Independent Chair Research Articles

The chair of diseases of the eyes and urinary bladder in the university of Naples in XVIII century and the institution of autonomous university chairs of ophtalmology in Vienna and in Naples

In 1779, a chair entitled “Malattie degli occhi e della vescica urinaria” (“Eyes and Urinary Bladder diseases”) was established at the University of Naples and was assigned to Michele Troja, Enlightenment scientist, physician and surgeon. As in the case of Ophthalmology teaching, assigned to Joseph Barth, at the University of Vienna, also in Naples this was not recognized as an independent chair until later on, in Vienna with Joseph Beer and in Naples with Giovan Battista Quadri, a student of Beer. Michele Troja in 1780, gathered all his university lectures on eye diseases into a book that constituted an Ophthalmology text for students and physicians. This text, which today has considerable historical interest, was used for many years also after Troja's teaching ended.

Rheumatological care in Germany : Memorandum of the German Society for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology 2024

Rheumatology in Germany is facing major challenges. The need for rheumatological care is increasing and can no longer be met in some regions for capacity reasons. Too many people with an inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD) have to forego appropriate care or receive it too late. The 4thnew edition of the memorandum of the German Society for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology (DGRh) provides information on rheumatological care in Germany. It was produced under the leadership of the DGRh together with the Professional Association of German Rheumatologists (BDRh), the Association of Acute Rheumatology Clinics (VRA), the German Rheumatism League (DRL) and the German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ). The memorandum describes the current state and development of the following areas: number of people with IRD, outpatient, inpatient and rehabilitative care structures, number of specialists in rheumatology, education and training, quality of care, health economic aspects and digital care concepts. Proposals for health policy measures to safeguard rheumatological care are presented. Prevalence: approximately 1.8million adults in Germany have an IRD. The prevalence is increasing, due to changes in the demographic structure of the population, improved diagnostics, treatment and longer survival. Care structures: outpatient specialist care (ASV) for rheumatic diseases is developing as across-sectoral care model for hospital outpatient clinics and rheumatology practices. Hospitals have been able to be certified as rheumatology centers since 2020, which enables structural developments. Specialists in rheumatology: as of 31December 2023, there were 1164 specialists in rheumatology working in Germany. This included 715 physicians accredited to work in practices for national health assurance patients, 39% of whom were employees. In hospitals, 39% of doctors worked part-time. At least 2rheumatology specialists per 100,000 adults are needed, i.e. around 1400, in order to provide adequate care. This means that there is ashortage of around 700 rheumatology specialists in the outpatient sector alone. Of all working specialists, 30% are currently aged60 years old and over. Medical training: only 10 out of38 (26%) state universities have an independent chair in rheumatology. In addition, 11rheumatology departments are subordinate to anonrheumatology chair. In the rheumatology-integration into student training (RISA)III study, only 16 out of 36faculties fulfilled the recommended minimum number of compulsory hours of student rheumatology teaching. Continuing education in rheumatology: the annual postgraduate training qualificationsdo not cover the demand for rheumatology specialists, which isadditionally increasing due to intensified workload, reduced capacities through retirement, and part-time work. Quality of care: since the introduction of highly effective medication patients with IRD have amuch better chance of achieving remission of their disease. With early initiation of targeted therapy, the lives of many patients are hardly restricted at all: however, waiting times for afirst rheumatological visit often last more than 3 months. Quality target is afirst consultation within the first 6 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Models for early consultation, delegation of medical services, structured patient training and digital care concepts have been positively evaluated but are not covered financially. the total annual costs for inflammatory joint diseases alone amount to around 3billion euros. The direct costs have significantly risen since the introduction of biologics, while the indirect costs for sick leave, disability and hospitalization have fallen. The core demands of this memorandum are asignificant and sustainable increase in the number of further training positions in the outpatient and inpatient sector, the creation of chairs or at least independent departments for rheumatology at all universities and the further implementation of new and cross-sectoral forms of care. This will ensure modern needs-based rheumatological care for all patients in the future.

Delphi consensus study to develop guidelines for the management of adults with borderline personality disorder in the emergency department: a protocol

IntroductionClinicians caring for adults with borderline personality disorder (BPD) in acute settings such as the emergency department (ED) have little evidence/guidance to base decisions on. Specific/detailed guidance for managing BPD...

The British Printers’ 40-Hour-Week Strike of 1959: Background, Dispute, and Aftermath

The 1959 printing workers’ strike for the 40-hour week led to them winning that iconic demand which then spread to other manual workers. This success was all the more remarkable as the printing industry was riven by union ‘wage autonomy’ and craft divisions. The unity of the print unions’ federation allowed it to sustain a seven-week strike. The print employers’ long-standing concern had been labour supply, particularly apprentice numbers. This figured prominently in 1959, along with ‘efficiency’ measures, codified in a twenty-two-point list. The terms agreed were generally ‘permissive rather than mandatory’ and the employers would keep returning to this agenda over subsequent decades. The unions would not accept arbitration in such complex talks: two sets of pay negotiations (craft and non-craft), individual unions’ ‘domestic’ claims, and their federation leading on working time. When a related dispute at printing-ink manufacturers threatened national newspaper production, the Ministry of Labour appointed an independent chair to advise on discussions for a negotiated settlement in the printing strike. The twists and turns of this arrangement and the return to work are outlined.

O-100 Recurrent implantation failure

Abstract Study question How should Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF) in ART patients be defined and managed? Summary answer This is the first ESHRE good practice recommendations paper providing a definition for RIF and guidance on how to investigate causes and contributing factors and how to improve the chances of a pregnancy. What is known already RIF is a challenge in the ART Clinic, with a multitude of investigations and interventions offered and applied in clinical practice, often without biological rational or unequivocal evidence of benefit. Study design, size, duration This recommendations document was developed according to a predefined methodology for ESHRE good practice recommendations. Recommendations are supported by data from the literature, if available, the results of a previously published survey on clinical practice in RIF and the expertise of the working group. A literature search was performed in PubMed and Cochrane focusing on “recurrent reproductive failure", "recurrent implantation failure" and "repeated implantation failure“. Participants/materials, setting, methods The ESHRE RIF Working Group included 8 members representing the ESHRE Special Interest Groups of Implantation and Early Pregnancy, Reproductive Endocrinology, and Embryology, and completed with an independent chair and an expert in statistics. The recommendations for clinical practice were formulated based on the expert opinion of the Working Group, while taking into consideration the published data and results of the survey on uptake in clinical practice. The draft document was then opened for online peer review to ESHRE members and revised in light of the comments received. Main results and the role of chance RIF describes the scenario in which the transfer of embryos considered to be viable has failed to result in a positive pregnancy test sufficiently often in a specific patient to warrant consideration of further investigations and/or interventions. The recommended threshold for the cumulative predicted chance of implantation to identify RIF for the purposes of initiating further investigation is 60%. When a couple have not had a successful implantation by a certain number of embryo transfers and the cumulative predicted chance of implantation associated with that number is greater than 60%, then they should be counselled on further investigation and/or treatment options. This term defines clinical RIF for which further actions should be considered. Nineteen recommendations were formulated on investigations when RIF is suspected, and 13 on interventions. Limitations, reason for caution While awaiting the results of further studies and trials, the ESHRE Working group recommends identifying of RIF based on the chance of successful implantation for the individual patient or couple and to restrict investigations and treatments to those supported by a clear rationale and data indicating their likely benefit. Wider implications of the findings This paper provides good practice advise, but also highlights the investigations and interventions that need further research. This research, when well-conducted, will be key to making progress in the clinical management of RIF. Study funding and competing interest(s) Yes. The other authors had nothing to disclose.

ESHRE good practice recommendations on recurrent implantation failure.

ESHRE good practice recommendations on recurrent implantation failure.

Ferritin screening and Iron treatment for maternal anemia and fetal growth restriction prevention - A multicenter randomized controlled trial (FAIR Study).

Non-anemic iron deficiency precedes iron deficiency anaemia and has an estimated prevalence of 1-2 billion worldwide. Few studies have comprehensively researched the idea of treating non-anemic iron deficiency (NAID) with iron to improve the outcome of the mother and the offspring. FAIR will be a multicenter randomized controlled trial that will be conducted in multiple clinical academic obstetrics units in Lahore (including Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore and Fatima Jinnah Medical University). Pregnant women at gestational age <20 weeks with hemoglobin 11-13 g/L and ferritin below the threshold (<30 ng/ml) will be invited to take part in the study. Randomization will be done by computer based generated random numbers. One group (usual care or oral group) will be offered routine care prophylactic dose of oral iron (30-45 mg/day) and the other group (intervention arm or IV group) will be offered therapeutic dose of IV iron (dose calculated by Ganzoni formula) in addition to usual care. All patients will be followed up till delivery. Primary maternal outcome will be hemoglobin at 36 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcomes are fetal birthweight or small for gestational age, preterm birth, preeclampsia, multidimensional fatigue inventory, breast feeding initiation, blood transfusion, and fetal cord ferritin and hemoglobin. The study will generate evidence as to whether screening serum ferritin in non-anemic pregnant women and replenishing their iron stores will likely reduce the rate of predelivery anemia in pregnant women, improve birthweight and preventing perinatal complications. Tayyiba Wasim is principal Investigator and other members of data management team are Natasha Bushra, Shamsa Humayoun, Khalid Saeed Khan, Fatima Shehbaz, Saba Rasool, Anam Riaz and Sonia Irshad. Principal investigator will assume the full responsibility of Fair trial including training of research assistants, administration of informed consent and protecting participants confidentiality. Data management team will help in the management, development and execution of trial. Khadija Irfan Khawaja is the operational lead for fair trial´s technology team comprising of Aziz Fatima and Zubia Zafar, responsible for gathering requirements from study teams and supporting the operational implementation of technology to drive the collection of high-quality study data. Protocol contributors are Gynae unit I of Services Institute of Medical Sciences/ Services hospital, Lahore, Gynae Unit II of Allama Iqbal Medical College/ Jinnah hospital, Lahore and Gynae unit 1 of Fatima Jinnah Medical College/ Sir Ganga Ram hospital, Lahore. These coordinating centres will recruit patients (sample size=600) and will discuss their progress in trial management meetings quarterly. has an independent chair Prof Samia Malik, one expert member Prof Faiza Bashir and Ms Neelam to represent patients, public and consumers. Trial steering committee with independent chair and member with a patient representative will oversee the study. Chair of steering committee has the authority to stop the trial whenever needed in case of positive or negative results. Steering committee meetings will be held on annual basis. comprises of Dr. Shehnoor Azhar as chair and Prof Ejaz Hussain and Dr. Shehla Javed Akram as members. Data monitoring committee will assess the progress, data safety and if needed critical efficacy points of the clinical study and will show their results quarterly in data interim meetings. The committee will focus on integrity of the whole process and compliance of all sites with all aspects of the protocol. It will perform confidential interim analyses quarterly, which may be used to determine if an effect is observed and if the study should continue to its planned sample size. Data monitoring committee will report to the Chair of the steering committee.

LAST PAGE: Trading Insights: Revisiting Intrinsic Value and the EMH

1. James L. Grant 1. is an independent trustee and board chair at Centre Funds in New York and former senior associate dean at the University of Massachusetts in Boston MA. (jlgresearch1{at}gmail.com) In the 30th Anniversary Special Issue of The Journal of Investing , I was pleased to cite my

A BURST-BAUS consensus document for best practice in the conduct of scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion: the Finding consensus for orchIdopeXy In Torsion (FIX-IT) study.

To produce a best practice consensus guideline for the conduct of scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion using formal consensus methodology. A panel of 16 expert urologists, representing adult, paediatric, general, and andrological urology used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Consensus Methodology to score a 184 statement pre-meeting questionnaire on the conduct of scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion. The collated responses were presented at a face-to-face online meeting and each item was rescored anonymously after a group discussion, facilitated by an independent chair with expertise in consensus methodology. Items were scored for agreement and consensus and the items scored with consensus were used to derive a set of best practice guidelines. Statements scored as with consensus increased from Round 1 (122/184, 66.3%) to Round 2 (149/200, 74.5%). Recommendations were generated in ten categories: consent, assessment under anaesthetic, initial incision, intraoperative decision making, fixation, medical photography, closure, operation note, logistics and follow-up after scrotal exploration. Our statements assume that the decision to operate has already been made. Key recommendations in the consent process included the discussion of the possibility of orchidectomy and the possibility of subsequent infection of the affected testis or wound requiring antibiotic therapy. If after the examination under anaesthesia, the index of suspicion of testicular torsion is lower than previously thought, then the surgeon should still proceed to scrotal exploration as planned. A flow chart guiding decision making dependent on intraoperative findings has been designed. If no torsion is present on exploration and the bell clapper deformity is absent, the testis should not be fixed. When fixing a testis using sutures, 3 or 4-point is acceptable and non-absorbable sutures are preferred. We have produced consensus recommendations to inform best practice in the conduct of scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion.

The outcomes of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus : a core outcome set for research and treatment.

AimsTo identify the minimum set of outcomes that should be collected in clinical practice and reported in research related to the care of children with idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV).MethodsA list of outcome measurement tools (OMTs) was obtained from the literature through a systematic review. Further outcomes were collected from patients and families through a questionnaire and interview process. The combined list, as well as the appropriate follow-up timepoint, was rated for importance in a two-round Delphi process that included an international group of orthopaedic surgeons, physiotherapists, nurse practitioners, patients, and families. Outcomes that reached no consensus during the Delphi process were further discussed and scored for inclusion/exclusion in a final consensus meeting involving international stakeholder representatives of practitioners, families, and patient charities.ResultsIn total, 39 OMTs were included from the systematic review. Two additional OMTs were identified from the interviews and questionnaires, and four were added after round one Delphi. Overall, 22 OMTs reached ‘consensus in’ during the Delphi and two reached ‘consensus out’; 21 OMTs reached ‘no consensus’ and were included in the final consensus meeting. In all, 21 participants attended the consensus meeting, including a wide diversity of clubfoot practitioners, parent/patient representative, and an independent chair. A total of 21 outcomes were discussed and voted upon; six were voted ‘in’ and 15 were voted ‘out’. The final COS document includes nine OMTs and two existing outcome scores with a total of 31 outcome parameters to be collected after a minimum follow-up of five years. It incorporates static and dynamic clinical findings, patient-reported outcome measures, and a definition of CTEV relapse.ConclusionWe have defined a minimum set of outcomes to draw comparisons between centres and studies in the treatment of CTEV. With the use of these outcomes, we hope to allow more meaningful research and a better clinical management of CTEV.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(1):98–106.

Non‐generally accepted accounting principles disclosures and audit committee chairs’ external directorships

AbstractI examine the relation between the quality of non‐generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) earnings disclosures and the number of external directorships held by a firm's independent audit committee chair (ACC). I find that firms with ACCs holding more external directorships provide higher quality non‐GAAP disclosures than those who do not hold outside board positions. When the ACC has at least one external directorship, the firm's non‐GAAP exclusions are more transitory, indicating that they are of higher quality. In addition, when the ACC has at least one external directorship, non‐GAAP exclusions that are incremental to those excluded by analysts are smaller in magnitude and therefore are less aggressive. Overall, the results suggest that the number of external directorships ACCs holds plays an important role in firms’ non‐GAAP disclosures. The results are consistent with a reputation cost perspective, where ACCs with more external directorships face higher reputation concerns from having more to lose, resulting in stronger monitoring and thus higher quality non‐GAAP disclosures.

Developing a core outcome set for periodontal trials.

There is no agreement which outcomes should be measured when investigating interventions for periodontal diseases. It is difficult to compare or combine studies with different outcomes; resulting in research wastage and uncertainty for patients and healthcare professionals. Develop a core outcome set (COS) relevant to key stakeholders for use in effectiveness trials investigating prevention and management of periodontal diseases. Mixed method study involving literature review; online Delphi Study; and face-to-face consensus meeting. Key stakeholders: patients, dentists, hygienist/therapists, periodontists, researchers. The literature review identified 37 unique outcomes. Delphi round 1: 20 patients and 51 dental professional and researchers prioritised 25 and suggested an additional 11 outcomes. Delphi round 2: from the resulting 36 outcomes, 13 patients and 39 dental professionals and researchers prioritised 22 outcomes. A face-to-face consensus meeting was hosted in Dundee, Scotland by an independent chair. Eight patients and six dental professional and researchers participated. The final COS contains: Probing depths, Quality of life, Quantified levels of gingivitis, Quantified levels of plaque, Tooth loss. Implementation of this COS will ensure the results of future effectiveness trials for periodontal diseases are more relevant to patients and dental professionals, reducing research wastage. This could reduce uncertainty for patients and dental professionals by ensuring the evidence used to inform their choices is meaningful to them. It could also strengthen the quality and certainty of the evidence about the relative effectiveness of interventions. COMET Database: http://www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/265?result=true.

Corporate opacity and effectiveness of independent female directors

Research shows female directors are associated with proxies for improved monitoring, yet finds mixed results as to their effect on firm performance. Hypothesizing that their performance impact depends on the firms' information environment, we find that independent female directors have a negative (positive) effect on performance in opaque (transparent) firms, an effect which is incremental to that of independent male directors. We then explore the channels which drive this finding. The standard measure of the information environment considers opacity from the view of external parties such as analysts and investors. However, independent directors have greater access to information than external parties. Consequently, we investigate whether additional data sources, if they exist, mitigate the impact of “external” opacity on the effect of independent female directors on firm performance. We find that when independent female directors have greater access to information either from sources inside, e.g., an independent board chair, or outside, e.g., a large network, the firm, their negative effect on performance in opaque firms dissipates. Investigating their positive impact in transparent firms, we find that independent female directors decrease both discretionary accruals and the likelihood of an Accounting and Auditing Enforcement release.

Employee disclosures in the grocery industry before the COVID‐19 pandemic

We provide evidence on the consumer staples industry's commitment and accountability to employees prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic by analysing their employee‐related disclosures in annual reports. A high level of disclosure exists from 2004 to 2019 with 93 percent of the industry disclosing some information about employees. The highest categories of disclosure are remuneration, health and safety, and training and development. We find that total disclosure is significantly related to having employee share ownership, a Big 4 auditor, a larger board of directors, a majority independent board, independent chair, an audit and nomination committee and higher ROA.

The impact of board composition on the dividend policy of US firms

PurposeThis paper aims to examine whether the characteristics of boards are more important in determining dividend policy than management characteristics. The authors show that as the final declarers of dividend policy is a firm’s board, the composition of a firm’s board significantly subsumes the effect of management characteristics that may also influence dividend policy.Design/methodology/approachUsing the dividend declaration dummy variable, the authors run a fixed effect logistic regression of the dividend indicator on board characteristics, and managerial characteristics with firm level controls, year effects and industry effects while clustering standard errors at the firm level. For dividend yield variable which is censored at zero, they use a fixed effect Tobit regression.FindingsThe results of the study show that board characteristics such as average age, female presence and size have a strong positive significant effect, whereas board independent chair and voting right of directors have a negative significant effect on the likelihood of dividend declaration. For dividend yields, the results suggest that the presence of directors with financial expertise and the board size are the main influencers of dividend policy. Managerial characteristics are subsumed by director characteristics for determining dividend policy. The results overall support the evidence on the monitoring role of boards on management.Originality/valueThe originality and value of this study lies in the approach of including a comprehensive number of board characteristics unlike previous studies which makes the study of the influence of board composition on dividends more encompassing.

Pedagogic Interest Group: a novel and proven collaborative, adhocracy research group structure.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: Teaching is a core activity for universities, and pedagogic research is essential for improving student experience, staff satisfaction, and research and teaching quality. Pedagogic research is often performed as a secondary research area or by part-time staff, requiring good collaboration. Existing research structures in universities often result in pedagogic research falling through the gaps and for quality work and pedagogic improvements to be missed. Aim: The aim was to develop a clear and flexible structure to improve participation and output of pedagogic research in the School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Central Lancashire. Method: A collaborative adhocracy called the Pedagogic Interest Group (PIG) was created in January 2020. It was designed to allow collaborative, flexible research projects to be easily set up by any staff member. The group supervises and organises a bespoke team of people for each project, drawing on all previously involved staff's expertise and contacts through an initial project meeting organised by an independent group chair. Each project group runs independently, with further help available from the group chairs. Results: Under the PIG structure, seven projects have been undertaken in less than one year. Two papers were published, one under review, two in preparation, one abstract accepted at an international conference, and fifteen funded undergraduate research projects completed. Part-time teaching staff are more involved in the research. Internally, three departments and externally, three other UK universities have been collaboratively involved in research projects. Conclusion: The PIG structure works and depends on staff's continued engagement and at least two independent chairs for impartiality and transparency.

Pedagogic Interest Group: a novel and proven collaborative, adhocracy research group structure

Background: Teaching is a core activity for universities, and pedagogic research is essential for improving student experience, staff satisfaction, and REF and TEF scores. Pedagogic research is often performed as a secondary research area or by part-time staff, requiring good collaboration. Existing research structures in universities often result in pedagogic research falling through the gaps and for quality work and pedagogic improvements to be missed. Aim: To develop a clear and flexible structure to improve participation in and the output of pedagogic research in the School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan). Methods: A collaborative adhocracy called the Pedagogic Interest Group (PIG) was created in January 2020. It was designed to allow collaborative, flexible research projects to be easily set up by any member of staff. The group supervises and organises a team of people for each project, drawing on all previously involved staff's expertise and contacts through an initial project meeting organised by an independent group chair. Each project group runs independently, with further help available from the group chairs. Results: Under the PIG structure, seven projects have been undertaken in less than one year, with two papers published, one under review, two in preparation, one abstract accepted at an international conference, fifteen funded undergraduate research projects completed. Part-time teaching staff are more involved in the research. Internally, three departments and externally, three other UK universities have been collaboratively involved in research projects. Conclusion: The PIG structure works and depends on staff's continued engagement and at least two independent chairs for impartiality and transparency.

Strategic entrepreneurship and performance: an institutional perspective on Indian family businesses

PurposeThere is a growing consensus that entrepreneurial activity is essentially a collective family endeavour, with some configuration of family involvement in business (FIB) working better than others. This paper aims to examine the effects of FIB on strategy and financial performance (FP), drawing from the institutional theory for the Indian family businesses.Design/methodology/approachThe sample comprises of 105 pharmaceutical companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange for FY2013–2017. A two-way random effects panel model was invoked to examine the relationship between FIB and strategy, as well as the intermediating effect that strategy has on the FIB-FP link.FindingsOn average, the family has a high ownership concentration, with the founders predominantly holding the chief executive officer (CEO) and chair positions. The econometric results highlight that the founder’s descendants adopt a conservative strategy. A significant positive moderating effect of strategy on FIB-FP link was observed for the descendants as the largest owners, CEO and board chair. The presence of a professional CEO and independent chair, however, leads to an intervening adverse impact on FP. The ownership-management-governance configurations highlight that some combinations of family and non-FIB leads to better performance than others.Originality/valueThe study provides a plausible explanation for the conflicting evidence on the direct FIB-FP relationship through the strategy intermediation. The institutional perspective emphasizing the identity and role family members play in terms of strategy provides an unconventional epistemological underpinning to the present research.

How do the size and independence of the board of trustees affect the financial and sustainable performance of socially responsible mutual funds?

AbstractIn this article, I study for first time how the board of trustees’ size and independence influence the financial performance and sustainability scores of socially responsible (SR) mutual funds. The sample analyzed consists of 99 SR US domestic equity mutual funds existing in the period 2012–2018. The results obtained indicate that funds monitored by boards with a lower number of trustees and an independent chair show lower net expense ratios and better sustainability scores. In addition, smaller boards and a greater percentage of independent trustees are positively associated with the achievement of a better risk‐adjusted financial performance. Regarding SR strategies, negative screens are more likely among funds with larger and less independent boards whereas positive screens are more frequent when boards show the opposite characteristics. Another finding indicates that SR funds that implement positive screens present more industry concentrated portfolios that lead to the achievement of a more sustainable performance.

Too Unsafe to Monitor? How Board–CEO Cognitive Conflict and Chair Leadership Shape Outside Director Monitoring

Research into boards of directors has provided mixed support for the view that outside directors’ independence or leadership by an independent chair improves monitoring. In this study, we use a mic...