Independent Communities Research Articles

STATUS OF THE STATE THEORY OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE WORLD DOCTRINE OF MUNICIPAL LAW

Representatives of the “free community” theory were among the first to draw attention to the issues of local self-government. In the early nineteenth century. Treasury, ie government officials, was responsible for the affairs and property of the communities. As a result, the community economy has been virtually destroyed to nothing. Therefore, there is a need for scientific substantiation of the need to limit the intervention of central executive bodies in the public system of the economy. This task was intended to be solved by the theory of “free community”, which argued that the right of the community to settle its affairs has the same inalienable character as human rights and freedoms since the community has historically emerged before a state that should respect the freedom of public administration. At the same time, the idea of the inalienability of community rights was sufficiently vulnerable, because, on the one hand, to justify the inalienability of the rights of large territorial self-governing units (departments, provinces, lands, or regions) created by the state was rather difficult and, on the other, to deny them. other types of self-government, except for small rural and urban communities, was rather strange because it did not correspond to the real state of affairs. That is why the social theory of self-government is beginning to emerge, which, as characteristic features of local self-government, has advanced the non-state and usually economic nature of the activity of local self-government bodies. However, the practice has proved that self-government bodies exercise not only private-legal but also public functions, that is, those that are inherent to public authorities, which derive their powers from the state. In addition, the impossibility of clearly separating community affairs from state affairs entrusted to the community was clarified. That is why the state theory of self-government arises. The basic principle of all legal theories was the recognition of the community, county, city, province, in general, any self-governing local union, as a body of public law. At the same time, all representatives of legal theories recognized that the competence of local self-government bodies is not their independent function, it is a state function, that is, transferred by the state to be performed by independent local communities. Therefore, all cases that are administered by local governments are state affairs. The state government itself sets the limits of its competence, entrusting part of its affairs to local self-governing communities and recognizing them as independent public-law corporations. Local self-government bodies, although performing public duties, are not bodies of the state but of independent self-governing unions of communities, possessing the will and independence of the state and independent entities of public law, independent of the will of the state power, because the power itself wants to make them legally independent. Keywords: local self-government; state theory of local self-government; the theory of «free community»; public theory of self-government.

Sit Less for Successful Aging Pilot Study: Feasibility of an Intervention to Reduce Sedentary Time in Older Adults in Independent Living Communities.

Purpose: Older adults are the most sedentary of all age groups, which is concerning given the association of sedentary time with adverse health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to pilot test a 12-week sedentary behavior intervention in older adults in independent living communities. Methods: Individuals older than 60 years, who could walk >100 feet, were recruited. The intervention targeted a reduction in sedentary behavior using an activity prompter and weekly behavioral group sessions. Sedentary time, steps/day, physical function, mobility, and blood pressure were measured. Twelve-week changes in outcomes were compared using paired t tests. Results: Twenty-one older adults (82.2 ± 7.1 years) completed the study. Sedentary minutes accumulated in 30-minute bouts decreased (−27.7 ± 12.9 min/d, P = .0471). There were no changes in total number of sedentary minutes or steps/day. Physical function and mobility improved (all P < .05). The intervention strategy was feasible and acceptable among older adults in independent living communities. Conclusions: An intervention targeting a reduction in sedentary behavior is feasible and acceptable in older adults and shows promise for reducing minutes spent in bouts of prolonged sitting and for improving physical function and mobility.

Increased village potential towards creative and independent communities

Community service activities are divided into three stages, namely preparation, implementation of activities on site, and evaluation. These community service activities have been carried out in Pematang Marihat Village, Siantar Marimbun District, Pematangsiantar City in the form of health check-up activities namely blood sugar and blood pressure checks, health education, healthy exercise, PHBS which is specialized in dental and mouth hygiene, hands and nails, reactivation hydroponics, planting vegetable seeds in polybags, making Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA), making compost from straw, learning groups and teaching activities in schools. The implementation of these activities is expected to benefit the local community. Get closer to the relationship of higher education with the community where KKN students are located. Train students in studying social phenomena that occur in the community. Providing space and land for students to express their application of theories that have been obtained on campus to become agents of change in society. The activities carried out in support of these activities are morning activities, healthy exercise, non-communicable disease counseling, health and clean lifestyle counseling, blood sugar and blood pressure checks, reactivation of hydroponics, Family Medicinal Plant Manufacturing (TOGA), compost fertilizer production from straw. With the completion of the work program of KKN (Real Work Lecture) Group 2 Pematang Marihat Village, Siantar Marimbun District, Pematangsiantar City, the translation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education to the community can be carried out well. Through the implementation of this Community Service Program, we can apply the knowledge gained in college in the form of community service in Pematang Marihat Village.

A Survey Positive Engagement of Learning Community for Informal Education to Support Community

Tacit knowledge has not been revealed in an explicit and structured form, the low motivation of people to seek new knowledge from tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. It takes a place that can channel the hidden knowledge into new knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to find out the mapping of community learning in informal education to support learning communities. Some of the previous studies of Learning Community were able to create smart, skilled, independent and competitiveness communities with learning programs at formal education. The internet community and media make a distance not an obstacle for people who exchange ideas. The power of bonding makes people help each other like families who have the same responsibilities. Community-based learning becomes an alternative in the future, where conventional learning will gradually be abandoned. Learning Community in the context of informal education is an alternative for busy individuals and it is difficult to find time to share knowledge. The method used is by survey method by defining the scope in detail, and determining the research question; do a search that involves selecting literary sources based on keywords, and determine inclusion and exclusion criteria to sort the types of references for further exploration. Community-based learning has unique things related to the learning process that is not possessed by formal education, among others, the interaction between community members, collaboration in sharing knowledge, quick feedback in solving problems, and self-reflection that often expresses opinions. unthinkable, the creation of actualization, problem-solving and learning by doing as well as learning community learning can also be done with experience-based learning.

Governing Tripolye: Integrative architecture in Tripolye settlements.

Recently, high-resolution magnetometry surveys have led to the discovery of a special category of buildings–so-called ‘mega-structures’–situated in highly visible positions in the public space of Tripolye giant-settlements of the late 5th and first half of the 4th millennium BCE. In this paper we explore what these buildings actually are and how they can contribute to the understanding of the development of social space in Tripolye giant-settlements. For this investigation, we linked newly obtained excavation data from the giant-settlement Maidanetske, Ukraine, with a much larger sample of such buildings from magnetic plans obtained in the region between the Carpathian foothills and the Dnieper River. Accordingly, Tripolye mega-structures represent a particular kind of integrative building documented in many non-ranked ethnographic contexts. Based on our results we are interpreting that these buildings were used for various ritual and non-ritual activities, joint decision-making, and the storage and consumption of surplus. In Tripolye giant-settlements at least three different categories of mega-structures could be identified which most likely represent different levels of socio-political integration and decision-making. The emergence of this hierarchical system of high-level integrative buildings for the whole community and different low-level integrative architectures for certain segments of local communities was related to the rise of Tripolye mega-sites. The presence of different integrative levels most likely reflects the fusion of different previously independent communities in the giant-settlements. Later in the mega-site development, we observe how low-level integrative buildings increasingly lose their importance indicated by shrinking size and, finally, their disappearance. This observation might indicate that the power which was previously distributed across the community was transferred to a central institution. It is argued that the non-acceptance of this concentration of power and the decline of lower decision-making levels might be a crucial factor for the disintegration of Tripolye giant-settlements around 3600 BCE.

Pengembangan Usaha Kuliner Home Industri Sebagai Peluang Kaum Perempuan Menuju Industri Kreatif

Towards the creative industry today economic activities are forced to intensify information and creativity by relying on ideas and knowledge from human resources as the main key in moving economic activities, housewives and women generally become the main guard in community life to regulate and cultivate the family economy. In fact, housewives have not been able to exploit their potential to help the family economy due to various factors. This community service activity is focused on empowering home industry actors in helping to increase family income, while the problems faced are (1) Lack of knowledge about home industry, 2) Low understanding of the perpetrators of home industry about the importance of the internet to support business activities. The aim of this program is to develop business carried out by groups of housewives to become economically independent communities.
 

Territorializing effects of global standards: What is at stake in the case of ‘sustainable’ palm oil?

Global private sustainability standards in agriculture today govern a range of commodities produced in the tropics. Our study analyses the most well-established of these standards, namely the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). We show how, far from being a market device restricted to re-organising global markets in palm oil, RSPO standardisation has wider consequences spatially re-distributing power with territorial effects. Territorialisation occurs through two processes: a strategic and operational process linked to the fabrication and application of procedural rules; a socio-technological process linked to the valorisation of managerial approaches to sustainability. Over time, these twin processes have institutionalised a transnational political space of action with territorial properties. These include: new frontiers of political authority de-bordering national jurisdiction (geographically connecting local scale oil palm estates and plantations with a transversal global supply chain stretching from producing to consuming countries); historical connection; internal coherence and imposition of managerial practices and discourses, including managerial constructions of interdependencies between people, nature and artefacts; prime beneficiaries (large southeast Asian growers, international environmental NGOs and (mainly) European downstream firms); marginalised people (independent smallholders and communities in Malaysia and Indonesia). In this manner, RSPO reinforces its political power and authority over a managerial form of sustainability of palm oil production through territorialising it. Ultimately, this transnational political space of action comes into interaction (and, potentially, conflict) with other political spaces of action and territorial projects as pursued by local people, other NGOs or Malaysian and Indonesian state governments.

Citizen’s Participation Through E-Petition: New Wave of Green Movement in Indonesia

At the present, internet era brings a huge change in people lifestyle. The way people interact with their virtual environment represents their thought about the real environment. Go green campaign become widely shared on the internet through various internet communication. This study identified what environmental issues which netizens concern and who they think should take action. We analysed e-petitions issued between January until October 2016 which published by netizens in change.org. A qualitative content analysis was performed to conclude the main message delivered in each e-petition. There were 136 petitions retrieved by keyword environment, but only 62 e-petitions contained go green campaign. This study shows that green movement on the internet mostly initiated by common people. Moreover, the existences of independent lifestyle communities also promising watchdog on environmental issues. Both of these non-incorporated netizens mostly underlined the quality of environment they living as the main messages of the e-petitions. On the other hand, issues related wildlife preservation was spoken up by incorporated netizens such as NGO. Surprisingly, netizens tend to pointed government as the responsible actor in this environmental damage rather than considered to shared responsibility. Finally, we found that citizen’s participation in go green campaign was determined by their nearest daily living environment which same idealized vision will bring them to more solid movement.

Primary Health Care Center as a Form of Organization of Family Medicine of the United Territorial Community

The article is devoted to the analysis of the modern process of reorganization of healthcare institutions of the united territorial community (OTG) and the algorithm for creating a center of primary medical and sanitary care. The legal framework of medical reform and aspects of the activity of the primary medical care system of the OTG were studied. Modern approaches to the organization of a patientoriented model of primary care and the implementation of measures to improve medical and technical equipment and the financial distribution of funds are highlighted. It has been established that the creation of a primary health care center in financially independent communities will make it possible to fully embody a patient-oriented model in compliance with the development directions and principles of primary care in rural areas. The best is a clear division of labor between the economic part and the medical work. Promising is the conclusion of contracts in the framework of inter-municipal cooperation and civil-law relations with general practitioners-family medicine, who work as individual entrepreneurs.

The Civil Law Review Of The Role Of Joint Village-Owned Business Entities (BUM Desa Bersama) As the Subject of Civil Law

Village development in Indonesia demands a growing system of regulations both in the field of village development and its economy so that since the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, Village-Owned Enterprises (BUM Desa) have emerged to support economic development and development of a village in Indonesia . BUM Desa is a Legal Entity that can carry out legal actions to manage capital and assets owned, provide general public services in the form of drinking water management, village waste management, management of barns, making ponds, managing plantation products and livestock products, utilizing tourism potential into villages tourism and other business activities that involve the active role of independent village communities, establish partnerships and cooperation with other parties, both individuals and other legal entities such as Limited Liability Companies, CVs and so on. The purpose of this study is to find out the role of the role of the Joint Village Business Entity as the subject of Civil Law in carrying out various legal actions including cooperating in various fields with other business entities incorporated.Keywords: Civil Law, Joint Village Owned Enterprises (BUM Desa Bersama), Subjects of Civil Law

PKM Produksi dan Pemasaran Hasil Olahan Pepaya di Babadan Polengan Srumbung Magelang

The target of this PKM program is a group of people who are economically productive (small businesses). The program aims to develop economically independent communities. Business partners in this program are small businesses making and marketing processed papaya products. The problems faced by partners are 1) Product quality that is not so good, 2) Product packaging is still too simple, 3) No product label, 4) No PIRT, 5) No signboard, 6) No promotional media, and 7) Partners do not make financial reports.
 Outcomes generated from the PKM marketing community service program produced by Papaya in Babadan Polengan Srumbung Magelang are 1) Quality products with elegant packaging, 2) Product label stickers, 3) Products with PIRT, 4) Nameplate, 5) Facebook and Instagram, 6) Financial Statements.
 The method used to achieve this goal is 1) Training in making papaya sweets, 2) Procurement of plastic packaging and cup sealer tools 3) Making product label stickers, 4) Making PIRT, 5) Making nameplate, 6) Making Facebook and Instagram accounts for partners, 7) Marketing management training, and 8) Training and mentoring in the preparation of financial reports.

Effectiveness of Desa Siaga-Alert Village Programs for Empowerment of Self-Independent Communities Case Study: Desa Siaga Rabies-Rabies Alert Villag of Martajaya Village, Pasangkayu District

The concept of Desa Siaga is to build one system in a village that is responsible for the health of the community itself. Desa Siaga encourages people to have the ability and initiative to respond immediately. The aim of the study will review the problem of how effective the Desa Siaga Rabies program is for independent healthy community empowerment in Martajaya Village, Pasangkayu District. The results of the study show that the implementation of the Desa Siaga Rabies program has run quite well, but it cannot be said to be effective for the empowerment of independent healthy communities..

Active Community Participation and Crowdworking Turnover: A Longitudinal Model and Empirical Test of Three Mechanisms

Crowdworkers, such as Mturk workers, face challenging work conditions, including low pay and unfair treatment. To overcome a lack of means to share information with other workers, they often self-organize in independent online communities, for example, TurkerNation. Although prior research has explored both the crowdwork and online community contexts, it has largely ignored crowdworkers’ dual-context roles. This research provides evidence for the dual-context phenomenon. We propose three theory-driven mechanisms―embeddedness, cross-influence, and moderated heuristics―that, together with the conventional model and the sequential-update mechanism, explained up to 72% of key behavioral outcomes in both contexts. Moreover, crowdworkers’ active participation in online communities had a persistent mitigating effect on their desires to quit working in the crowdworking environment. These findings add to a richer understanding of crowdworkers’ integrated and evolving psychology within the dual-context environment. From a managerial perspective, our findings suggest that crowdwork platforms can better retain their workers by facilitating―and actively engaging with―their discussions in an embedded online community.

Emergent Cultural Differences in Online Communities’ Norms of Fairness

Unpredictable social dynamics can dominate social outcomes even in carefully designed societies like online multiplayer games. According to theories from economic game theory and evolutionary anthropology, communities that are otherwise identical can spontaneously develop emergent cultural differences. We demonstrate the emergence of norm diversity in comparable populations distributed across identical copies of a single multiplayer game world. We use 2006 data from several servers of World of Warcraft to analyze how social contracts about resource distribution converge within independent communities, while varying across them. We find wide-ranging diversity in the norms that communities consider standard, fair, and common, even where these norms are unenforcable and players face large incentives to deviate from them. By documenting how designed societies come to differ in undesigned ways, we present emergent cultural diversity as a distinguishing feature of human sociality and a major challenge for game designers.

Exploring the Hierarchical Structure of China’s Railway Network from 2008 to 2017

The analysis of transport networks is an important component of urban and regional development and planning. Based on the four main stages of China’s railway development from 2008 to 2017, this paper analyzes the hierarchical and spatial heterogeneity distribution of train flows. We found a high degree of spatial matching with the distribution of China’s main railway corridors. Then, using a classical community detection algorithm, this paper attempts to describe the functional structure and regional effects of China’s railway network. We also explore the impacts of construction policies and changes to train operations on the spatial organizing pattern and evolution of network hierarchies. The results of this empirical study reveal a clear pattern of independent communities, which in turn indicates the existence of a hierarchical structure in China’s railway network. The decreases in both the number of communities and average distance between community centers indicate that the newer high-speed rail services have shortened the connections between cities. In addition, the detected communities are inconsistent with China’s actual administrative divisions in terms of quantity and boundaries. The spatial spillover and segmentation effects cause the railway network in different regions to be self-contained. Finally, the detected communities in each stage can be divided into the categories of monocentric structure, dual-nuclei structure, and polycentric structure according to the number of extracted hubs. The polycentric structure is the dominant mode, which shows that the railway network has significant spatial dependence and a diversified spatial organization mode. This study has great significance for policymakers seeking to guide the future construction of high-speed rail lines and optimize national or regional railway networks.

Análisis de ADN mitocondrial en una muestra de restos óseos precolombinos de Norte de Santander, Colombia (Área Cultural Chitarera)

Los análisis de ADN antiguo (ADNa) han incrementado en los últimos años permitiendo conocer la diversidad genética de las poblaciones precolombinas. En Colombia, existen pocos registros arqueológicos de la población prehispánica del Norte de Santander habitada en el siglo XVI por el grupo Chitarero. Por este motivo, nos propusimos analizar la diversidad genética a partir de secuencias de la región HVRI del ADNmt y determinar sus posibles relaciones con otras comunidades tanto antiguas como contemporáneas. Se analizaron siete individuos precolombinos asociados a este grupo prehispánico, recuperados en los municipios de Cácota y Silos en el departamento de Norte de Santander de los Andes Orientales colombianos, siguiendo criterios estrictos de autenticidad para el ADNa. En todos los individuos se logró identificar el haplogrupo B caracterizado por el polimorfismo en la posición 16217C, siendo éste uno de los más frecuentes en comunidades precolombinas y contemporáneas de los Andes Suramericanos. Este hallazgo indica que este grupo poblacional se encuentra estrechamente emparentado por línea materna, con posibles índices de endogamia, con una probable densidad demográfica baja y una baja diversidad genética, similares a lo observado en comunidades pertenecientes a periodos anteriores como el Formativo. Este grupo precolombino exhibe una de las diversidades genéticas más bajas reportadas en las poblaciones pertenecientes a la familia lingüistica Chibcha. Estos resultados genéticos coinciden con los planteamientos sobre el grupo Chitarero de pertenecer a comunidades pequeñas independientes, con asentamientos dispersos, apartados unos de otros.

Generality of associations between biological richness and the rates of metabolic processes across microbial communities.

Biological richness is positively associated with the rates of some metabolic processes performed by microbial communities. It remains unclear, however, whether these positive associations are a general feature of the metabolic processes performed by microbial communities or whether they are specific to certain types of metabolic processes. For example, it was hypothesized that the strength of any particular positive association depends on how many different genotypes within a microbial community perform the metabolic process of interest (i.e. the 'rarity hypothesis'). We tested the generality of these positive associations by measuring the taxonomic richness, functional gene richness and rate constants for 71 different metabolic processes across 30 independent microbial communities. We found that both taxonomic and functional gene richness do indeed tend to positively associate with the rates of metabolic processes. In addition, we found that positive associations occur across a wide range of different environmental conditions. Counter to the 'rarity hypothesis', however, we did not detect a relationship between the strengths of the positive associations and the rarity of each metabolic process. Together, our data provide empirical evidence that positive associations with biological richness may indeed be a general feature of the metabolic processes performed by microbial communities.

Pit fights: predators in evolutionarily independent communities

Pit fights: predators in evolutionarily independent communities

Comparing successful aging, resilience, and holistic wellness as predictors of the good life

ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of the study was to compare the relative contributions of Rowe and Kahn’s definition of successful aging (SA), resilience, and the holistic wellness paradigm for predicting happiness, life satisfaction, and self-rated physical health in late life.Method: A cross-sectional research design was used to survey 200 residents across 12 senior housing sites. Criteria with strong psychometric properties representing the three constructs were operationalized using hierarchical regression within the context of relevant control variables to compare the relative strengths of the three paradigms for predicting measures of quality of life.Results: In this study, 8.5% of the sample met modified criteria for SA and were used as a comparison group with those who did not meet the criteria. Overall, holistic wellness and resilience predicted happiness, life satisfaction, and physical health better than SA alone. When predicting happiness and life satisfaction, race and holistic wellness were significant predictors. Age and holistic wellness were the best predictors of self-rated physical health.Conclusion: The criteria underlying SA poorly predicted happiness, life satisfaction, and self-rated physical health compared to the resilience and holistic wellness models. The results suggest that definitions of aging well are complex and require greater nuance. The findings have important implications for clinicians seeking translatable theoretical models that are amenable to practice with older adults, especially for those living in independent senior housing communities.

Analisis Pencapaian Aspek Pemberdayaan Pada Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perdesaan

The community empowerment has become the basis of various government programs in the past 10 years. This research basically aimed to determine how the achievement of empowerment aspect indeed as the main goal in a community empowerment program. The community empowerment program under study was the implementation of the National Program for Empowerment of the Independent Rural Communities (PNPM-MP). This was a quantitative study by measuring the achievement of empowerment aspect from PNPM-MP activity in which the locus was in Lorok Village, Ogan Ilir Regency. The sample of this study was 80 respondents. The research questionnaire consisted of 36 statement items that had been through the validity and reliability tests of research instruments. The results showed that four of the five dimensions in the community empowerment variable in the PNPM-MP activities achieved low achievement. The dimensions of enabling, empowering, supporting and fostering are dimensions that achieved low achievement while the securing dimension achieved moderate achievement. This result was in line with the measurement of the overall empowerment variables in the implementation of PNPM-MP in Lorok Village of Ogan Ilir Regency with low achievement that is in percentage of 37%. It is concluded that the implementation of the program / activity of empowerment that took place efficiently and continuously in this village was not directly proportional to the increasing aspects of community empowerment.