Incremental Predictive Validity Research Articles

Incremental Validity of Psychological Capital Over Big Five Traits in Predicting Employee Outcomes

This study examined the incremental predictive validity of positive psychological capital (PsyCap) in the presence of a full range of personality traits in predicting several important employee outcomes. Using a sample of 373 employees from South Korea, we found that employees’ PsyCap is related to their perceived performance, turnover intention, work happiness, and subjective well-being, even after controlling for the Big Five personality traits. These findings demonstrate the potential fruitfulness of developing employees’ PsyCap for performance improvement as well as the broad relevance of PsyCap’s effect on employees across work and life domains. Limitations, directions for future research, and practical implications conclude this study.

Incremental Validity of Core Self-Evaluations in the Presence of Other Self-Concept Traits

Previous research indicates that core self-evaluations demonstrate incremental predictive validity after controlling for several well-established measures of individual differences. The authors extend this research by examining the incremental predictive validity of core self-evaluations relative to three self-focused individual difference constructs—self-esteem, Protestant work ethic, and narcissism—on a broad range of job performance facets, as well as an array of job attitude measures within both U.S. and Chinese cultures. Results indicated that core self-evaluations demonstrate incremental predictive validity for all tested criterion variables in samples of both U.S. and Chinese workers.

Can Standardized Measures of Risk Predict Inpatient Violence?

Predicting which forensic inpatients are likely to be violent is necessary if forensic hospitals are to implement effective risk management techniques. When conducting risk assessments, clinicians have at their disposal standardized risk assessment instruments that have demonstrated ability to predict violence. The present study examined the utility of static and dynamic measures used in risk assessment to predict aggressive behavior in a sample of 103 inpatients committed to a forensic hospital after being found not guilty by reason of insanity. Results indicated that both static and dynamic measures, including psychopathy, predicted inpatient aggression; however, neither type of measure provided incremental predictive validity above and beyond the other. Implications for predicting violence with forensic inpatients is discussed with the ultimate goal of implementing effective treatment interventions aimed at reducing violence.

Cognitive and affective identification: Exploring the links between different forms of social identification and personality with work attitudes and behavior

SummaryIndividuals often identify with groups in order to either reduce perceived uncertainty or to feel better about who they are as individuals. This suggests that cognitive and affective identification are two distinctive forms of social identification in organizational settings. Because neurotic individuals are highly motivated to reduce perceived uncertainty, they will tend to identify cognitively with groups. Extraverted individuals, on the other hand, are highly motivated to enhance how they feel about themselves and thus identify affectively with groups. Across three studies, we develop measures of cognitive and affective identification and then show that neuroticism is positively related to cognitive identification, whereas extraversion is positively related to affective identification. We also find that affective identification provides incremental predictive validity over and above cognitive identification in the prediction of organizational commitment, organizational involvement, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Poor sleep quality and reduced cognitive function in persons with heart failure

Poor sleep quality and reduced cognitive function in persons with heart failure

Cognitive Impairment Is Independently Associated With Reduced Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Persons With Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a disabling disease that often affects instrumental activities of daily living (instrumental ADLs). Despite high rates of disability in this population, little is known about the effects of cognitive impairment on instrumental ADLs in this population. The current study examined whether cognitive functioning predicts instrumental ADL performance in persons with HF. Persons with HF (N = 122; 68.49 [SD, 9.43] years; 35.2% female) completed neuropsychological testing, fitness assessment, and self-reported instrumental and basic ADL function as part of a larger protocol. Neuropsychological tests included the Mini-Mental State Examination and Trail Making Tests A and B. The 2-minute step test estimated fitness. Instrumental and basic ADL function was based on self-report on the Lawton-Brody Activities of Daily Living Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the independent contribution of cognitive function to ADLs in HF. Heart failure patients reported high rates of impairments in instrumental ADLs, but indicated requiring little or no assistance with basic ADLs. Cognitive function showed incremental predictive validity for driving (R(2) change = .07, P = .03) and medication management (R(2) change = .14, P < .001). In each case, poorer neuropsychological test performance was associated with poorer instrumental ADL function. In persons with HF, cognitive performance is an independent predictor of independence in driving and medication management. Strategies to maintain or improve cognitive functioning in HF may help patients remain functionally independent in their daily living.

A Measure of Depression in a Modern Asian Community: Singapore

The construct validity of two depression measures, Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the Asian Adolescents Depression Scale (AADS), was investigated. Three studies were conducted using two samples collected in two stages, and the results were used to construct the Asian Depression Scale (ADS). Participants responded to the SDS and AADS in random order of presentation during stage 1; two months later, validation variables were collected. Study 1 found that the SDS is a reliable and valid measure of depression for Singaporean Chinese, but it does not cover the interpersonal dimension found in the AADS. Study 2 combined the two measures and found six factors. One of these factors, negative social self, which was a unique Asian depressive symptom cluster, consisted only of AADS items, while the affective manifestation and psychosomatic symptoms factor primarily consisted of items from the SDS. Study 3 selected high-loading items from the identified factors to construct the ADS, which showed excellent internal reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Incremental predictive validity found on criterion data collected in stage 2, supported the nonspuriousness of the Asian Depression Scale.

Assessment of Processing Capacity

Research over the last 10 years on Latin square tasks (LST) suggests a significant potential for their use in assessing fluid cognition. In the current work, we outline the LST and the more complex Greco-Latin square task (GLST). The objectives were (1) to validate the appropriateness of LST as measures of fluid cognition in business managers and (2) to demonstrate the separation of the LST into working memory and deductive reasoning components. Participants were 264 midlevel managers from four large international companies. Consistent with expectations, SEM analyses indicated that the GLST and the LST are highly correlated with fluid intelligence (Gf), and that working memory load could be differentiated from reasoning load in the LST and provided incremental predictive validity of Gf. Results are supportive of our expectations and provide evidence that LST are appropriate for psychological assessment as they are based on a strong theory of fluid cognition, have sound psychometric properties, and have substantial pragmatic utility in terms of the capacity for rapid item generation.

Defining characteristics for young children meeting cutoff on the modified checklist for autism in toddlers

Early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) is crucial so that early intervention services, which have been found to best alleviate symptoms of ASD in children, can be implemented. Currently, the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers ( M-CHAT) and the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits-Part 1 ( BISCUIT-Part 1) are the most widely researched ASD measures in early childhood. However, the M-CHAT provides many false positive results as it is solely used as a screening instrument as opposed to a diagnostic measure, while the BISCUIT-Part 1 appears to have more diagnostic fidelity. The current study examined 243 toddlers who failed the M-CHAT screener and were therefore referred for further evaluation. Upon further evaluation, 141 of the toddlers were diagnosed with an ASD while the remaining 102 were not. Characteristics differentiating these two groups on the M-CHAT, BISCUIT-Part 1, and Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition ( BDI-II) were examined with analyses supporting the hypotheses that children in the ASD group had higher M-CHAT and BISCUIT-Part 1 scores in conjunction with lower BDI-II scores. Based on these results, the incremental predictive validity of the M-CHAT was assessed; the BISCUIT-Part 1 was found to be more accurate in arriving at ASD diagnoses. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Improving the Predictive Accuracy of Static-99 and Static-2002 With Older Sex Offenders

Actuarial risk assessment scales and their associated recidivism estimates are generally developed on samples of offenders whose average age is well below 50 years. Criminal behavior of all types declines with age; consequently, actuarial scales tend to overestimate recidivism for older offenders. The current study aimed to develop a revised scoring system for two risk assessment tools (Static-99 and Static-2002) that would more accurately describe older offenders' risk of recidivism. Using data from 8,390 sex offenders derived from 24 separate samples, age was found to add incremental predictive validity to both Static-99 and Static-2002. After creating new age weights, the resulting instruments (Static-99R and Static-2002R) had only slightly higher relative predictive accuracy. The absolute recidivism estimates, however, provided a substantially better fit for older offenders than the recidivism estimates from the original scales. We encourage evaluators to adopt the revised scales with the new age weights.

Study of the stress-cognition vulnerability models of depression in Chinese undergraduates

Objective To test the validity of the stress-cognition vulnerability-model of depression in Chinese undergraduates.Methods 647 undergraduate students finished the Chinese version of 6 scales in time one.Cognitive Style Questionnaire(CSQ),Response Styles Questionnaire(RSQ-SF),Self-Esteem Questionnaire(SEQ),Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale(DAS),General Social and Academic Hassles Scale for Students(GSASHS),Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-DA)follow-up assessment in 1 month later,the General Social and Academic Hassles Scale for Students(GSASHS)scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)scale were completed.Then,vulnerability factors for depression symptoms were used to predict depression symptoms by Multiple Hierarchical Regression(MHR).Path analysis and structural equation model(SEM)were used to explore integrated vulnerability-stress model of depression in Chinese undergraduates.Results Vulnerability-stress interaction was entered into regression equation.The results showed that the vulnerability-stress interaction provided incremental predictive validity to depressive.Symptoms path analysis showed that negative cognition→rumination→depression was a important pathways to cause depression(β=-0.31,P<0.01).The structural equation model for integrated vulnerability-stress model of depression analysis indicated the fit index:GFI =0.95,CFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,RMSEA=0.085.Conclusion A cognition vulnerability-stress medels of depression in Chinese undergraduates was provided and to be confirmed.The rumination was a important mediated variable. Key words: Cognition; Vulnerability-stress model; Depression

Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work

In four studies, we examine implicit voice theories—taken-for-granted beliefs about when and why speaking up at work is risky or inappropriate. In Study 1, interview data from a large corporation suggest that fine-grained implicit theories underlie reluctance to voice even pro-organizational suggestions. Study 2 survey data address the generalizability of the implicit theories identified in Study 1. Studies 3 and 4 develop survey measures for five such theories, establishing the measures' discriminant validity and incremental predictive validity for workplace silence. Collectively, our results indicate that implicit voice theories are widely held and significantly augment explanation of workplace silence.

Testing the relations between impulsivity-related traits, suicidality, and nonsuicidal self-injury: A test of the incremental validity of the UPPS model.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has received significant attention as a predictor of suicidal behavior (SB) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Despite significant promise, trait impulsivity has received less attention. Understanding the relations between impulsivity and SB and NSSI is confounded, unfortunately, by the heterogeneous nature of impulsivity. This study examined the relations among 4 personality pathways to impulsive behavior studied via the UPPS model of impulsivity and SB and NSSI in a residential sample of drug abusers (N = 76). In this study, we tested whether these 4 impulsivity-related traits (i.e., Negative Urgency, Sensation Seeking, Lack of Premeditation, and Lack of Perseverance) provide incremental validity in the statistical prediction of SB and NSSI above and beyond BPD; they do. We also tested whether BPD symptoms provide incremental validity in the prediction of SB and NSSI above and beyond these impulsivity-related traits; they do not. In addition to the main effects of Lack of Premeditation and Negative Urgency, we found evidence of a robust interaction between these 2 personality traits. The current results argue strongly for the consideration of these 2 impulsivity-related domains--alone and in interaction--when attempting to understand and predict SB and NSSI.

Posttraumatic stress and alcohol use coping motives among a trauma-exposed community sample: The mediating role of non-judgmental acceptance

The current investigation evaluated (1) the incremental predictive validity of non-judgmental acceptance in terms of alcohol use coping motives and (2) the mediating role of non-judgmental acceptance in the association between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and alcohol use coping motives. Participants included 153 (79 women) adults who reported exposure to at least one DSM-IV PTSD Criterion A traumatic life event and alcohol use in the past month. Non-judgmental acceptance emerged as a significant incremental predictor of alcohol use coping motives. Furthermore, non-judgmental acceptance partially mediated the association between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and alcohol use coping motives. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed with regard to better understanding the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress and alcohol use disorders.

An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Impulsive Behaviors Checklist for Adolescents

This study used item response theory (IRT) to examine the Impulsive Behaviors Checklist for Adolescents (IBCL-A) among 6,276 (67.7% girls) Chinese secondary school students. The IBCL-A included 15 maladaptive impulsive behaviors adapted from the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. The authors obtained the severity and discrimination parameters for each item in the IBCL-A, examined differential item functioning across gender and age groups, and tested reliability and concurrent validity of the IBCL-A IRT-scaled score. Most items in the IBCL-A were the most accurate in assessing moderate to high levels of impulsivity and discriminated well among adolescents with varied levels of impulsivity. Differential item functioning emerged in several items across gender. The IRT-scaled score showed good construct validity and incremental predictive validity. Findings demonstrate the sound psychometric properties of the IBCL-A and support the clinical utility of this scale.

Incremental Validity of Mindfulness Skills in Relation to Emotional Dysregulation among a Young Adult Community Sample

The present investigation examined the incremental predictive validity of mindfulness skills, as measured by the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS), in relation to multiple facets of emotional dysregulation, as indexed by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), above and beyond variance explained by negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity, and distress tolerance. Participants were a nonclinical community sample of 193 young adults (106 women, 87 men; Mage = 23.91 years). The KIMS Accepting without Judgment subscale was incrementally negatively predictive of all facets of emotional dysregulation, as measured by the DERS. Furthermore, KIMS Acting with Awareness was incrementally negatively related to difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior. Additionally, both observing and describing mindfulness skills were incrementally negatively related to lack of emotional awareness, and describing skills also were incrementally negatively related to lack of emotional clarity. Findings are discussed in relation to advancing scientific understanding of emotional dysregulation from a mindfulness skills-based framework.

Predictive Criterion-Related Validity of Observer Ratings of Personality and Job-Related Competencies Using Multiple Raters and Multiple Performance Criteria

The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive validity of observer ratings of personality and job-related competencies in a selection setting. Based on ratings from multiple raters of both the predictors and the criteria in a sample of MBA students, results indicated that observer ratings of Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, leadership, and interpersonal skills predicted work performance, team performance, and academic performance. For work performance and team performance, a composite of the four predictors had incremental predictive validity over general mental ability, even after controlling for how well the rater knew the ratee.

Temporal and structural dynamics of anxiety sensitivity in predicting fearful responding to a 35% CO 2 challenge

The current study assessed the incremental prediction of anxiety sensitivity (AS) in both taxonic (categorical) and dimensional representations at various time points before and after a single vital capacity inhalation of a 35% CO 2, 65% balanced O 2 gas mixture. Participants were 128 young adults screened for a history of panic attacks. By controlling for traitwise factors including state anxiety and testing both categorical and continuous conceptualizations of the AS construct at various timepoints, the present report was able to evaluate the temporal and structural dynamics of AS in relation to fearful responding to the challenge. Relevant variables were evaluated in a hierarchical linear regression framework, and it was found that a continuous conceptualization of AS provided incremental predictive validity above and beyond trait anxiety immediately post-challenge, while a categorical representation of AS was equivalent to a continuous model of AS at post-challenge but outperformed a continuous model at follow-up. These data provide basic but important evidence suggesting that AS is uniquely associated with anxious responding to a 35% CO 2 challenge, and that categorical representations of AS should be considered in biological challenge studies.

Predicting guilt judgments and verdict change using a measure of pretrial bias in a videotaped mock trial with deliberating jurors

One important limitation of previous research involving measures of bias is that they rely heavily on brief methods of conveying trial information (case summaries) and participants typically do not deliberate as juries before rendering verdicts. In the present study, 183 jury-eligible college students completed the Pretrial Juror Attitudes Questionnaire (PJAQ) and the Juror Bias Scale, watched a videotaped simulated armed robbery trial, and rendered verdicts both before and after deliberating as juries. The results indicate that the PJAQ, and especially the subscales of System confidence and Conviction proneness, significantly predicts pre-deliberation verdicts as well as verdict change (i.e. the shift in verdicts from pre- to post-deliberation). Moreover, the PJAQ provides incremental predictive validity over a more commonly used measure of pretrial bias (the Juror Bias Scale) for pre- and post-deliberation verdicts, as well as providing incremental predictive validity with respect to a juror's tendency to change his/her verdict as a function of the deliberation process. Specifically, bias is associated with a greater probability of verdict change, regardless as to whether that bias reflects a pro-prosecution or pro-defense position. The implications these results have for the importance of pretrial attitude on juror judgments and the deliberation process are discussed.

Psychometric properties of the Affect Intensity and Reactivity Measure adapted for Youth (AIR–Y).

A valid and reliable instrument for measuring affect intensity does not exist for adolescents; such a measure may help to refine understanding of emotion among youths. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and clinical relevance of a measure of affect intensity adapted for youths. Two hundred five community adolescents and 179 adolescents from a residential treatment program were recruited; both samples completed self-report questionnaires, and the community-based sample participated in positive and negative mood-eliciting laboratory tasks. Confirmatory factor analyses comparing multiple models indicated a 3-factor structure was the best fit. This Affect Intensity and Reactivity Scale for Youth (AIR-Y) evidenced good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and the 3 factors showed incremental predictive validity for mood ratings following emotion-elicitation procedures, even after accounting for the relevant scale on the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children. Evidence for the clinical relevance of the AIR-Y, particularly the Negative Intensity factor, was found. Overall, the AIR-Y appears to be a psychometrically sound measure for the assessment of affect intensity among youths.