Increment Of Energy Consumption Research Articles

바이오에탄올 학술정보 분석

최근 세계 각국은 기후변화협약에 따라 온실가스 규제가 발효된 가운데 화석연료에 의한 이산화탄소 배출량을 최소화하는데 국력을 모으고 있으며, 이를 위한 조치와 국가 에너지 안보차원에서 신 재생에너지 개발에 박차를 가하고 있다. 현재 바이오연료는 전 세계적으로 전체 수송연료의 1% 정도를 차지하고 있으나 2030년에는 최대 5%까지 늘어날 것으로 예상된다. 이 글은 바이오에탄올 관련 학술정보를 개량 분석함으로서 기술 및 산업현황, 국내외 개발현황, 시장경쟁력 확보와 산업화에서 해결해야할 과제들을 분석하는데 도움이 되고, 우리나라의 관련 정책 및 기업의 장기 대응 전략 수립에 참고할 수 있을 것이다. 에탄올 혹은 에틸알코올은 흔히 알코올이라 불리는 술의 주성분으로 예로부터 우리들에게 자주 이용되어 왔다. 에탄올은 화학적 합성도 가능하지만 생물공정으로도 생산되는데, 이러한 생물공정에 의해 생산되는 에탄올을 바이오에탄올(bioethanol)이라 한다. 옥수수와 같은 전분을 원료로 하는 경우에는 산이나 아밀라아제로 불리는 효소로 먼저 전분을 포도당으로 전환하여 발효시킨다. "Web of Science"를 이용한 바이오에탄올 관련 학술정보 분석은 2001년 이후 12년간 검색어 '<TEX>$bioethandl^*$</TEX>'에 대한 검색결과 총 2,454건의 결과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 이를 다시 한국과학기술정보연구원이 자체 개발한 "수요자 맞춤형 연구개발 조기경보체제 구축"이란 정보분석 프로그램으로 바이오에탄올 관련 문헌의 연도별, 국가별, 연구기관별, 연구자별 현황 등을 분석하였다. 바이오에탄올 연구는 미국이 주도하고 있으며, 중국과 일본이 추격하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 한편 우리나라는 92편의 논문을 발표하여 브라질, 스페인, 캐나다, 인도에 이어 8위를 차지하였다. Recently, an understanding of new sources of liquid hydrocarbons such as bioethanol is economically very important. Bioethanol is actually ethyl alcohol or also referred to as ethanol, identical to drinking alcohol by its composition. There are mainly two ways of producing ethanol, namely by synthesis of hydrocarbons and from biomass. Only the second approach deserves the terminology 'bioethanol'. The present dissertation is also designed with purpose of developing the energy-saving process for the separation of bioethanol. The world population is expected to grow past 8 billion by 2030 which are almost 60% in Asia Pacific. History has shown that energy use rises much faster than population expands. World wide demand for energy will increase significantly during the next 15 years driven by population growth and the transition of emerging markets into the global economy. In developing nations, a smaller increment in GDP per capita yields a higher increment in energy consumption compared to developed countries. In this study, we analised total 2,454 dissertations for the bioethanol during the 2001~2012 periods by the programs of 'web of science' and 'recently developped program by Korea Institute of Science Technology Information'.

Impact of European standard EN15251 in the energy certification of services buildings—A Portuguese study case

In Europe, about 40% of the energy is consumed in buildings, more than by industry or transport. However, there is a great potential for energy savings in this field, often at little cost. A new European directive and several European standards, including the comfort standard EN15251, were created to develop comfortable and efficient buildings. This paper presents the interaction of this specific standard with the application of energy efficiency regulations. In order to evaluate the impact of the EN15251 application in commercial buildings, a case study was analyzed using the dynamic simulation software TRNSYS—The Transient Energy System Simulation Tool. The building was set according to the standard conditions specified by the national regulation, and the assessment of comfort requirements of EN15251 was verified. It was found that the current comfort requirements of the Portuguese regulation are not sufficient to achieve by themselves the comfort categories specified in the EN15251. About 55% of the comfort hours could not be assured. Furthermore, reaching the main comfort requirements (temperature/fresh air rates) of the EN15251 does not lead directly to the assessment of the corresponding categories. Results showed that the building stayed one comfort category behind from the desired when the correspondent operative temperatures were secured. On the other hand, it was found possible to achieve the comfort categories by increasing the operative temperature ranges, imposed by the standard, about 1 °C. This has a negative consequence, which is the increment of energy consumption. However, there is a large room for maneuver to reduce this consumption into acceptable levels according to the EPBD.

ASTRA-Matlab Integration for the Control of Tokamaks

The current increment in energy consumption has renewed the interest in the development of alternatives to fossil fuels. In this regard, the interest in solving the different control problems existing in nuclear fusion reactors like Tokamaks has been intensified. The aim of this manuscript is to show how the ASTRA code, which is used to simulate the performance of Tokamaks, can be integrated into the Matlab-Simulink tool in order to make easier the development of suitable controllers for Tokamaks. As a demonstrative case study to show the feasibility and the goodness of the proposed integration, a modified anti-windup PID-based controller coupled with an optimization algorithm for the loop voltage has been implemented. This integration represents an original and innovative work in the Tokamak control area and it provides new possibilities for the development and application of advanced control schemes to the standardized ASTRA code.

Research on the influence of air humidity on the annual heating or cooling energy consumption

Just taking 960 m 2 model building with improved envelope for example, this paper studies the influence of outside air humidity on the annual heating and cooling energy consumption and their relative variation rates (RVRs) and the discrepancy between temperature–humidity control (THC) and temperature control (TC) with the same increase of ventilation rates. The research shows that the discrepancy of annual heating and cooling RVRs is significant under different climatic conditions for the same building with the same increase of ventilation rates by the mode of THC. In general, the heating RVRs decline with the increase of average outside air humidity and the cooling RVRs rise with the increase of average outside air humidity. However, annual heating and cooling RVRs are both approximate in different cities under the climatic conditions of approximate annual average air humidity. The annual heating or cooling need by mode of THC is higher than or equal to the corresponding energy consumption by mode of TC and there exists a close relationship between the absolute increment of energy consumption and outside air humidity; furthermore, as the annual average air humidity increases, the absolute increment of annual cooling need increases while that of annual heating need decreases and both have good linear relation.

Quantification of energy consumption in platelets during thrombin-induced aggregation and secretion. Tight coupling between platelet responses and the increment in energy consumption.

The involvement of metabolic energy in platelet responses was investigated by measuring the energy consumption during aggregation and secretion from dense, alpha- and acid-hydrolase-containing granules. Gel-filtered human platelets were stimulated with different amounts of thrombin (0.05-5.0 units X ml-1). At various stages during aggregation and secretion the energy consumption was measured from the changes in metabolic ATP and ADP following abrupt arrest of ATP resynthesis. Stimulation with 5 units of thrombin X ml-1 increased the energy consumption from 6.2 +/- 0.9 to 17.8 +/- 0.4 mumol of ATPeq. X min-1 X (10(11) platelets)-1 during the first 15 s. It decreased thereafter and returned to values found in resting cells after about 30 s. With 0.05 unit of thrombin X ml-1, the energy consumption accelerated more slowly and took at least 3 min before it normalized. A strong positive correlation was found between the velocities of the three secretion responses and the concurrent energy consumption (a) at different stages of the responses induced by a given dose of thrombin, and (b) at different secretion velocities initiated by different amounts of thrombin. When, at different stages of the responses, the extent of secretion was compared with the amount of energy that had been consumed, a strong linear correlation was found with the increment in energy consumption but not with the total energy consumption. This correlation was independent of the concentration of thrombin and indicated that complete secretion from dense, alpha- and acid-hydrolase-containing granules was paralleled by an increment of 4.0, 6.5 and 6.7 mumol of ATPeq. X (10(11) platelets)-1, respectively. An energy cost of 0.7 mumol of ATPeq. X (10(11) platelets)-1 was calculated for separate dense-granule secretion, whereas the combined alpha- and acid-hydrolase granule secretion required 5.3 mumol of ATPeq. X (10(11) platelets)-1. There was no correlation between energy consumption and optical aggregation. In contrast, the rate of single platelet disappearance, which is a measure for the early formation of small aggregates, correlated closely with the rate of energy consumption. Compared with secretion, however, the energy requirement of single platelet disappearance was minor, since 2mM-EDTA completely prevented this response but decreased the energy consumption only slightly. An increase of 0.5-1.0 mumol of ATPeq. X (10(11) platelets)-1 was seen before single platelet disappearance and the three secretion responses were initiated, indicating an increase in energy consuming processes that preceded these responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)