources of resistance to the prospective dismantlement of social housing as we know it. The fifth section presents the recent Danish reform of the governance model of social housing policy in which the housing associations are conceived of as ‘dialogue partners’ in the local housing policy, expected to create solutions to, rather than produce problems in social housing areas. The reform testifies to the strategic ability of the Danish social housing associations to employ their historically grounded institutional relative independence of the public system.Key words: Housing Welfare, Social Housing, ScandinaviaLHI Journal (2013) 4(2):133-144 http://dx.doi.org/10.5804/LHIJ.2013.4.2.133http://lhi.lh.or.kr

통합형 구조의 감시정찰 영상장비에서 자북의 위치 정확도 개선에 관한 연구

감시정찰용 영상장비는 표적의 형상을 실시간으로 관측하거나, 표적의 위치를 정밀하게 측정하여 신뢰성 있는 위치정보를 제공하는 장비로서 정보 지식 기반의 현대 무기체계에서 필수적인 장비로 발전하고 있다. 운용 방식도 고정형, 차량형, 복합형 등으로 운용되고 있고, 또한 운용 개념에 따라 다양한 센서들이 여러 형태의 기구 구조로 제작되어 장/탈착이 용이한 분리형 일체형 기구 구조로 형상화된 통합형 형태로 제작되고 있다. 통합형 구조에 사용되는 다양한 센서들의 핵심부품 들은 자성을 띠고 있기 때문에 위치 측정에 사용되는 디지털 나침반에 영향을 준다. 따라서 정확한 기준점 산출에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이러한 물리적 자성의 영향을 줄이기 위해 차폐제 사용이 제안되었지만, 선호도가 높은 통합형 구조에서는 장비의 무게, 휴대성 때문에 차폐제의 활용이 제약을 받는다. 본 논문에서는 통합형 구조에서 디지털 나침반을 사용할 경우의 정확한 위치측정 알고리즘에 관하여 연구하였다. 구체적으로, 부품의 장착 위치에 따른 선행 모델링을 통해 차폐제를 사용하지 않은 경우의 사례에 대해 연구하였다. 또한 시스템이 PAN & Tilt와 같이 이용된다는 점에도 착안하여, 수동으로 수행하는 기존의 정치 방식을 자동으로 수행할 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 결과적으로 기존의 방위각 중심의 6지점 정치를 방위각과 고각에 따라 12지점을 측정함으로써 측정 범위는 넓히고, 측정시간은 줄이고, 운용자가 측정 중 발생 할 수 있는 영향성을 최소화 할 수 있는 기법임을 확인하였다.

Influence of Reinforcing Cycles on Effectiveness in Interorganizational Relationships

Cooperation and coordination are critical dimensions to attain effectiveness in collaboration among organizations. However, little is known about how these dimensions interact with the structural properties of interorganizational relationships and how they influence effectiveness. We address this issue through a longitudinal multiple-case study of interorganizational relationships in seven independent social housing building projects. Our data analysis integrates extensive qualitative research with mapping techniques of the interorganizational relationships over time. We uncover that the influence of cooperation and coordination on effectiveness occurs through two mechanisms of reinforcing cycles: cooperation cycles stem from contractual arrangements and lead to hierarchy, and coordination cycles emerge from monitoring organizations and lead to density in interorganizational relationships. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the sequence of reinforcing cycles explains differences of effectiveness in interorganizational relationships. Our main contribution is to unravel the theoretical mechanisms that underpin the influence of cooperation and coordination in interorganizational relationships on effectiveness.

Incarceration Among Chronically Homeless Adults: Clinical Correlates and Outcomes

This study categorized 751 chronically homeless adults enrolled in supported housing programs into three groups: participants who reported no history of incarceration (n = 221; 29%), those who reported being incarcerated for a total of one year or less (n = 267; 36%), and those who reported being incarcerated for a total of more than one year (n = 263; 35%). Although participants who reported an incarceration history also reported more extensive histories of substance abuse and homelessness than those who reported no incarceration history, there were no differences in these outcomes over one year in supported housing. However, participants with incarceration periods longer than 10 years did have worse drug use outcomes than those with no history of incarceration. These findings underscore the benefits that chronically homeless adults with incarceration histories can derive from supported housing programs and support efforts to eliminate barriers to independent housing for this population.