Incremental Detection Research Articles

The Mechanism and Diagnosis of Insulation Deterioration Caused by Moisture Ingress into Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing

The healthy state of insulation in oil-impregnated bushings is traditionally evaluated by tanδ and capacitance at power frequency and mostly at 10 kV in the test standard. However, there has frequently been insulation accidents induced by moisture ingress (MI) for bushings that have passed the standard. The mechanism and new diagnostic features for MI into bushings were not distinct enough and an accurate test method is urgently needed research. To address this technical gap, a bushing model with a transparent sheath was designed and an ultrasonic humidifier device was adopted to simulate the environment of MI in bushings and recorded by digital camera. The parameters of dielectric dissipation factor, capacitance, partial discharge (PD), frequency domain response, and moisture content in oil were measured at room temperature with time. The results presented that both the increment dissipation factor at low frequency of 0.001 Hz and the increment dissipation factor of 1.2 Um could be used for detecting the earlier insulation defect of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings. The phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) can serve as the diagnostic basis of the severe state (S3) of insulation deterioration caused by MI into bushings around the phases of 0–117°, 151–303°, and 325–360°. The research findings would provide a useful reference for the condition diagnosis and maintenance of OIP bushings. Especially, the increment detection of Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) at the frequency of 1 mHz and 10 kHz was recommended firstly for the operative bushings in real sites.

Application of chromosomal microarray to investigate genetic causes of isolated fetal growth restriction

BackgroundApplication of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) to investigate the genetic characteristics of fetal growth restriction (FGR) without ultrasonic structural anomalies at 18–32 weeks.MethodsThis study includes singleton fetuses with the estimated fetal weight (EFW) using the formula of Hadlock C below the 10th percentile for gestational age. FGRs without structural anomalies were selected, and the ones at high risk of noninvasive prenatal testing for trisomy 13, 18 and 21 would be excluded. The cases were divided into two groups: early-onset group (< 24+ 0 weeks) and late-onset group (24–33 weeks). All patients were offered invasive prenatal testing with CMA and karyotype analysis.ResultsCMA detected 10 pathogenic copy number variants and 2 variant of uncertain significance case. CMA has a 5.5% (7/127) incremental yield of pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities over karyotyping. The positive detected rate was 9.6% (5/52) in early-onset group and 9.3% (7/75) in late-onset group respectively.ConclusionsWhen FGR without structural anomaly is diagnosed before 33 weeks, an invasive prenatal procedure is strongly recommended. CMA can identify a 5.5% (7/127) incremental detection rate of pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities, which would impact clinical management for FGR.

Release from informational masking by auditory stream segregation: perception and its neural correlate.

In the analysis of acoustic scenes, we easily miss sounds or are insensitive to sound features that are salient if presented in isolation. This insensitivity that is not due to interference in the inner ear is termed informational masking (IM). So far, the cellular mechanisms underlying IM remained elusive. Here, we apply a sequential IM paradigm to humans and gerbils using a sound level increment detection task determining the sensitivity to target tones in a background of standard (same frequency) and distracting tones (varying in level and frequency). The amount of IM that was indicated by the level increment thresholds depended on the frequency separation between the distracting and the standard and target tones. In humans and gerbils, we observed similar perceptual thresholds. A release from IM of more than 20dB was observed in both species if the distracting tones were well segregated in frequency from the other tones. Neuronal rate responses elicited by similar sequences in gerbil inferior colliculus and auditory cortex were recorded. At both levels of the auditory pathway, the neuronal thresholds obtained with a signal-detection-theoretic approach deducing the sensitivity from the analysis of the neurons' receiver operating characteristics matched the psychophysical thresholds revealing that IM already emerges at midbrain level. By applying objective response measures in physiology and psychophysics, we demonstrated that the population of neurons has a sufficient sensitivity for explaining the perceptual level increment thresholds indicating IM. There was a good correspondence between the neuronal and perceptual release from IM being related to auditory stream segregation.

Constructing Temporally Extended Actions through Incremental Community Detection.

Hierarchical reinforcement learning works on temporally extended actions or skills to facilitate learning. How to automatically form such abstraction is challenging, and many efforts tackle this issue in the options framework. While various approaches exist to construct options from different perspectives, few of them concentrate on options' adaptability during learning. This paper presents an algorithm to create options and enhance their quality online. Both aspects operate on detected communities of the learning environment's state transition graph. We first construct options from initial samples as the basis of online learning. Then a rule-based community revision algorithm is proposed to update graph partitions, based on which existing options can be continuously tuned. Experimental results in two problems indicate that options from initial samples may perform poorly in more complex environments, and our presented strategy can effectively improve options and get better results compared with flat reinforcement learning.

Online Scheduling and Interference Alleviation for Low-Latency, High-Throughput Processing of Data Streams

Data Streams occur naturally in several observational settings and often need to be processed with a low latency. Streams pose unique challenges: they have no preset lifetimes, the traffic on these streams may be bursty, and data arrival rates on these streams can be quite high. Furthermore, stream processing computations are generally stateful where the outcome of processing a data stream packet depends on the state that builds up within the computation over multiple, successive rounds of execution. As the number of streams increases, stream processing computations need to be orchestrated over a collection of machines. Achieving timeliness and high throughput in such settings is a challenge. Optimal scheduling of stream processing computations is an instance of the resource constrained scheduling problem, and depending on the precise formulation of the problem can be characterized as either NP-Complete or NP-Hard. We have designed an algorithm for online scheduling of stream processing computations. Our algorithm focuses on reducing interference that adversely impacts performance of stream processing computations. Our measure of interference is based on stream packet arrivals at a particular machine, the accompanying resource utilization encompassing CPU, memory and network utilization, and the resource utilization at machines comprising the cluster. Our algorithm performs continuous, incremental detection of interference experienced by computations and performing migrations to alleviate them.

Daily vision testing can expose the prodromal phase of migraine.

Background Several visual tasks have been proposed as indirect assays of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation in migraine. This study aimed to determine whether daily measurement of performance on such tasks can reveal perceptual changes in the build up to migraine events. Methods Visual performance was measured daily at home in 16 non-headache controls and 18 individuals with migraine using a testing protocol on a portable tablet device. Observers performed two tasks: luminance increment detection in spatial luminance noise and centre surround contrast suppression. Results Luminance thresholds were reduced in migraine compared to control groups ( p < 0.05), but thresholds did not alter across the migraine cycle; while headache-free, centre-surround contrast suppression was stronger for the migraine group relative to controls ( p < 0.05). Surround suppression weakened at around 48 hours prior to a migraine attack and strengthened to approach their headache-free levels by 24 hours post-migraine (main effect of timing, p < 0.05). Conclusions Daily portable testing of vision enabled insight into perceptual performance in the lead up to migraine events, a time point that is typically difficult to capture experimentally. Perceptual surround suppression of contrast fluctuates during the migraine cycle, supporting the utility of this measure as an indirect, non-invasive assay of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation.

Parallel incremental dynamic community detection algorithm based on Spark

Parallel incremental dynamic community detection algorithm based on Spark

Performance improvement of magnetic anomaly detector using Karhunen–Loeve expansion

In this work, the authors improve the magnetic anomaly detector by using Karhunen-Loeve expansion, for expanding the detection distance of visually obscured ferromagnetic object when the target signal is contaminated by coloured noise. In the detector, the orthonormal basis functions are modified by the autocorrelation function of geomagnetic noise, and the anomaly is detected by matched filtering. Compared with the traditional detector, simulation results show that the modified detector has better performance with coloured Gaussian noise; especially, the improvement is more evident when the noise exponent is bigger. The real geomagnetic noise is proved to be coloured and obey approximate Gaussian distribution by the measurements in experiment. Tests with this noise indicate that the proposed detector achieves an incremental detection probability of 0.1 - 0.2 in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio, which makes it more attractive in practice.

Association of CTC detection by AdnaTest with outcome on enzalutamide in chemotherapy-naïve castration-resistant prostate cancer: Exploratory results from PREMIERE—A SOGUG trial.

5052 Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) enumeration using CellSearch correlates with clinical outcome in prostate cancer, but is limited for gene expression analysis. AdnaTest ProstateCancer is a commercially available CTC immune-enrichment and PCR-related detection method that allows gene expression studies (Antonarakis E, NEJM 2014). It has demonstrated incremental detection of CTCs in patients with no CTCs identified by CellSearch (Samoila A, ASCO 2013) but needs to be clinically qualified. There is a strong need for studies to assess the association with the clinical outcome in CRPC. Methods: Between February and November 2015, 98 asymptomatic or oligo-symptomatic chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC pts were recruited in 16 institutions. Although initially designed to study the predictive value of TMPRSS2-ETS, data emerging after the trial was initiated led the group to prioritize alternative predefined exploratory biomarkers, including plasma AR (Grande E, ASC0 2017 #) and CTC characterization (Grande E, ESMO 2016). Outcome measures included PSA-PFS (sPFS), radiographic PFS (rPFS) and OS. Cox regression was used for survival analyses and Fisher’s exact test for PSA response. Results: Ninety-eight patients had CTC blood samples available. CTCs were detected at baseline, 12 weeks and progression in 36% (35/98), 27% (26/95) and 78% (32/41), respectively. The CTC conversion rate (positive to negative after 12 w) was 43% (15/35). All CTC conversions had ≥50% decline in PSA (15/15) whereas only 35% (7/20) of pts with persistent CTCs. At first interim analysis, with a median follow-up of 10.6 months, detection of CTCs at baseline was associated with worse sPFS (median, 7.59 m versus NR, HR, 3.67; 95% CI 1.90-7.10; P &lt; 0.001), rPFS (median, 12.9 m versus NR; HR, 7.61; 95% CI, 2.80-20.64; P &lt; 0.001) and OS (medians NR, HR, 9.51; 95% CI, 1.11-81.52; P = 0.0398). CTC positive pts were less likely to have a ≥90% decline in PSA (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.13-7.72; P = 0.02). Conclusions: CTC detection using AdnaTest is associated with an adverse outcome in chemotherapy-naïve asymptomatic or oligo-symptomatic mCRPC pts. Clinical trial information: NCT02288936.

Behavioral measures of cortical hyperexcitability assessed in people who experience visual snow.

To determine whether visual perceptual measures in people who experience visual snow are consistent with an imbalance between inhibition and excitation in visual cortex. Sixteen patients with visual snow and 18 controls participated. Four visual tasks were included: center-surround contrast matching, luminance increment detection in noise, and global form and global motion coherence thresholds. Neuronal architecture capable of encoding the luminance and contrast stimuli is present within primary visual cortex, whereas the extraction of global motion and form signals requires extrastriate processing. All these tasks have been used previously to investigate the balance between inhibition and excitation within the visual system in both healthy and diseased states. The visual snow group demonstrated reduced center-surround contrast suppression (p = 0.03) and elevated luminance increment thresholds in noise (p = 0.02). Groups did not differ on the global form or global motion task. Our study demonstrates that visual perceptual measures involving the suprathreshold processing of contrast and luminance are abnormal in a group of individuals with visual snow. Our data are consistent with elevated excitability in primary visual cortex; however, further research is required to provide more direct evidence for this proposed mechanism. The ability to measure perceptual differences in visual snow reveals promise for the future development of clinical tests to assist in visual snow diagnosis and possibly a method for quantitatively assaying any benefits of treatments.

Abstract P3-02-06: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance for patients with dense breasts and a previous breast cancer (BC) and/or high risk lesion

Abstract BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The benefits of breast MRI for screening women at high risk of developing BC is established, but its role in women with a personal history of BC or dense breasts is unknown. We sought to estimate the performance of annual surveillance MRI added to mammography in women at moderately increased BC risk due to a personal history of breast cancer and/or a high-risk breast lesion and dense breasts. METHOD AND MATERIALS We performed a retrospective chart review of the clinical, radiological, and pathological parameters of women who received annual, concurrent surveillance breast MRI and mammography between 04/2013 and 12/2015. We included women who met all of the following criteria: age&amp;lt;69; prior diagnosis of high-risk lesion (ADH, ALH, LCIS), DCIS, or invasive BC; heterogeneously (50-75%) or extremely dense (&amp;gt;75%) breasts; and did not qualify for our provincial MRI screening program for high risk women (calculated lifetime BC risk ≥ 25%). Results of each scan were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi squared for comparisons between subgroups. RESULTS A total of 199 patients (267 MRI exams) were included in this study. The mean age at initial diagnosis was 45 years and at subsequent diagnosis of DCIS or invasive cancer was 53 years. Mean time to new diagnosis was 86 months (range 14-202). All 15 cancers diagnosed during the study period were MRI detected: 11 invasive stage I (66% IDC, 7% ILC) and 4 DCIS (27%). Of these 15, all but 1 were mammographically occult. Five (33%) were found in the breast ipsilateral to the original lesion. The cancer detection rate was 6% (12/199) on the first screening round and 4.7% (3/64) on the second screening round. Specificity and positive predictive value respectively for MRI exams increased from 77% and 22% on the first screening round to 88% and 30% on the second round. Of women who developed BC, 57% had a history of breast or ovarian cancer in a first degree relative. None of the 72 women who were on hormonal therapy at the time of surveillance imaging had a new cancer detected compared to 11% (14/125) of those who were not on hormonal therapy (p=0.0025). CONCLUSIONS The incremental early-stage BC detection rate and specificity of MRI in this population are comparable to what is observed in screening women at high risk. The addition of annual MRI to mammography should be considered for surveillance of women with a personal history of BC / premalignant lesion and heterogeneous / extremely dense breasts, particularly if they have a family history of BC and are not on hormonal therapy. Citation Format: Nadler M, Al Attar H, Curpen B, Martel AL, Balasingham S, Zhang L, Eisen A, Warner E. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance for patients with dense breasts and a previous breast cancer (BC) and/or high risk lesion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-02-06.

Likelihood-based testing of wavelet coefficients for damage detection in beam structures

Early detection of damage has emerged as an important concern for engineers involved in structural condition assessments. This paper presents a damage detection approach that combines different techniques to improve detection and localization of small increments of damage using mode shapes derived from vibration tests on a structure. An experimental study is carried out on a beam with two joints that can simulate incremental damage with a system of plates and bolts. The initial condition is defined as the state when the plates are fully assembled. In this state, the beam comprises two weaker zones at the location of each joint assembly due to a 12% reduction in stiffness in comparison to an intact beam. The test setup is used to simulate incremental damage by modifying the mass and stiffness of the beam at each joint. The proposed method of detection is shown to outperform current alternative methods in detecting small increments of damage and to result in fewer false alarms. The detection procedure comprises four steps: (1) a continuous wavelet transform to detect local anomalies in the first mode shape; (2) a principal component analysis of wavelet coefficients to extract dominant patterns that are most highly correlated with incremental damage and to reduce noise; (3) statistical tests of hypothesis on the scores of principal components to detect statistically significant incremental damage, and (4) a likelihood ratio test to determine the most likely location of incremental damage along the beam.

The variability and reproducibility of whole genome sequencing technology for detecting resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs.

BackgroundThe emergence of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs is a serious and growing threat to public health. Next-generation sequencing is rapidly gaining traction as a diagnostic tool for investigating drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis to aid treatment decisions. However, there are few little data regarding the precision of such sequencing for assigning resistance profiles.MethodsWe investigated two sequencing platforms (Illumina MiSeq, Ion Torrent PGM™) and two rapid analytic pipelines (TBProfiler, Mykrobe predictor) using a well characterised reference strain (H37Rv) and clinical isolates from patients with tuberculosis resistant to up to 13 drugs. Results were compared to phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. To assess analytical robustness individual DNA samples were subjected to repeated sequencing.ResultsThe MiSeq and Ion PGM systems accurately predicted drug-resistance profiles and there was high reproducibility between biological and technical sample replicates. Estimated variant error rates were low (MiSeq 1 per 77 kbp, Ion PGM 1 per 41 kbp) and genomic coverage high (MiSeq 51-fold, Ion PGM 53-fold). MiSeq provided superior coverage in GC-rich regions, which translated into incremental detection of putative genotypic drug-specific resistance, including for resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid and pyrazinamide. The TBProfiler bioinformatics pipeline was concordant with reported phenotypic susceptibility for all drugs tested except pyrazinamide and para-aminosalicylic acid, with an overall concordance of 95.3%. When using the Mykrobe predictor concordance with phenotypic testing was 73.6%.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated high comparative reproducibility of two sequencing platforms, and high predictive ability of the TBProfiler mutation library and analytical pipeline, when profiling resistance to first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. However, platform-specific variability in coverage of some genome regions may have implications for predicting resistance to specific drugs. These findings may have implications for future clinical practice and thus deserve further scrutiny, set within larger studies and using updated mutation libraries.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0385-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Mesopic increment detection sensitivity, Part I: Phenomenological analysis

Mesopic threshold detection sensitivity was investigated by projecting quasi-monochromatic incremental targets with 22 centroid wavelengths between 422 nm and 652 nm onto different backgrounds. Every detection target was observed by at least nine subjects under eight different viewing conditions: two mesopic luminance levels (0.1 cd/m2; 1 cd/m2) and four eccentricities of target appearance off the visual axis (0°, 2.65°, 10° and 20°). Results were expressed in terms of absolute detection sensitivity values, i.e. inverse increment radiance values for each target at the detection threshold in sr·m2·W−1 units. In this part, the experimental method is described, and the dataset is analysed in terms of retinal mechanisms.

Larger receptive fields revealed using Battenberg stimuli to assess contrast summation with moving patterns.

This study reevaluated the summation extent for moving stimuli using the Battenberg summation paradigm (Meese, 2010), which aims to circumvent internal noise changes with increasing stimulus size by holding display size constant. In the checkerboard stimulus, the size of the checks (luminance-modulated drifting gratings) was varied to measure dependence on signal area. Experiment 1 was a contrast detection task that used either signal checks alternating with uniform, mean luminance, checks (single-motion) or alternate checks containing gratings moving in opposite directions (opposing-motion). The latter was designed to test whether summation extent changes when segregating regions based on motion direction. Results showed summation over a square summation area with a side length of 3.33°, much larger than previous estimates of less than 1° for similar stimuli (Anderson & Burr, 1991). This was found for both motion combinations, providing no evidence that summation extent differs when segregating patterns based on direction, at contrast detection threshold. These results are in close agreement with those obtained for static patterns (Meese, 2010) and support the same underlying summation model. Experiment 2 was a contrast increment detection task conducted to determine whether differences in summation extent arise under suprathreshold contrast conditions. There was no dependence on check size for either condition across the range of sizes tested. This supports the suggestion that segmentation mechanisms dominate perception under high-contrast conditions, a potential adaptive strategy employed by the visual system.

Testing the CIE system for mesopic photometry in a threshold detection experiment

Results from a mesopic threshold detection experiment using static, quasi-monochromatic, 2° incremental detection targets were used to test the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) recommended system for mesopic photometry based on visual performance. An experimental apparatus was built to produce different mesopic backgrounds (four different spectral compositions at two different luminances, 0.1 cd/m2 and 1.0 cd/m2) on which the targets were projected at different eccentricities (2.65° and 10°). The CIE system was tested by two methods, variability of mesopic threshold contrast for different target chromaticities and trend analysis for mesopic threshold contrast plotted against background mesopic luminance. The mesopic threshold contrast did not remain constant among the different target centroid wavelengths within a given viewing condition. The inter-observer variability of the mesopic contrast threshold dataset was considerable.

Evaluating whether increment detection at mid-to-high pedestal frequencies is consistent with cochlear compression

The ability of the auditory system to encode the amplitude fluctuations of a signal is important for processing complex stimuli, such as speech. A study by Florentine [Florentine et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 1528–1541 (1987)] measured intensity discrimination for multiple frequencies as a function of stimulus level. They observed that, for high frequency stimuli, difference limens were poorer at mid levels than at higher or lower levels. This mid-level “hump” is consistent with cochlear compression and suggests that compression may limit the intensity resolution of the auditory system under certain circumstances. To test the generalizability of this interpretation, the current study measured increment detection for conditions associated with the mid-level hump, based on the assumption that increment detection and intensity discrimination are determined by similar physiological processes. This study is part of a larger series of experiments in our laboratory that test whether intensity perception is con...

A Real-Time de novo DNA Sequencing Assembly Platform Based on an FPGA Implementation.

This paper presents an FPGA based DNA comparison platform which can be run concurrently with the sensing phase of DNA sequencing and shortens the overall time needed for de novo DNA assembly. A hybrid overlap searching algorithm is applied which is scalable and can deal with incremental detection of new bases. To handle the incomplete data set which gradually increases during sequencing time, all-against-all comparisons are broken down into successive window-against-window comparison phases and executed using a novel dynamic suffix comparison algorithm combined with a partitioned dynamic programming method. The complete system has been designed to facilitate parallel processing in hardware, which allows real-time comparison and full scalability as well as a decrease in the number of computations required. A base pair comparison rate of 51.2G/s is achieved when implemented on an FPGA with successful DNA comparison when using data sets from real genomes.

Incidence and timing of potentially high-risk arrhythmias detected through long term continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring.

BackgroundAmbulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring is the standard to screen for high-risk arrhythmias. We evaluated the clinical utility of a novel, leadless electrode, single-patient-use ECG monitor that stores up to 14 days of a continuous recording to measure the burden and timing of potentially high-risk arrhythmias.MethodsWe examined data from 122,815 long term continuous ambulatory monitors (iRhythm ZIO® Service, San Francisco) prescribed from 2011 to 2013 and categorized potentially high-risk arrhythmias into two types: (1) ventricular arrhythmias including non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia and (2) bradyarrhythmias including sinus pauses >3 s, atrial fibrillation pauses >5 s, and high-grade heart block (Mobitz Type II or third-degree heart block).ResultsOf 122,815 ZIO® recordings, median wear time was 9.9 (IQR 6.8–13.8) days and median analyzable time was 9.1 (IQR 6.4–13.1) days. There were 22,443 (18.3 %) with at least one episode of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), 238 (0.2 %) with sustained VT, 1766 (1.4 %) with a sinus pause >3 s (SP), 520 (0.4 %) with a pause during atrial fibrillation >5 s (AFP), and 1486 (1.2 %) with high-grade heart block (HGHB). Median time to first arrhythmia was 74 h (IQR 26–149 h) for NSVT, 22 h (IQR 5–73 h) for sustained VT, 22 h (IQR 7–64 h) for SP, 31 h (IQR 11–82 h) for AFP, and 40 h (SD 10–118 h) for HGHB.ConclusionsA significant percentage of potentially high-risk arrhythmias are not identified within 48-h of ambulatory ECG monitoring. Longer-term continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring provides incremental detection of these potentially clinically relevant arrhythmic events.

Early online detection of high volatility clusters using Particle Filters

This work presents a novel online early detector of high-volatility clusters based on uGARCH models (a variation of the GARCH model), risk-sensitive particle-filtering-based estimators, and hypothesis testing procedures. The proposed detector utilizes Risk-Sensitive Particle Filters (RSPF) to generate an estimate of the volatility probability density function (PDF) that offers better resolution in the areas of the state-space that are associated with the incipient appearance of high-volatility clusters. This is achieved using the Generalized Pareto Distribution for the generation of particles. Risk-sensitive estimates are used by a detector that evaluates changes between prior and posterior probability densities via asymmetric hypothesis tests, allowing early detection of sudden volatility increments (typically associated with early stages of high-volatility clusters). Performance of the proposed approach is compared to other implementations based on the classic Particle Filter, in terms of its capability to track regions of the state-space associated to a greater financial risk. The proposed volatility cluster detection scheme is tested and validated using both simulated and actual IBM’s daily stock market data.