Independent Discipline Research Articles

Applied Linguists

This paper seeks out future directions for the field of study that has by now fully consolidated itself as an independent discipline under the name of Applied Linguistics. Special attention is drawn to the ‘loosening up’ of the very notion of language as a hermetically sealed entity, impervious to outside influences, as well as the groundbreaking critical turn it has taken in recent years, along with the impulse to intervene in the states of affairs that it unveils through painstaking studies. It is shown that this last development is by no means an optional follow-through from the analytic work customarily done. Rather, it is an inevitable sequel to the new stance adopted by researchers in the field – a development whose roots can, oddly enough, be traced back to Saussure’s thoughts at the very dawn of Linguistics, its ‘mother discipline’. But it is also emphasized that, side by side with these exciting prospects, there also appear on the horizon some serious challenges to reckon with in the years ahead.

The experience of teaching introductory programming skills to bioscientists in Brazil.

Computational biology has gained traction as an independent scientific discipline over the last years in South America. However, there is still a growing need for bioscientists, from different backgrounds, with different levels, to acquire programming skills, which could reduce the time from data to insights and bridge communication between life scientists and computer scientists. Python is a programming language extensively used in bioinformatics and data science, which is particularly suitable for beginners. Here, we describe the conception, organization, and implementation of the Brazilian Python Workshop for Biological Data. This workshop has been organized by graduate and undergraduate students and supported, mostly in administrative matters, by experienced faculty members since 2017. The workshop was conceived for teaching bioscientists, mainly students in Brazil, on how to program in a biological context. The goal of this article was to share our experience with the 2020 edition of the workshop in its virtual format due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to compare and contrast this year’s experience with the previous in-person editions. We described a hands-on and live coding workshop model for teaching introductory Python programming. We also highlighted the adaptations made from in-person to online format in 2020, the participants’ assessment of learning progression, and general workshop management. Lastly, we provided a summary and reflections from our personal experiences from the workshops of the last 4 years. Our takeaways included the benefits of the learning from learners’ feedback (LLF) that allowed us to improve the workshop in real time, in the short, and likely in the long term. We concluded that the Brazilian Python Workshop for Biological Data is a highly effective workshop model for teaching a programming language that allows bioscientists to go beyond an initial exploration of programming skills for data analysis in the medium to long term.

GENESIS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF OPERATIONAL INVESTIGATION TACTICS

The article examines the formation and development of legal regulation of operational and investigative tactics in different historical periods. It was found that the beginning of the direct formation of the legal framework (development and adoption of circulars, regulations, orders, instructions, instructions) of operational and investigative activities (organization and tactics) dates back to the beginning of the XX century. It is noted that despite the presence of some gaps (problems) in the legislation governing the search (search) activities in the pre-revolutionary period, in general, the provisions enshrined in regulations of that time became the basis (basis) for improving and developing regulatory organization and tactics of operational and investigative activities in subsequent historical periods, especially in the Soviet period. It is emphasized that in the Soviet period the first legal acts of the Soviet government (through the VNK), regulating operational and investigative activities, were far from perfect and only partially regulated the organization of covert work and tactics of operational and investigative measures, which affected unsatisfactory state of counteraction to crime. According to the results of the study of special literature, during the existence of Soviet power, more than two dozen departmental regulations were adopted, regulating the organization and tactics of operational and investigative activities in places of imprisonment. At the same time, despite such a strong legal framework governing operational and investigative activities, including in penitentiary institutions, the legal grounds for operational and investigative activities were largely ignored, and the basic principles of law enforcement – the rule of law – were leveled. The period of 1950–1960 is characterized by the beginning of the formation of operational and investigative activities as an independent academic discipline. At the same time, despite such achievements, a significant number of prominent scientists continue to consider operational and investigative activities and their theory as part of criminology. Only in the early 70’s the scientific community recognized operational and investigative activities as an independent discipline. This was directly facilitated by the scientific research of famous scientists. During the 1970s and 1980s, in the scientific developments of prominent scientists (D. V. Grebelsky, V. G. Samoilov), in addition to discussions on the object and subject of operational and investigative activities, attention was paid to compliance with the fundamental principles of human rights and freedoms. time of operative-search activity (rule of law, legality). However, the excessive secrecy of operational and investigative activities and the lack of a codified act that would regulate its implementation at the legislative level, makes it virtually impossible for the subjects of operational and investigative activities to implement these principles in practice. A thorough analysis of the scientific literature and the results of the survey of respondents shows that the current Law on OSA is currently outdated, and its provisions do not comply with the provisions of the law. The prospect of further exploration is a study of the current state of legal regulation of operational and investigative tactics and prospects for its improvement.

TECHNOLOGICAL MINERALOGY COMPREHENSIVELY

A review of basic and applied research in the field of technological mineralogy from its early history to the present time is given. An original bibliographic listing of Russian publications on various aspects of technological mineralogy is presented and analyzed. The role and significance of technological mineralogy as an independent discipline which underlies the technological assessment of mineral raw materials for obtaining the final product are considered. Specific examples are given to show that over years technological mineralogy is becoming increasingly important in the complex of geological exploration activities as new technological mineralogy methods are developed for the assessment of metal ores and industrial minerals. The morphological and constitutive traits of small particles and their role in the technological processing of mineral raw materials are specified, the possibilities for targeted modification of the processing properties of mineral raw materials at the nanoscale and for the production of new materials are revealed. The role of technological mineralogy in enabling a comprehensive utilization of mineral raw materials in mining and processing is highlighted, using the example of wastes from the South Urals mining and smelting industry, which can be efficiently used at mining enterprises for creating artificial massifs of various technogenic origins. Attention is drawn to the development of a system of geological and technological modeling when mapping mineral deposits of various genetic types.

German Idealism and the Origins of Pure Mathematics: Riemann, Dedekind, Cantor

When it comes to the relation of modern mathematics and philosophy, most people tend to think of the three major schools of thought—i.e. logicism, formalism, and intuitionism—that emerged as profound researches on the foundations and nature of mathematics in the beginning of the 20th century and have shaped the dominant discourse of an autonomous discipline of analytic philosophy, generally known under the rubric of “philosophy of mathematics” since then. What has been completely disregarded by these philosophical attitudes, these foundational researches which seek to provide pure mathematics with a philosophically plausible justification by founding it on firm logico-philosophical bases, is that the genuine self-foundation of pure mathematics had been done before, namely during the 19th century, when it was developing into an entirely new and independent discipline as a concomitant of the continuous dissociation of mathematics from the physical world. This self-foundation of the 19th-century pure mathematics, however, was more akin to the German-idealist interpretations of Kant’s transcendental philosophy, than the post-factum, retrospective 20th-century researches on the foundations of mathematics. This article aims to demonstrate this neglected historical fact via delving into the philosophical inclinations of the three major founders of the 19th-century pure mathematics, Riemann, Dedekind and Cantor. Consequently, pure mathematics, with respect to its idealist origins, proves to be a formalization and idealization of certain activities specific to a self-conscious transcendental subjectivity.

Fordítói dilemmák a Magyar Táncművészeti Egyetemen

The amount of documents for translation is constantly growing at the Hungarian Dance University. The present paper briefly outlines the basic principles and some of the results of translation studies as an independent discipline. It takes a glimpse into certain issues of translation ethics and translation techniques. Based on texts for translation at the University, several examples highlight translation challenges in general and creating (dance) terminology. A detailed section is devoted to the necessity of proofreading, revision and the importance of revising source language texts as well. A proposal urges to set up a translation workshop.

Associations Between Strong Earthquakes and Local Rainfall in China

Strong earthquakes are a major cause of natural disasters and may also be related to heavy rainfall events. Both phenomena have received considerable attention in seismology and meteorology, two relatively independent disciplines, but we do not yet know whether there is a connection between them. We investigated the characteristics of daily rainfall over seismic areas in China. Our statistical analyses showed that there is a strong correlation between strong earthquakes (Ms ≥ 6.0) and rainfall over the seismic area, with 74.9% of earthquakes in China accompanied by seismic epicenter rainfall and 86.6% by seismic area rainfall. The statistics also showed that the daily precipitation over the seismic area, including the epicenter, was mainly light rain, with only a few instances of torrential or storm rain, with 80% of the rainfall events lasting two or more days. The maximum cumulative precipitation corresponded well with the strong earthquakes occurring over steep terrain, such as the Taiwan central mountains and the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The earthquake area rainfall had a higher frequency than the 30-years climatological average and was dominated by earthquake events in the wet season. The WRF-ARW numerical simulation of seismic local rainfall during the devastating Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in May 2008 showed that the geothermal heat from the earthquake strengthened the local convergence of moisture and vertical motion near the epicenter and the upward transport of the sensible heat flux, which favored seismic rainfall. The results of this study show that rainfall in the seismic area is closely related to strong earthquakes and can be triggered and enhanced by geothermal heat.

Соотношение нейроэтики и биоэтики

Neuroethics is an interdisciplinary field of study that considers ethical issues raised by increased understanding of how the brain works and development of technologies of research and influence the brain function. In addition, neuroethics is understood as the study of neural processes of moral decision-making. Originally, the problems of neuroethics have developed in bioethical context. With the expansion of the set of questions and the emergence of a separate discussion of the ethics of neuroscience, as well as the development of research on classical issues of ethics using neuroimaging technologies, neuroethics is becoming a separate field of study. In the article, the authors consider two approaches to the relationship between neuroethics and bioethics: (1) neuroethics as a special area of ​​bioethics and (2) neuroethics as an independent discipline that has its specific features. Understanding neuroethics as a part of bioethics predetermines the consideration of its problems as a study of the social consequences of the achievements of neurosciences and the normative regulation of medical and research practice. The approaches that define neuroethics as an independent field emphasize the combination of multidirectional study (ethics of neuroscience and neuroscience of ethics) as a specific feature of the discipline. These studies are related by their common object of research – the brain. The approach of reductionism underlying the dominant research in neuroethics is noted in the article as a factor of a shift of neuroethics from the humanitarian context of bioethics towards neuroscience.

It is all about the insects: a retrospective on 20\xa0years of forensic entomology highlights the importance of insects in legal investigations

This study highlights the importance of insect evidence by evaluating 949 insect-associated cases, including 139 entomological reports, from 2001 to 2019 at the Institute of Legal Medicine Frankfurt/Germany. With a high number of cases in the summer months and a low number in the colder season, 78.5% of the bodies were found indoors, regardless of year or month. In more than 80% of the cases, where PMI information was available (n = 704), the presumed PMI ranged from 1 to 21 days, a period during which entomological evidence can provide a day-specific estimate of PMImin. In cases where insects have been identified to species level (n = 279), most bodies were infested by one or two species with a maximum of 10 different species. Overall, a total of 55 insect species were found. Information on biology, activity and distribution of the most abundant taxa is given and applied for 5 case histories estimating different PMImins of up to over 6 months. Despite proved importance and scientific development of forensic entomology, insects are still rarely considered as a tool in forensic case work. The main reasons are a lack of awareness and (too) late involvement of a forensic entomologist. Our work shows that forensic entomology is an independent discipline that requires specialist expertise.

러시아] 지평의 확대: 유럽 중심에서 유라시아 지향으로

In 2019-2020, Russian history researchers in South Korea published almost the same amount of studies as in 2017-2018, which included the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution. More importantly, the increase in the quantity of studies on Russian history appeared in parallel with the qualitative progress such as conducting research based on historical data analysis, diversifying research topics, and collaborating with overseas researchers. As can be seen from this, the academic community of Russian history in South Korea currently have established a solid foundation as an independent discipline, and are leading the quantitative and qualitative growth of their research results. And here, we propose two ways to maintain and expand these changes: First, it is necessary to expand the perspective of reorganizing Russian history into the boundaries of Eurasian history from the border of European history. Second, it is necessary to accept the history of Koryo-saram(고려사람), who are Russians of Korean ethnic origin, as the realm of Russian history, because their history forms a part of the history of Russian minorities.

Comparison of Al-Syatibi and Thahir Ibn Asyria's Thoughts on Maqashid Shari'ah

This article will discuss the thoughts of two scholars in the field of maqashid sharia, namely Al-Syatibi as a classical scholar who studied maqashid sharia as an independent discipline until he got the nickname of the first teacher (mu'allim awwal) by producing a work entitled al-Muwaffaqat fi Ushul al-Syariah. The second, Thahir ibn Asyur is a scholar who became the successor of Al-Syatibi in studying the maqashid sharia after the absence of maqashid sharia works for six centuries until he has dubbed the second teacher (mu'allim tsani). According to Al-Syatibi, maqashid sharia is generally divided into two things, namely the legal establishment based on illat (ta'lil problem) and al-mashalih wa al-mafasid (benefit and damage) based on three levels of benefit, namely daruriyyat (primary maslahat), hajiyyat (secondary maslahat), and tahsiniyyat (tertiary maslahat). While Thahir ibn Asyur argues that maqashid sharia is divided into two things, namely maqashid sharia al-ammah and maqashid sharia al-khassah, thahir ibn Asyur's thinking is based on four things namely: al-musawah, al-fitrah, al-hurriyah and al-samahah. The purpose of this paper is compare the thoughts of the figures regarding maqashid sharia.

"The Knight of the Panter's Skin" - Some Issues of the Turkish Translation

Translation theory has gone some way towards becoming an independent discipline. The communicative direction of translation shows the importance of " fidelity " to the original texts and it is also essential to consider its cultural aspect. There is only a single completed Turkish translation of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin", which was translated by Dr Bylal Dindar and Dr Zeynelabidin Makas. In 1990, Dr Byblal Dindar was invited to Georgia for the scientific congress. It was then that he went to the Tbilisi State University where he discovered the different world language translations of "The Knit of the Panter's Skin". He became wistful when he could not find the Turkish translation. He thus decided to translate the poem into Turkish.In the translation process, Dr. Bylal Dindar utilized the French and Azeri translations of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" translated by Sergi Tsuladze (French) and Ahmet Jevat (Azeri). The two translations are different, which is due to the differences between Christian and Muslim cultures, as well as different language systems and historical memory.The research discusses a topic of the Turkish translation of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin", in particular, the occasions of the word absences. Translation misses and does not translate the important Georgian realis (Changi, Molizghari, Tskluli, Mufarexi), The translation is missing and does not translate the important Georgian realis (Changi, Molizghari, Tskluli, Mupharexi), unless some of these realis have a Turkish equivalent (çeng, yara, ilaç), but the translator does not provide a translation. Similarly, the word omitting is confirmed in the synonyms and in the translation of the comparatives (Krdzalvit and Ridit, Qushad and Daghrejit, Ukadri), beneath which the author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" introduces another dynamism into the poem. This is why the Turkish translation has lost its dynamism while these synonyms and comparatives are not translated at all, thus simplifying the image of the dynamism of the text. Therefore, the Turkish translation does not have the same influence as the original text and is obscured to retell.

Синергетично-інформаційна методика перекладацького аналізу

Introduction. Given the systems approach currently used in many modern studies in various disciplines, there is a need to consider language as a complex multilevel system consisting of many subsystems as its components that exist, function and evolve together. Purpose. Analysis of existing theories and practices using the synergetic-information method and the method of comparative analysis in the translation of special texts. Determining the place of the method of research of translation analysis by synergetic-information methods in modern science. Results. The synergy is based on the principle of cyclical causality between the elements and the system as a whole, the behavior of elements and order parameters, the system and the environment, the subject and the, we can assume that the self-organization of the system as a whole is regulated by phases of synergism and synergy. The language system is one of the largest systems of self-organization, which contains the actual language, language personalities and language picture of the world. In order to confirm the theory that language belongs to synergetic systems and to prove synergetic features of translation, it is necessary to consider linguistics and adopt its conceptual apparatus, taking into account the fact that linguistics is a certain foundation for the emergence of translation theory as an independent scientific discipline. This heredity of concepts and the evaluation of translation and language on the part of communication allow us to evaluate these two systems in terms of the principle of similarities. Among such works of researchers of the interaction of synergetics and language, the work of O.O. Selivanova, who notes that: "the basis of the synergetic paradigm of linguistics is the understanding of the language system as a complex, open, nonlinear, evolutionary, functioning through the interaction of subsystems and mutual determinism of other external environmental systems (ethnicity, culture, consciousness, society, etc.) and is in a state of greater or lesser equilibrium (is unstable, unstable), having regulatory mechanisms that ensure the dynamics, self-organization and preservation of this system. " Thus, we can assume that language is an indisputable system that operates on the principles of synergetic systems. Language as a synergetic system is not constant but is in constant change due to the instability of its elements. The cause of such phenomena is the attractor (point of gravity), falling into which the system in the bifurcation zone (change the qualitative behavior of a dynamic system with a small change in its parameters.) Chooses one of several possible paths of development that leads to self-organization. The synergetic approach involves a rethinking of mechanistic and relativistic concepts, which opens much wider horizons for today's scientists. After all, only through the rethinking of it as a multifunctional system, modern scientists open wider horizons in its study. Originality lies in the study of the practical application of the synergetic method in the study of language and, in particular, translation. Conclusion. Systematic consideration of translation from the point of view of information-synergetic method in translation analysis before, during and after translation improves the process of translation of texts and acts as an objective process that allows translators to look at their work from different points of view to present the most meaningful translation that will meet the needs of its consumer. With a synergetic view of the translation process as a system, self-organization will avoid many translation errors by considering this process not only in terms of philology and linguistics, but also by connecting systems of text, meaning, culture, society, history and more. With the help of this technique it is also possible to explain the translation process and justify the translator's decisions. Determine the feasibility of using certain techniques for the most relevant and adequate display of the text. The translation process itself can be done by writing or voice, as well as by images and other means of communication. But it should always result in conveying the meaning of the original by displaying logical connections that can be interpreted by those who refer to it. This is to some extent facilitated by the display and translation of functors in the text.

The Establishment of Expertology as an Independent Complex Discipline. The Connections between Expertology and Court Procedure, Forensic Science and the Norms of the Substantive Law

The authors examine the establishment of expertology as an independent complex discipline connected with other branches of legal theory. They conclude that an expert occupies a universal position regardless of the type of court procedure, and that the foundations of forensic analysis are of a complex nature. They also study the connection between expertology, criminal court procedure and other types of procedures, forensic science, psychology and substantive branches of law. It is concluded that the theoretical bases of these disciplines could be enriched by the achievements of forensic work, the development of science and technology. The authors draw parallels between research approaches, different established points of view and practical achievements regarding the issue under consideration. Expertology is presented as an independent research branch (discipline), which justifies the need for a special person who uses special knowledge and is given a procedural status under the current Russian legislation. The problem of the unification of corresponding rights, duties and liabilities in various types of legal activities is described.

On the American perception of real estate as business: revisiting the ontological project of Julian Diaz III

ABSTRACT This paper revisits the ideas of Julian Diaz III that were expressed in his journal article titled, “Science, Engineering, and the Discipline of Real Estate” that appeared in the inaugural volume of Journal of Real Estate Literature in 1993. In this article, Julian Diaz III made a bold attempt to use ontological constructs to help define conceptual boundaries of the real estate discipline. The paper begins by reviewing Diaz III’s key conceptualizations of real estate in terms of real estate as applied science and real estate as a bundle of activities. It then proceeds to evaluate these conceptualizations and use them to develop the theory of dualism in real estate discipline. Two dualistic models are identified: the Physical Model of Real Estate and the Business Model of Real Estate. Thereafter, the paper uses this dualistic realization to repudiate the conceptualization of real estate as an appendage of engineering or business profession. Finally, the paper advocates for the conceptualization of real estate as an independent discipline.

Соціальна робота як вияв гуманного ставлення до студента. Право на недосконалість

У статті йдеться про основи соціальної роботи як професії і як самостійної навчальної дисципліни. Також розглянуто модель необмеженого вдосконалення студентів шляхом виховання та їхнє право на недосконалість.

Geoarchaeology within the system of archaeological research in the territory of Baikal Siberia

The value of geoarchaeology in archaeological research is discussed with an example of Baikal Siberia. Geoarchaeology is considered as an interface between archaeology and Earth sciences comprising a specific set of approaches, methods, and procedures. Nowadays, geoarchaeology constitutes a full-fledged research branch within the world archaeological practice. However, there are some problems in the determination of the essence and the role of geoarchaeology in archaeological studies, especially in Russia. In particular, the question whether geoarchaeology represents an independent discipline or an interdisciplinary approach has not been resolved yet. Moreover, archaeologists often focus on increasing the number of analytical methods to the detriment of their conceptual basis. In the Russian archaeological practice, the uncertain role of geoarchaeology is manifested by its perception as an auxiliary discipline with limited capabilities for the archaeological interpretations. As a result of many years of research on archaeological sites of Baikal Siberia, we have developed our own concept of geoarchaeology as a source study with a transdisciplinary character. It is based on four principles. Firstly, in our opinion, geoarchaeology constitutes a source study discipline with its own research methods. Geoarchaeological assessment represents one of the most important verification methods aimed at the determination of the degree of correspondence between the results of archaeological and natural science data. Secondly, the main object of research is a geoarchaeological object, which is a composite integral system with a mixture of traces of natural and anthropogenic events encrypted in it. We define the layer with cultural remains, where the natural component predominates, as ‘culture-bearing’. The layer with the predominantly anthropogenic component can be called ‘cultural’. Thirdly, geoarchaeology should be a transdisciplinary branch, the nature of which is determined by the complex origins of the geoarchaeological site. Such an amalgamation allows overcoming disciplinary differences and contradictions which leads to the formation of new knowledge levels. At fourth, geoarchaeological research should be based principally on the methods of actualism and stratigraphy in conjunction with overcoming misidentification of objects and phenomena, as well as on the pedolithological and event-driven approaches.

“What's the Brief?”

“What's the Brief?”

Неминуща актуальність філософії в системі освіти. Частина 1

The subject of this article are philosophical questions that arise in the process of philosophical reflection on some modern trends in education. At a number of points, these issues intersect with the problems of philosophy of education as a relatively independent philosophical discipline. The article analyzes the actualization of philosophy in modern higher and secondary education. The general reasons for this actualization are revealed (insufficient accuracy in dealing with philosophical concepts; low level of philosophical and methodological culture; the general cultural mission of philosophy is not yet properly understood), as well as some reasons related specifically to higher and secondary education. In both cases, this relevance is considered both by modern science and by reflection on it. Integration projects in education exacerbate the relevance in updating the modern system of secondary and higher education in Ukraine. First of all, it concerns the desire for a harmonious combination of knowledge and competence, the real integration of theoretical and practical components of learning. These positive traits become a serious factor that stimulates the cognitive activity of students and their motivation for research. In the united and contradictory process of knowledge development, integration is accompanied by differentiation, just as analytical activity in general is supplemented by synthetic in a single process of analytical-synthetic activity. At the same time, the underestimation of the analytical side of activity and excessive emphasis on its synthetic, integrative side is not a methodologically justified position, including because it is known from the history of scientific knowledge that a new object in the initial stages of its knowledge, first of all, try somehow dissect, analyze its parts, and only then make a complete picture of it, explain it and understand.

Core position of occlusion, gnathology and related diagnosis and treatment principles that mustbe followed in stomatology

This article discussed, in the following three aspeccts, the standing of occlusion, gnathology and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in stomatology. And meanwhile highlighted the important meanings for every stomatologists. Firstly, from the history of dentistry or stomatology, the establishment of occlusion and gnathology drived the transformation of dentistry from a craft practice into an independent profession and discipline. Secondly, from the evolution of occlusion, jaw, and TMJ, this article clarified the distinctiveness and uniqueness of occlusion, jaw and TMJ that made modern human beings the most highly endowed. Thirdly, teeth and other oral organs not only have masticatory and digestive functions but also possess more complex social functions. Stomatognathic system is a more accurate conception than oral organs which is usually called. The conception of stomatognathic system gives a clearer sense of wholeness and more beneficial for accurate diagnosis and treatment of occlusion-related diseases as well as temporomandibular disorders. Finally, the author introduced five common examples regarding medical care and patient-doctor relationships in order to further emphasize the significance of the study of occlusion, gnathology and TMJ. It is necessary for not only general stomatoloaists but also other dental specialists in stomatology to clearly understand the principal theories and proficiently master the management capability on occlusion, gnathology and temporomandibular disorders.