Independence Movement Research Articles

윤봉길 의사의 자기희생 리더십에 관한 소고

The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively examine the life of Maeheon Yun Bong-Gil martyr and incorporate self-sacrificing leadership. In this article, self-sacrificing leadership was defined as the will and practice of taking risks and sacrificing one's life to achieve national independence. From an early age, Maeheon Yun Bong-Gil martyr exercised his abilities based on writing and formed various organizations around the village to enlighten people around him. As he grew up, he led the independence movement with writing rather than words, and action rather than writing, and moved to China to further his cause. He sacrificed his most precious life to spread the world's will for independence and became a catalyst for the independence movement.
 Accordingly, Maeheon Yun Bong-Gil martyr can be said to have demonstrated self-sacrificing leadership in the spirit of a saint who lived and died. Based on this study, we should be able to apply a variety of leadership theories and perspectives suitable for independence activists. In the future, discussions on independence activist leadership must be further expanded to enhance the legitimacy of the country and establish the identity of the individual.

전통의학 차별 속에서도 일제 식민 지배에 맞선 한의(약)계의 독립운동

From the High Antiquity Period, Eastern Medicine (and medical studies), which have been passed down, were thoroughly undervalued and treated as barbaric alongside the Western-style modernization policies during the Japanese colonial era, leading to legal and institutional discrimination. Such transitions, often branded as innovation, invariably bring confusion, division, and conflict. Starting with occupational discrimination, certain professional groups, entangled with nationalistic discrimination, the struggle for occupational survival, and the calling of the independence movement, entered and expanded into a new phase. Practitioners of Oriental Medicine formed alliances by establishing organizations to preserve traditional medicine, with efforts manifesting as records of 'military doctors' being incorporated into the armed forces starting from the post-Righteous Army (1907) period. Subsequently, Oriental Medicine practitioners participated in the March 1st Movement and played roles under the provisional government's united command system, employing unique strategies for independence utilizing their professional specialties. This study comprehensively analyzes the status shifts and sur vival crises of Oriental Medicine, including participation in the Righteous Army in the 1900s and the independence movement in the 1910s.

宋冕秀의 생애와 在中獨立運動

Song Myeon-su(1910~1950) has lived a remarkable life as an independence activist, but his existence has been known only in fragments in his studies. In this article, we tried to summarize the entire life of Song Myeon-su and find its meaning, focusing on the parts that have not been revealed so far. Song Myeon-su graduated from Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou since he defected to Shanghai, China in the 1930s and launched independence movements in Liuzhou and Chongqing after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. He is a person who has been active as an ‘intermediate executive’ in the field of political propaganda and cultural propaganda in the Korean Liberation Army, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and the Provisional Assembly. He has a history of joining the National Revolutionary Party while studying in Guangzhou, but he continued his activities mainly in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, the Provisional Assembly, and The Korean Independence Army. In short, what can be seen through Song Myeon-su’s life is that he is not negligent in cultural improvement along with the development of armed struggle. Therefore, a space for free intellectual and emotional exchange was provided in the space where ‘young people’ including Song Myeon-su gathered, and where they were located, various bronchial tubes and publications were always accompanied. In addition, young people in the provisional government desperately tried to protect the Hangul type in the evacuation path of the provisional government. This shows how the provisional government’s 27-year evacuation route in China has made efforts to protect national culture and improve culture along with the development of armed struggles.

6·10만세운동 관련 중등학교 학생들의 동맹휴학

Immediately after the death of Emperor Yunghui on April 25, 1926, elementary school students first went on nationwide strike. After the death of Emperor Yunghui, schools, under the direction of the Japanese Government-General of Chosun, mainly led by Japanese teachers, held or suppressed students’ funeral and memorial ceremonies, and the students rebelled against the school and went on strike. After the June 10th Independence Movement took place, a series of students’ strike occurred in middle schools in various regions from mid-June 1926. When middle school students sympathized with the June 10th Independence Movement and went on strike, the school strengthened restrictions and punishments, and the students showed steps to advance the strike by ostracizing teachers. The death of Emperor Yunghui and the June 10th Independence Movement made elementary and middle school students realize that the national issue was not simply an issue within the school, but an issue related to Chosun independence.

2022년 개정 교과과정상 민주시민교육의 의미와 민주주의 역사 활용 가능성

The 2022 revised curriculum pursues self-directed students with inclusivity and creativity in an ideal way. This is because, amid the advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution artificial intelligence era due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the climate crisis, a new change to a practical educational paradigm such as on-site acceptance, diversity, and student-customization of school education was required. However, the importance of democratic citizenship education, which intends to promote community self-discovery, awareness of social participation, and practice solidarity, has increased. This paper examines the contents of the 2022 revised curriculum from the perspective of democratic citizenship education and compares the history of student democracy, a characteristic of the region's historical culture, with the contents of the new curriculum as the subject of democratic citizenship education that can be conducted by the Gwangju Metropolitan Office of Education. To this end, I introduce the purpose of the revision and future talent appearance in the general overview of the 2022 revised curriculum announced by the Ministry of Education (2021), and analyzes the relationship between the four tasks and democratic citizenship education. In addition, I explore whether the Gwangju Metropolitan Office of Education can educate students in the history of participating in social issues in the Japanese colonial era independence movement and the post-liberation democratization movement in light of the 2022 revised curriculum. As a result, it is argued that the unique culture of the regional level can be the subject of democratic citizenship education necessary for the formation of students' community self.

Praca społeczna w II Rzeczpospolitej jako program modernizacji państwa

What clearly constitutes social work in Poland is its socio-educational and political background. It grew out of independence movements and as such became part of the programs of a state that should target and fight against economic and cultural issues (poverty, illiteracy, unemployment). The base of the theory of social work built in the Second Republik of Poland was the assumption that education is the way to alleviate social issues. It was considered that literacy and adult education would lead to the identification and activation of human and social forces and then, as a consequence, to modernization of society, which would create an enlightened, democratic society-state in the future. This general social program was supported by typical social activities aimed at caring for and helping the child and family. The question that appears in the conclusion of the article is to what extent these assumptions have been preserved in today’s theory and practice.

Perjalanan Syaikh Ahmad Khatib dalam Melahirkan Tokoh Pergerakan dan Pendidikan Islam di Nusantara

This article will discuss a Nusantara scholar who became a Grand Teacher in Mecca, contributing to the emergence of figures in the Islamic movement and education in Nusantara, namely Syaikh Ahmad Khatib Al Minangkabawi. It will explore his journey to becoming a significant scholar in Mecca, along with his various students, particularly those from Nusantara. Furthermore, it will delve into his influence on the thoughts of independence movements among his Nusantara students and the scholarly impact he had on the renewal and Islamic education in various regions of Nusantara. Lastly, the article will highlight his renowned and influential works in the Islamic movement and education in Nusantara.

Wielkopolskie „entuzjastki” – Bibianna Moraczewska i Emilia Sczaniecka. Życie złożone w służbie Ojczyzny – świadomy wybór czy zrządzenie losu?

Wielkopolskie Enthusiasts – Bibianna Moraczewska and Emilia Sczaniecka: Life in the Service of the Homeland – Conscious Choice or Fate? Women of Greater Poland in the nineteenth century – outstanding Polish women: Bibianna Moraczewska (1811–1887) and Emilia Sczaniecka (1804–1896) – can be considered the first Polish suffragettes. They devoted their entire lives to national, social, and political activities. They actively participated in Polish national uprisings. They took part in the independence movement’s underground activities. They were known and respected in wide social circles, often actively collaborating in social and national projects. They treated their activities as a duty towards the enslaved homeland.

The decolonial historiographical traditions of the Antillean Caribbean in the second half of the 20th century and their contribution to the study of colonialism

The manuscript explores the problematics of colonialism and neocolonialism in the West Indian Caribbean after the second half of the twentieth century, proposing the term "decolonial historiographical traditions". This term refers to historical reconstructions that normalize decolonial positions, a concept little explored so far. Using Victor Hugo Acuña Ortega's hypothesis on Central American participation in globalization, the text argues that the Antillean Caribbean, due to its strategic location, has been a key region in the different phases of globalization. The decolonial turn, defined by authors such as Maldonado-Torres, is characterized by its critique of Western modernity and its focus on the problems created by coloniality. This turn has had three stages in the Caribbean: the first with the Haitian Revolution and the independence movements, the second with the decolonizing processes of the second half of the 20th century and the impact of the Cuban Revolution, and the third, since the end of the 20th century, centered on the debates on the global capitalist system and the critique of Eurocentrism. The decolonial historiographical traditions of the Antillean Caribbean are distinguished by their critical and multidisciplinary approach, breaking with nationalist and positivist historiographical traditions. These traditions address issues such as regional integration, identity, and colonization, using innovative methods and concepts that include oral history and the analysis of colonial memory and trauma. The manuscript also discusses the distinctions between colonialism and neocolonialism, highlighting internal and cultural colonialism, and the impact of U.S. imperialism in the region. The work underscores the importance of decolonial methodologies for a more critical understanding of the past and their relevance to contemporary debates on social justice and emancipation.

Reflections on the Impact of Tropical Modernism on African Primary Schools

The architectural design of educational spaces in Sub-Saharan Africa after the 1950s was heavily influenced by Tropical Modernism, an architectural style that rose to prominence in Africa during the period of independence movements across the continent. Notably, in growing independent countries such as Rwanda and Ghana, educational buildings assumed profound symbolic significance as tangible representations of progress and development. This article explores the architecture of two primary schools, École Belge in Kigali, Rwanda and Republic Road School in Tema, Ghana. It highlights the role of standardization as well as the role of landscape and climate responsiveness in school designs and today’s impact of the school buildings on their respective communities. The two schools in Ghana and Rwanda were selected in order to draw on themes related to Anglophone and Francophone colonial influences. Through site visits and document analysis, general conclusions were drawn to describe how two schools built at the same time but in completely different parts of Sub-Saharan Africa are very similar and yet so different.

Interactions among national and supranational identities: mobilizing the independence movement in Scotland

As nationalism rises worldwide, understanding the relevance of national identities is at a premium in both the study of mass political behavior and the analysis of social movements. Drawing on research in social psychology, this study explores interactions among national and supranational identities using the concepts of identity interference (i.e., negative interactions) and identity complementarity (i.e., positive interactions). These interactions extend beyond the direct effects of identity considered in many previous studies. Focusing on interactions centers the analysis on the contextual aspects of identity during nationalist mobilizations. Survey data from Scotland demonstrate that interactions among Scottish, British, and European identities were consequential for mobilizing support for Scottish independence in 2019. Strong evidence indicates interference between Scottish and British identities. European and Scottish identities complement one another among independence supporters but not in the general population. The possibility of interference between European and British identities is backed by only mixed results. The timing of this study in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum was likely relevant to its findings on European identity. Overall, this research illustrates the benefits of widening the empirical examination of multiple identities in the social sciences.

Entangled migration states: mobility and state-building in France and Algeria

ABSTRACT This article develops the concept of ‘entangled migration states’ as a means of highlighting the centrality of migration governance to state-building processes, the constitution of state sovereignty, and interstate relations. Drawing on the example of France and Algeria, it demonstrates the key role that migration played in three phases of state-building: the colonial period of Algérie française; the Algerian nationalist independence movement; and postcolonial state-building. In the case of France and Algeria, at least three actors constructed and instrumentalised migration and mobility regimes as sources of power and control – the French imperial state; the non-state Algerian independence movement; and the newly sovereign postcolonial Algerian state. A focus on the entangled nature of migration management allows for a deeper historicisation of contemporary migration regimes and draws attention to the central role played by migration diplomacy and transnational governmentality in contemporary migration management regimes, thus calling into question some of the spatial assumptions undergirding the ‘migration state’ concept. The article traces the evolution of mobility patterns and control in the Franco-Algerian case; their relationship to state-building processes; and the implications for rethinking the ‘migration state’.

The Impact of Sensationalism on Urdu Press: A Quantitative Analysis

Urdu language newspapers were instrumental during the independence movement. Radical and ethical journalistic approach proved very effective and played a pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan. However, Urdu journalism changed over time and underwent structural as well as ideological transformation mostly dominated by corporate ownership in Pakistan. There have been commercial agents that use journalism for their corporate purposes. Despite huge concerns and open criticism, their presence has had a significant impact on newspaper practices today in a number of ways. The way news is reported, language choices and photographic selection, has been influenced by corporate as well as cross media ownership. Urdu press enjoys maximum readership in Pakistan and has subsequent influence on public perception and opinion making. Therefore, present study focuses on the impact of sensationalism on Urdu press. A quantitative approach has been adopted by using purposive sampling method. 100 respondents were sent with a carefully constructed questionnaire. Findings of the study show that Urdu press is sensational and dramatized in nature. Keywords: Urdu Journalism, Sensational, Dramatization, Public perception

Economic changes of Daegu in 1900-1910s and the motivations of economic man who participated in the independence movement

Economic changes of Daegu in 1900-1910s and the motivations of economic man who participated in the independence movement

Российская революция и корейское партизанское движение на Дальнем Востоке

The Great Russian Revolution of 1917-1921 not only gave impetus to the movement for the liberation of Korea from the colonial rule of Japan, but also created a situation in which Koreans living on the territory of the former Russian Empire had to determine their side in the unfolding grandiose cofrontation of the blazing civil war. Under these conditions, Korean partisan detachments of various ideological orientations appeared in the Russian Far East. Most of them took an active part in the fight against foreign invaders and White Guards. However, the vicissitudes of the development of the Korean partisan movement in the region turned out to be very tortuous and contradictory. They were influenced by both the situation and evolution of the Korean independence movement, as well as acute ideological and political contradictions within the emerging Korean leftist movement. The article examines the mutual influence of conflicts within the Russian and Korean leftist movements in 1918-1922.

Transformasi Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri Langsa Pasca Konflik Aceh

The purpose of this study is to analyze the transformation of IAIN Langsa over time. It also aims to see how the dynamics of the Langsa State Islamic institute changed during and after the conflict in Aceh. This type of library research is used in this study to examine important documents related to research issues. The historical approach in research examines the transformation journey of IAIN Langsa before and after the conflict that occurred in Aceh. The results showed that the conflict that occurred between the Aceh Independence Movement (GAM) and the Government of Indonesia greatly influenced the progress of IAIN Langsa; a significant influence was felt from the educational aspect, campus development. The conflict that occurred caused students to be less interested in continuing their education at the tertiary level. However, the occurrence of peace between GAM and the Government of Aceh also influenced the acceleration of education development. This condition also sparked IAIN Langsa, which was previously a State Islamic institute (IAIN) and has transformed into a state Islamic university (IAIN). This change has increasingly attracted the sympathy of students who want to continue their education at the tertiary level after the conflict. There are at least four achievements made by IAIN Langsa, namely: first, institutional legality increases; second, community satisfaction is getting higher; third, being able to respond to the development of science; And fourth, increasingly integrated science

Smashing Statues: Re-evaluating Iconoclasm in History

Abstract In 2020, as statues around the world were pulled down, intellectuals scrambled to make sense of the phenomenon. Veteran voices joined new experts from varied disciplines in contributing to the established field of iconoclasm studies, adding to the ongoing debates around history, memory, politics and public monuments. This seemingly global movement was fuelled by, and indeed fuelled, debates among the broader public about the meaning of statues in public life, and whether colonial statues of white men with dubious political and moral histories should remain in place or be removed from sight. The movement also met with a certain amount of backlash from conservative commentators who positioned themselves as the champions of Empire and a particular version of history in Britain, and from right-wing groups attempting to defend what they saw as an attack on white culture. The debate around statues, in other words, quickly became politically fraught. The authors ask what four recent works on iconoclasm add to an already extensive literature. What do they bring to the debates around history, memory, politics and public monuments? Two of the books (Thompson and Tunzelmann) are aimed at a broader readership, while the other two (Freedberg and Tugendhaft) are more specialised in their approach. We conclude that what is missing from these works is a global and comparative approach to the destruction of racist statues that also considers struggles against colonialism in national independence and Indigenous resistance movements throughout the modern and early modern periods.

A 150-Year Debate over Surnames vs. Patronymics in Iceland

Iceland stands out in today’s Europe due to the fact that most Icelanders use patronymics rather than surnames. However, a small percentage of Icelanders do have surnames inherited in a fixed form. The first surnames were adopted in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, increasing numbers of Icelanders were taking up surnames, often Danicized or Latinized versions of Icelandic patronymics or place names. The practice became controversial with the rise of the independence movement, which was closely connected to linguistic purism. The use of surnames in Iceland has been debated since the 19th century. Whereas the other Nordic countries introduced legislation requiring citizens to have surnames, Iceland went in the opposite direction, forbidding new surnames starting in 1925. However, the surnames that were already in use were allowed to remain in circulation. This created an inequality which has haunted Icelandic name law discourse since. Having a surname in Iceland has often been linked with social prestige, and surnames have been perceived as a limited good. Since the 1990s, the fraction of Icelanders with surnames has increased through immigration and some liberalizations in the rules regarding the inheritance of existing Icelandic surnames. In the name of gender equity, surnames can be inherited along any line, not only patrilineal. Since 1996, immigrants seeking Icelandic citizenship are no longer required to change their names, and their children can inherit their surnames. The category of millinöfn (middle name), surname-like names that are not inflected for gender, was introduced in the 1996 law; some Icelanders with millinöfn use them as surnames in daily life even if they officially have patronymics. Despite the expansion in eligibility to take surnames, the basic principle that no new Icelandic surnames are allowed remains in the law and remains a point of contention. Many of the same themes—individual freedom vs. the preservation of cultural heritage, national vs. international orientation, gender equity—have recurred in the discourse over more than a century, reframed in the context of contemporary cultural values at any given time.

Study of Gandhian ideology and its main Principles

The life and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, a towering figure in the history of civil rights, nonviolent resistance, and social justice, can be better understood via the study of Gandhian ideology and its fundamental principles. This article presents an in-depth analysis of Gandhi's political philosophy, delving into its fundamental tenets such as nonviolence (ahimsa), truth (satyagraha), self-reliance (swadeshi), welfare for all (sarvodaya), equality, simplicity, decentralisation of power, constructive work, fearlessness, and cleanliness. This research sheds insight on the ongoing legacy of Gandhian ideology by examining the historical context in which these ideas developed, how they were applied in the movement for Indian independence, and how they continue to be relevant in modern global efforts for justice and peace. The ideology of Mahatma Gandhi serves as a timelessly relevant source of motivation for people and movements committed to social reform. It provides a road map for ethical leadership, conflict resolution, and the quest of a world that is more equal and compassionate.

Study of the need of Gandhi ideology in the Present Era

This review paper examines the enduring relevance of Mahatma Gandhi's ideology in the contemporary world. Gandhi, an iconic figure in the Indian independence movement, was a proponent of nonviolent resistance, self-reliance, social justice, and ethical leadership. In an era marked by global conflicts, environmental challenges, and social inequalities, Gandhi's principles of nonviolence and peaceful resistance continue to offer valuable insights for addressing complex issues. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of Gandhi's ideas in modern contexts, drawing on examples from various regions and disciplines. It explores how his philosophy resonates with contemporary concerns such as environmental sustainability, social justice, and ethical leadership. By critically assessing the strengths and limitations of Gandhi's ideology, this paper provides a nuanced understanding of its relevance in addressing pressing challenges in the 21st century. The findings of this review paper underscore the timeless wisdom of Gandhi's principles and their potential to inspire positive change and progress in the present era.