Main Clause Research Articles

FACTORS PROMOTING THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL VENTURES FOR THE POST COVID-19: A CASE STUDY IN TURKEY

Purpose- The premise of the study is that the social and economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic encourage the emergence of social innovations in Turkey providing a window of opportunity and the promoting factors of these emergences are mostly pro-social factors and personal values. Based on this proposition, the primary purpose of the study is to investigate and reveal the factors that lead to the emergence of social ventures. The secondary aims are to increase the awareness of the stakeholders and academia on social entrepreneurship in which a limited number of studies have been conducted in Turkey, and thus to emphasize the topicality and the importance of the subject. Methodology- The research method was designed as a qualitative research method which includes in-depth interviews with 6 social ventures in Turkey. As primary data, information obtained from in-depth interviews with the social ventures and from interviews with Ashoka Turkey were used. The literature review constitutes the secondary data. Findings- Despite the personal characteristics are effective in being a social entrepreneur, it is seen that they are not sufficient in the emergence of a social enterprise. Extraversion, open to experience and conscientious are the three prominent personal characteristics related to personality in the research. The results of the research confirm the researcher's proposition that the prominent factors in the establishment of social enterprises are pro-social factors and personal motivations. While passionate and need for achievement from personal motivations drew attention, desire to help others and social vision from pro-social factors were determined as leading factors. Conclusion- Although the findings of the study confirm some expectations about the factors that encourage the emergence of social entrepreneurship, there has not been enough evidence to support the researcher's main proposition that the COVID-19 pandemic period has accelerated and stimulated the emergence of social enterprises by creating an opportunity. Keywords: Social entrepreneurship, social innovation, factors promoting the emergence of social ventures, post Covid-19. JEL Codes: L26, L31, M13

Attribute reduction in intuitionistic fuzzy formal concepts

Knowledge acquisition in intuitionistic fuzzy information systems is of importance because those fuzzy information systems are often encountered in many real-life problems. Formal concept analysis is a simple and effective tool for knowledge acquisition. However, there is still little work on introducing knowledge acquisition methods based on formal concept analysis into intuitionistic fuzzy information systems. This paper mainly extends the formal concept theory into intuitionistic fuzzy information systems. Firstly, two pairs of adjoint mappings are defined in intuitionistic fuzzy formal contexts. It is verified that both pairs of adjoint mappings form Galois connections. Secondly, two types of intuitionistic fuzzy concept lattices are constructed. After that, we also present the main theorems and propositions of the intuitionistic fuzzy concept lattices. Thirdly, we deeply discuss the attribute characteristics for type-1 generalized one-sided intuitionistic fuzzy concept lattice. Furthermore, a discernibility matrix-based algorithm is proposed for attribute reduction and the effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated by a practical example. The construction of intuitionistic fuzzy conceptS is meaningful for the complex and fuzzy information in real life.

Theresa May’s BBC Speech on Brexit Referendum: An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis

Interpersonal metafunction is one of three components of linguistic study within the Systemic Functional Linguistics framework (SFL). It is concerned with how language users express ideas in texts in order for their audience to perceive them. In regards to political discourse, this study aims to unravel what PM Theresa May tries to deliver to her audience. By examining the patterns of independent clauses in her BBC speech regarding Brexit referendum, it indicates the presence of declarative and/or statement sentences. There is clearly an exchange pattern between the speaker (Theresa May) and the targeted listener (British citizen). She planned the order of her speech, beginning with an explanation of the existing state of the United Kingdom and her new elevated position as Prime Minister, as a preamble to her theme speech, the Brexit referendum. By boosting her speech (using the finite 'will'), she explored her promise of a far better life for British citizens after leaving the EU, and in the final portion of her address, she maintained a strong demand (using the high modulation 'must') to realize her planned goal. This text analysis as a whole may provide extra insight into political speech language.

Taxis and Logico-Semantic Relations in Selected News Articles On Insecurity in Nigeria

The media increasingly creates and reports peoples’ experiences of insecurity in divers news reports on insecurity in Nigeria. Previous studies on media discourse and insecurity in Nigeria have focused largely on discourse construction and representations without full attention to clausal structures and logical sequence of information in the selected media reports. This study, therefore examines the clause complexes as the meaning domain and clause connectors as cohesive devices in selected news articles on insecurity in Nigeria with a view to establishing the inter-clausal structures and logical sequence of ideas in the reportage. The clause complex of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) which sees clause as the meaning domain in a text, served as framework in the study. The main focus was on three categories: banditry, farmer/herders crisis and ethnic rivalry. Twenty-one news articles were purposively selected for their relevance to the study. The findings revealed the hypotactict constructions dominate the selected news articles. The dependent clauses were employed to amplify the meaning in the dominant clauses, and to give circumstantial information about the process rather than the participants. Also, status of clause was used to establish level of importance ascribed to the unit of information it depicted. Activities of the bandits, kidnappers and killers were often written in main clauses which gave credence to the act of insecurity in the country, while efforts of the government often came in subordinate clauses, apart from those that talked about the process. The paper concludes that news articles displays hypotactic structures than paratactic because it allows writers to describe and give circumstantial information.

Sequence of tense and cessation implicatures: evidence from Polish

In English, past tense stative clauses embedded under a past-marked attitude verb, like Eric thought that Kalina was sick, can receive two interpretations, differing on when the state of the complement is understood to hold, i.e. Kalina’s sickness precedes the time of Eric’s thinking (backward-shifted reading), or Kalina is sick at the time of Eric’s thinking (simultaneous reading). As is well known, the availability of the simultaneous reading—also called Sequence of tense (SOT)—is subject to cross-linguistic variation. Non-SOT languages only allow for the backward-shifted interpretation. This cross-linguistic variation has been analysed in two main ways in the literature: a structural approach, connecting the availability of the simultaneous reading in a language to a syntactic mechanism that allows the embedded past not to be interpreted; and an implicature approach, which links the absence of such a reading to the presence of a “cessation” implicature associated with past tense. We report a series of experiments on Polish, which is commonly classified as a non-SOT language. First, we investigate the interpretation of complement clauses embedded under past-marked attitude verbs in Polish and English. This investigation revealed a difference between these two languages in the availability of simultaneous interpretations for past-under-past complement clauses, albeit not as large as a binary distinction between SOT and non-SOT languages would lead us to expect. We then address the question of whether the lower acceptability we observe for simultaneous readings in Polish might be due to an embedded cessation implicature. On the way to address this question, we show that in simple matrix clauses, Polish gives rise to the same cessation inference as English. Then we investigate Polish past-under-past sentences in positive and negative contexts, comparing their potential cessation implicature to the exclusive implicature of disjunction. In our results, we found that the latter was endorsed more often in positive than in negative contexts, as expected, while the cessation implicature was endorsed overall very little, with no difference across contexts. The disanalogy between the disjunction and the temporal cases, and the insensitivity of the latter to monotonicity, are a challenge for the implicature approach, and cast doubts on associating SOT phenomena with implicatures.

«Законные интересы»: традиционный взгляд (позитивистская интерпретация) и оценка в контексте естественно-правовой природы прав человека

In theoretical jurisprudence and legal practice the concept of “legitimate interests” to a large extent retains legal uncertainty. This concept has acquired categorical meaning in the conditions of domination in jurisprudence of positivism methodology, from the position of which only the fixation of rights in the legislation gives their bearers the legal possibility of their full-fledged realization and protection. Introduced into circulation by the representatives of legal positivism, the concept of “legitimate interests” also acquired a specific meaning: these are the interests that are subject to legal protection and defense, but not to the extent that is typical for interests, the satisfaction of which is associated with the provision of their bearer of subjective right. The value of this understanding turns out to be insignificant.
 In a broad, constitutional-legal sense, legally protected interests (not “legitimate interests”) are the same rights, but rights that have not “matured”, not legally formalized as a subjective right; it is also the legal form of the existence of an interest and the right corresponding to it. Over time and under the influence of certain factors, legal interests, as a result, of taking root in public practice or legislative registration, pass into the category of “full-fledged” rights. It is presumed that in the legal toolkit, “legal interests” perform (replace) the function of a special legal mechanism (tool) of protection of the part of socially acceptable interests that are not mediated in the form of subjective rights. From this point of view, it is more important for the legislator not to strive for all new interests to be relegated to the category of subjective rights, which is practically impossible to do (national law would then acquire an indefinite character with poorly expressed regulatory principles); it is more important to equip the constitutional system with effective mechanisms for the protection and defense of all social interests of any significance. This approach best meets the main constitutional clause — the recognition of the individual, his rights and freedoms as the highest value of society.

PRO vs pro in Arabic Syntax: Theoretical Analysis

The objective of this work is to investigate the syntactic and semantic properties of the empty categories PRO and pro in Modern Standard Arabic syntax. The problem: both of them are always syntactically covert at PF; semantically, though PRO bears same / or different theta roles from its anaphor at spell out, it leads to correct interpretation at LF; however, pro bears different theta roles that determine correct c-selection at spell out and lead to correct interpretations at LF. Conclusions: Syntactically PRO occupies, merely, the subject position of non- finite phrases; it does not check the nominative case since the phrases lack [Agrs, T]. However, pro occupies the subject position of finite clauses in (i) independent clause, (ii) embedding, (iii) subordinate and (iv) independent clauses related to weather (expletive) verbs; it checks the nominative case by [Agrs, T]. Semantically, PRO checks, merely, the theta roles of agent and experiencer; however, pro checks the theta roles of agent, patient, experiencer, theme, instrument and location.

Revealing the Form of Constraints and Switched Points in Cewek Smart #2

This reserach was done to reveal the dominant form of Constraints and Switched Points of code switching usage in Cewek Smart #2 book by Ria Fariana, which the data is taken from chapter 1 to chapter 6 of total 53 pages. To reveal the form of constraints and switched points of code switching, it was considered to use theory by Poplack about code switching, and the data were analyzed by using a qualitative method. This current research shows that there were 21 forms of constraints and switched points and there are 6 dominant forms used in the book of Cewek Smart #2, namely between Adverb and VP, between NP and zero marking (-), between VP and zero marking (-), between Independent Clause and Zero Marking (-), Between PP and and Zero Marking (-), Between Conj. and zero marking (-). in the book of Cewek Smart #2.

Why syntax is all about semantics and pragmatics

In this paper I reanalyze the data provided in Barbiers (2018) on Dutch adverbs which occur in an embedded (complement) clause while they semantically pertain to the matrix (main) clause (or vice versa). Whereas Barbiers analyzes adverb placement in Dutch along the lines of the Cinque hierarchy (Cinque 1999), I will propose an analysis and explanation along semantic lines which does not need any movement, thereby stressing the importance of semantics and pragmatics in syntactic analyses.

On the CP shell

The system of feature inheritance from C to T entails the syntactic presence of C in any tensed clause where Agree and Case assignment take place. However, the complementizer that, which is conventionally assumed to head a tensed clause, never appears in a main clause in English, and this empirical fact implies that the complementizer occupies a higher syntactic position than C. Here emerges the necessity to postulate a CP shell above CP. The author suggests labeling this shell as cP, headed by the complementizer that. The specifier of little c is the target of wh-movement in embedded clauses whereas the null head C contains various features associated with such syntactic operations as feature inheritance, negative inversion, and wh-movement in main clauses.

The verb-initial independent declarative clauses on which the most complete witnesses to the Old English Bede disagree

ABSTRACT The article examines the verb-initial independent declarative clauses with overt subjects (V1) in the Old English Bede on which the most complete witnesses disagree. It identifies the syntactic and textual environments in which the V1 clauses are altered or omitted and the types of changes they undergo. The article demonstrates that the majority of the alterations and omissions are recorded in the later manuscripts B and Ca. Most of them reflect the change to the V2 and V3 word order and the rise of the þa VS clauses in the V1 textual environments (e.g. reported discourse). Besides these widely attested developments in syntax and textual organisation, the corpus also exhibits the alterations that can be attributed to the individual scribes who modify or omit the V1 clauses to align the Old English translation with the Latin, eliminate asyndetic parataxis, homogenise the style, and streamline the narrative. The variants and scribal interventions uncovered by the present inquiry not only help form a more complete picture of the transmission and uses of the manuscripts of the Old English Bede but also contribute to the diachronic and synchronic study of the Old English language and style.

생체정보 보호 강화를 위한 입법정책적 고찰

Article 23 (1) of the Personal Information Protection Act stipulates that “A personal information controller shall not process any information prescribed by Presidential Decree (hereinafter referred to as ‘sensitive data’), including ideology, belief, admission to or withdrawal from a trade union or political party, political opinions, health, sex life, and other personal information that is likely to markedly threaten the privacy of any data subject.” Article 18 of the Enforcement Decree of the Personal Information Protection Act stipulates that ‘Information prescribed by Presidential Decree’ in the main clause , with the exception of the subparagraph, of Article 23 (1) of the Act means the following data or information. In subparagraph 3, “Personal information resulting from specific technical processing of data relating to the physical, physiological or behavioral characteristics of an individual for the purpose of uniquely identifying that individual” is defined as one of the sensitive data. The range of sensitive data is wider than that of biometrics. ‘Data that constitutes a criminal history record’ defined in subparagraph 5 of Article 2 of the Act on the Lapse of Criminal Sentences, etc. as stipulated in Article 18 (3) of the Enforcement Decree of the Personal Information Protection Act and Article 18 (4) of the Enforcement Decree of the Personal Information Protection Act ‘Personal information revealing racial or ethnic origin’ is sensitive data completely different from biometric information. Therefore, it is necessary to enact a separate law to protect and manage biometrics or biometric information that requires more protection than sensitive data. As safety measures for biometrics security, there are first, security measures for forged/falsified biometric information, second, protection of the transmission section when collecting and inputting biometric information, third, use within the scope of the agreed purpose, fourth, biometric information collection and input processing at the terminal, fifth, encryption when storing biometric information, sixth, destruction of biometric information, seventh, separate storage when storing original biometric information, eighth, in case of leakage of biometric information, protective measures are taken. The Act on Protection and Management of Biometrics (draft) includes Chapter 1 General Provisions, Chapter 2 Establishment of Biometrics Protection Policy, Chapter 3 Collection and Use of Biometrics and Restrictions on It, Chapter 4 Safe Management of Biometrics, and Chapter 5, Guarantee of Rights of Data Subjects.

STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO IDENTIFY MAIN CLAUSE AND SUB CLAUSE ON REPORTED SPEECH BY FIFTH SEMESTER AT MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR

This research aimed to aimed to find out students’ ability to identify main clause and sub clause on reported speech By fifth semester At Muhammadiyah University of Makassar. This study used a descriptive quantitative research approach. The sample size was 30 students in total. Purposive sampling was utilized by the researcher. The data gathering instrument was written test.Based on the findings, the researcher found tha students’ ability to identify main clause and sub clause. Total score of the main clause test was 2.212, and the total numbers of the students were 30 while mean score of the students’ ability to identify main clause was 73.73 (good). Total score of the sub clause was 2.212, and total numbers of the students were 30 while the mean score of the students’ ability to identify sub clause was 73.73 (good) means some students were still difficult to determine them, and some students were having good comprehension about them. However this score need to be improved because this category is still low for college’s students.From the findings above, it can be concluded that students’ ability in identifying main clause and sub clause have good comprehension. However, the researcher concluded this score need to be improved.

A Contrastive Study on Object Pronouns of Korean and Indonesian for Korean Language Learners - Based on Korean-Indonesian Parallel Corpus -

This study aims to describe and analyze Korean and Indonesian object pronouns based on a Korean-Indonesian parallel corpus. Both Korean and Indonesian are categorized as ‘discourse pro-drop languages’ that allow arguments(subjects and objects) to be dropped. However, the object elliption in Indonesian is more restrained because in independent clauses the object cannot be ommited. The results of the Korean-Indonesian parallel corpus showed that there were instances when Korean object pronouns corresponded with Indonesian object pronouns and when they did not. The Indonesian object pronoun is controlled by its verb’s transitivity and therefore can appear even when the object pronoun in the Korean text was expressed using zero anaphor. The Korean object pronoun when overtly expressed, displayed new information, focus or emphasis. In addition, we also observed cases on the account of different language expression, Korean and Indonesian preference on expression was discovered.

КОНКЛУЗИВНИ УПОТРЕБИ В ПРЕДИКАТИ НА УСЛОВНИ ИЗРЕЧЕНИЯ / USE OF CONCLUSIVE FORMS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

The Bulgarian еvidential system has drawn a lot of attention in recent years. The approaches to interpreting its semantics, however, differ significantly. Even so, most scholars agree that the Bulgarian conclusive is a modal category. The differences between the available definitions of the Bulgarian conclusive may be ascribed in part to a very particular grammatical phenomenon in Bulgarian – the coincidence of the forms of the conclusive aorist and the perfect indicative. This coincidence makes it difficult to identify and explore unambiguously the conclusive. So far there has been no comprehensive study of the uses of the conclusive, but some of them have been explored in various works by Georgi Gerdzhikov, Ruselina Nitsolova, Zlatka Guentcheva-Desclés, Krasimira Aleksova, Ekaterina Tarpomanova, Senem Konedareva, among others. The goal of this study is to identify the conclusive in conditional sentences. These are the least studied uses of the conclusive so far, partly because they are associated with various difficulties concerning the systematization of the conditional sentences, the conditions for realization of the grammatical forms in the main and subordinate clauses in Bulgarian, as well as the coincidence of the conclusive aorist and the perfect indicative forms. The exploration of the different combinations of other verb forms with the conclusive found in this type of complex sentences will allow for drawing conclusions on how these particular uses extend the semantic scope of the conclusive. Keywords: evidentiality, conclusive, grammatical homonymy, conditional sentences

РИТМИЧНО-ИНТОНАЦИОННИ МОДЕЛИ НА ПРИКОПУЛНИТЕ ПОДЧИНЕНИ ИЗРЕЧЕНИЯ

The paper presents the results of parallel observations on the structurography and the rhythmic-intonational patterns of subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses in the Bulgarian language. It focuses on complex sentences, whose intonation contours are almost unexplored. One exception is the study of the intonation in com-plex sentences with a subordinate subject clause by Vladislav Marinov. The aim of this paper is to describe the structure of complex-compound sentences by examining a selection from a small corpus of sentences with copular main clauses. Using acoustic analysis programmes, I observe the intonation curves of these sentences and attempt at identifying intonational patterns associated with the variations of the basic sentence model NP cop NP in which the left and/or the right-hand noun group is substituted by a main or a subordinate clause (S): S1 cop S2, NP cop S, S cop NP. The main goal is to identify the characteristic features of the intonational connectivity within the complex-compound sentence and to study whether predicatives and their constituents are associated with particular intonational patterns. The object of study is predicative connectivity in complex-compound sentences and its reflection in their intonation contours. In particular, I observe subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses, traditionally divided into subject clauses and subject complement clauses. An important prerequisite for this work is a previous pilot study on a corpus of complex-compound sentences, which has shown that subject complement clauses are characterised by extremely low frequency. Keywords: rhythmic-intonational patterns, subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses, complex sentences

Switzerland: Political Developments and Data in 2021

AbstractIn 2021, as in the previous year, political dynamics in Switzerland were strongly influenced by the Covid‐19 pandemic. Institutionally, the ‘special situation’ according to the Federal Law of Epidemics affected the power distribution between federal government and the subnational units. Moreover, compared with the first pandemic year, 2021 was marked by strong polarization of society and the political parties on several pandemic‐related issues. One consequence of this were two referendums held on the Covid‐19 law, which served as a legal basis for the Federal Council to mitigate the negative effects of the coronavirus pandemic on society and the economy. While voters supported the federal government in both cases, the rich direct‐democratic year in Switzerland was otherwise dominated by a rejection of the other main governmental proposition, namely the revised CO2 law.

A Systematic Literature Review of Gender and Politics: Stereotypes of Gender in Political Zone on Social Media

Gender issues frequently arise in political debates, and they are accompanied by negative stereotypes on social media that political opponents echo. This issue draws attention among scholars to examine of gender and political issues in social media, but we have not found any across research that can map gender and political issues in social media with the output of patterns and themes.. Therefore, this article seeks to identify trends of gender issues and politics on social media and alludes to the various stereotypes. To initiate the findings and discussion, a qualitative literature review study was used, in which data were obtained from the Academic Scopus Database involved analysis of 89 articles, which data source from 2012 to 2021 in the social science discipline. Data were managed by the NVivo 12 Plus and VOSViewer as a data analysis tool – with some of the main menus used in the NVivo 12 plus (themes classification; project maps; and group classification), other side used VOSViewer (density and overlay visualization). Our findings highlight various emerging themes proportion regarding gender issues and politics on social media. These topics have tended to increase in the current decade; newest research trends have led to studies on gender and sexuality, female leaders, anti-immigration, voice, and young women, as well as LGBT, which politics intersect—followed by some issues such as black women, Muslim women, and also white women that get involved in political debates. There are three striking main propositions: social media, politics, and gender. However, many politicians and social media users bring up the gender stereotype. In short, this research can contribute to enriching the treasures of gender issues and politics on social media.

Legenda jo lausuttaessaan: havaintoja tehtäessään-tyyppisistä verbimuodoista

The article provides a description of heretofore neglected Finnish converb clauses, in which the passive simultaneous converb in -taessa/-täessä ‘when V-ed; while being V-ed’ is followed by a possessive suffix, most often the third-person possessive suffix -Vn. Based on data drawn from a body of modern written Finnish, and accompanied by the results obtained from a questionnaire survey with native speakers, the article claims that person-marked passive converb forms like lausuttaessaan ‘when uttered’ and perustettaessaan ‘when established’ need not be considered downright erroneous contaminations by L2 learners or careless L1 writers. Instead, they are widely accepted in sentences where the possessive suffix refers to the patient of a transitive verb in the passive converb form, identical with the non-agentive theme argument of the main clause, as in Varasto oli perustettaessaan Euroopan suurin [storage be.pst.3sg establish.pass.cvb.3 Europe.gen large.sup] ‘When established, the storage was the largest one in Europe’.

Two kinds of selection marking

AbstractWhy does an argument clause contain a meaningless complementizer in languages such as English and German, but not in Mandarin; and why does an adverbial clause occur with a meaningless correlative adverb in the matrix clause in Mandarin, but not in languages such as English and German? Extending the c-selection from one type of sisterhood to another type of sisterhood, this paper recognizes the modification relation as a kind of selection relation, in addition to the familiar kind of argument-taking selection relation. This research argues that dependency marking is seen in different types of sister relations. It shows how Mandarin uses modification markers systematically, but does not use argument markers, also systematically. The paper explains the existence of modification markers in various constructions in Mandarin and in various languages. It lets us gain a better understanding of language variations.