Increase In Surface Charge Research Articles

Toward an Enhanced Hydrophilic TiO2 Nanoparticles Adsorption at Air-Liquid Interface Through Ion Regulation.

This study investigates the dynamic properties of air-liquid interfacial tension for hydrophilic TiO2 P25 utilizing the pendant drop method. Additionally, it examines the interfacial adsorption mechanism of hydrophilic TiO2 particles, considering the characteristics of particle surface charge distribution in relation to ion regulation to enhance particle interface adsorption. Experimental results reveal that in the absence of ion addition, the TiO2 P25 suspension system exhibits limited interfacial adsorption due to its superhydrophilicity, regardless of particle concentration. The addition of NaCl increases the surface charge density of the particles, strengthens the electrostatic attraction between particles and the interface, and enhances particle adsorption. Specifically, at a low NaCl concentration (0.01 wt %), the increased surface charge density and contact angle of the particles elevate particle activity and high interfacial packing density. At a higher NaCl concentration (0.1 wt %), while NaCl further increases the particle contact angle, the increased effective cross-sectional area of the air-liquid interface occupied by individual particles leads to a reduction in surface free energy. Despite the enhanced electrostatic attraction, this results in a lower packing density.

Enhanced Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion by Photodegradable MXene/TiO2 Membrane Utilizing Saline Dye Wastewater

AbstractThe utilization of nanochannel membranes for harvesting salinity gradient energy has shown promising potential in addressing the energy crisis and environmental pollution issues. While previous studies have mainly focused on extracting salinity energy from mixing artificial seawater with river water, the research introduces a creative approach involving dye wastewater treatment using MXene/TiO2 membranes to achieve simultaneous photocatalytic degradation and power generation via salinity gradients. The built‐in electric field generated by MXene/TiO2 heterojunctions enhances ionic transport and electron‐hole separation. After photocatalytic treatment of saline dye wastewater, the membrane is defined as a photodegradable membrane. This membrane exhibits increased surface charge and expanded layer spacing to optimize salinity gradient energy conversion efficiency, yielding an impressive power density of up to 11.78 W m−2, which is 20% higher than that of the original MXene/TiO2 membrane. This work offers valuable insights into the development of multifunctional materials for sustainable power generation that comprehensively utilize industrial wastewater and domestic sewage.

Multilayer patch functionalized microfibrillated cellulosic paper sensor for sweat glucose monitoring.

Electrochemical analysis of glucose monitoring without painful blood collection provides a new noninvasive route for monitoring glucose levels. Thus, in this study, biobased cellulosic papers (methylated and phosphorylated one) based glucose monitoring sensor is developed. To achieve high hydrophilicity, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were functionalized using hexokinase mediated phosphorylation (-OH to -[Formula: see text]). The instinctive increased surface charge density from 36.2 ± 3.4 to 118.4 ± 1.2 µmol/g and decrease contact angle (45°-22°) confirms the increased hydrophilicity of paper. Furthermore, functionalized phos-MFC paper increase the capillary flow of sweat, required low quantity (1µl) of sweat for accurate analysis of glucose level. Additionally, chemically induced methyl groups (-CH3) make the sensor more barrier to other chemicals. In addition, a multilayer patch design combined with sensor miniaturization was used to lead to an increase in the efficiency of the sweat collection and sensing processes. Besides, this paper sensor integrated with artificial transdermal drug delivery unit (agarose gel as skin) for monitoring glucose levels in sweat. The patch monitoring system increase the accuracy of sensing with fluctuation in sweat vol. (1-4µl), temperature (20-70 °C), and pH (4.0-7.0). In addition, temperature dependency artificial transdermal delivery (within agarose gel) of drug metformin agrees the measurement accuracy of sensor, called "switch system" without any error. As a result, the reported MFC paper based multi-patch disposable sensing system provides a novel closed-loop solution for the noninvasive sweat-based management of diabetes mellitus.

Enhancing hydrovoltaic power generation with carbon spheres coated on nickel foam/polyethylene terephthalate substrate

The present study aims to assess the viability of hydrovoltaic impact as a potential method for energy generation. This methodology utilizes the capillary action of water in devices composed of nickel (Ni) foam/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with hydrothermally synthesized carbon spheres at various temperatures (180, 200, and 220 °C). The prepared materials and devices were analyzed using a range of analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM images revealed the spherical morphology of the carbon particles and their presence on Ni foam, whereas the XRD patterns indicated that the carbon spheres were amorphous. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyl functional groups in all the samples. The performance of the devices was assessed by electrochemical tests, including open-circuit potential (OCP), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The device coated with carbon spheres synthesized at 180 °C demonstrated enhanced performance with an elevated OCP value of 0.077 V, increased surface charge area, lower resistance to water, and reduced charge transfer resistance. These findings indicate the successful production of hydrovoltaic energy by utilizing the capillary action of water in carbon-sphere-coated Ni foam/PET devices.

Equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of thermo-osmosis: enhanced effects on polarised graphene surfaces

Thermo-osmotic flows, generated by applying a thermal gradient along a liquid-solid interface, could be harnessed to convert waste heat into electricity. While this phenomenon has been known for almost a century, there is a crucial need to gain a better understanding of the molecular origins of thermo-osmosis. In this paper, we start by detailing the multiple contributions to thermo-osmosis. We then showcase three approaches to computing the thermo-osmotic coefficient using molecular dynamics; a first method based on the computation of the interfacial enthalpy excess and Derjaguin's theoretical framework, a second approach based on the computation of the interfacial entropy excess using the so-called dry-surface method, and a novel non-equilibrium method to compute the thermo-osmotic coefficient in a periodic channel. We show that the three methods align with each other, in particular for smooth surfaces. In addition, for a polarised graphene-water interface, we observe large variations of thermo-osmotic responses, and multiple changes in flow direction with increasing surface charge. Overall, this study showcases the versatility of osmotic flows and calls for experimental investigation of thermo-osmotic behaviour in the vicinity of charged surfaces.

PH drives electron density fluctuations that enhance electric field-induced liquid flow

Liquid flow along a charged interface is commonly described by classical continuum theory, which represents the electric double layer by uniformly distributed point charges. The electrophoretic mobility of hydrophobic nanodroplets in water doubles in magnitude when the pH is varied from neutral to mildly basic (pH 7 → 11). Classical continuum theory predicts that this increase in mobility is due to an increased surface charge. Here, by combining all-optical measurements of surface charge and molecular structure, as well as electronic structure calculations, we show that surface charge and molecular structure at the nanodroplet surface are identical at neutral and mildly basic pH. We propose that the force that propels the droplets originates from two factors: Negative charge on the droplet surface due to charge transfer from and within water, and anisotropic gradients in the fluctuating polarization induced by the electric field. Both charge density fluctuations couple with the external electric field, and lead to droplet flow. Replacing chloride by hydroxide doubles both the charge conductivity via the Grotthuss mechanism, and the droplet mobility. This general mechanism deeply impacts a plethora of processes in biology, chemistry, and nanotechnology and provides an explanation of how pH influences hydrodynamic phenomena and the limitations of classical continuum theory currently used to rationalize these effects.

Investigation of Laser micro-textured triboelectric nanogenerator based self-powered vibration sensor for industry 4.0 application

Self-powered sensors detect a variety of crucial parameters for industrial processes without any external power source for Industry 4.0. It has capabilities to acquire, analyze, and make decisions on real-time data, these sensors are essential for the advancement of automated production systems and smart factories. In this regard, Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have potential to provide effective solution as self-powered vibration sensor for continuous monitoring of machine tools. Different techniques have been used to enhance the performance of TENG such as material doping, chemical etching, ion injection, etc. However, laser surface texturing is a low-cost, contact less, efficient technique which can be used for improving the response of TENG-based self-powered vibration sensors. In this context, Laser Induced Backside Texturing is a laser micro texturing approach to improve the electrical performance. It induces waviness and surface roughness, which leads to increased surface charge density and triboelectrification capabilities. In this work, laser micro texturing was performed using with 405 nm wavelength semiconductor diode laser to generate line pattern texture on the Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP). Laser textures TENG (LT-TENG) was developed with laser textured FEP as tribonegative material and pristine Aluminium as tribopositive material, the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current and power density achieved 23 %, 41 %, and 47 % enhancement respectively, generating 794 V, 44 µA, and 2371.6 µW/cm2. This increase in output leads to an increased sensitivity of the sensor. When mounted on the machines, LT-TENG was able to detect their working state, vibration frequency, and harmonics i.e. 46, 92, 184 Hz for the vacuum pump and 140, 280, 410 Hz for the heat gun. These detected vibration frequencies, and their harmonics were similar to the frequencies detected by the commercial accelerometer (CTC AC115), confirming potential use of LT-TENG as a low-frequency vibration sensor. The developed LT-TENGs was integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) supported microcontroller, which collects real-time data for continuous monitoring and analysis for machine health monitoring in smart devices.

Investigation of TiO2/PPy nanocomposite for photocatalytic applications; synthesis, characterization, and combination with various substrates: a review.

The use of photocatalysis technology, specifically visible light photocatalysis that relies on sustainable solar energy, is the most promising for the degradation of contaminants. The interaction of conducting polymer and titanium dioxide (TiO2) leads to the exchange that enhances the alteration of the semiconductor's surface and subsequently decreases the bandgap energy. Polypyrrole (PPy) and TiO2 nanocomposites have promising potential for photocatalytic degradation. Chemically and electrochemical polymerization are two predominant methods for adding inorganic nanoparticles to a conducting polymer host matrix. The most commonly utilized method for producing PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites is the in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. Immobilizing PPy/TiO2 on substrates causes more charge carriers (electron/hole pairs) to be produced on the surface of TiO2 and enhances the rate of photocatalytic degradation compared to pure TiO2. The increased surface charge affects how electron/hole pairs are formed when visible light is used. This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis, characterization, application, efficiency, and mechanism of PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites in the photocatalytic degradation process of various pollutants. Furthermore, the effect of stabilizing the TiO2/PPy nanocomposite on various substrates will be investigated. In conclusion, the review outlines the ongoing challenges in utilizing these photocatalysts and highlights the essential concerns that require attention in future research. Its objective is to help researchers better understand photocatalysts and encourage their use in wastewater treatment.

Contribution of a C-Terminal Extension to the Substrate Affinity and Oligomeric Stability of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus HB27.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes (ALDHs) are widely studied for their roles in disease propagation and cell metabolism. Their use in biocatalysis applications, for the conversion of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, has also been recognized. Understanding the structural features and functions of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ALDHs is key to uncovering novel applications of the enzyme and probing its role in disease propagation. The thermostable enzyme ALDHTt originating fromThermus thermophilus, strain HB27, possesses a unique extension of its C-terminus, which has been evolutionarily excluded from mesophilic counterparts and other thermophilic enzymes in the same genus. In this work, the thermophilic adaptation is studied by the expression and optimized purification of mutant ALDHTt-508, with a 22-amino acid truncation of the C-terminus. The mutant shows increased activity throughout production compared to native ALDHTt, indicating an opening of the active site upon C-terminus truncation and giving rationale into the evolutionary exclusion of the C-terminal extension from similar thermophilic and mesophilic ALDH proteins. Additionally, the C-terminus is shown to play a role in controlling substrate specificity of native ALDH, particularly in excluding catalysis of certain large and certain aromatic ortho-substituted aldehydes, as well as modulating the protein's pH tolerance by increasing surface charge. Dynamic light scattering and size-exclusion HPLC methods are used to show the role of the C-terminus in ALDHTt oligomeric stability at the cost of catalytic efficiency. Studying the aggregation rate of ALDHTt with and without a C-terminal extension leads to the conclusion that ALDHTt follows a monomolecular reaction aggregation mechanism.

All porous Ecoflex and SEBS-based stretchable high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered human activity monitoring

Achieving a high output performance by expanding the surface area of triboelectric materials is key to developing triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for future versatile applications. Herein, highly porous Ecoflex and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) using chloroform are introduced to improve TENG performance. The triboelectric output increases significantly with increasing porosity, which can be attributed to the increase in the contact area, dielectric constant, and electrostatic induction in the porous structure, thereby resulting in additional surface charges on the porous surface and increased surface charge density of the friction materials. The TENG can stretch by up to 550 % with the designed fabric electrode configuration. Facilitated by the increased contact area of 3D printed microstructure and porous Ecoflex substrate, the fabricated TENG demonstrates a high voltage of 2280 V, corresponding to a power density of 18.8 W m−2, which is enough to power 460 light-emitting diodes and stopwatches. Demonstration of monitoring the walking steps of patients with Parkinson’s and blind people was also performed, which revealed outstanding sensing capabilities. In addition, the TENG-based self-powered sensor demonstrated an identification accuracy of 99.3 % and a motion detection accuracy of 98.2 % based on a deep learning model. Furthermore, by exploiting the outstanding ultrahigh sensitivity, the TENG was demonstrated for low-frequency football player motion monitoring. Therefore, the results of this study provide new insights into investigating porous materials and an efficient method to construct high-performance TENGs that can promote their practical application in the fields of smart healthcare and sports.

Feedstock and pyrolysis temperature influence biochar properties and its interactions with soil substances: Insights from a DFT calculation

The use of biochar for soil improvement and emission reduction has been widely recognized for its excellent performance. However, the choice of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature for biochar production significantly affects its surface parameters and interactions with soil substances. In this study, we retrieved 465 peer-reviewed papers on the application of biochar in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient losses in soil and analyzed the changes in biochar physicochemical parameters from different feedstock and pyrolytic temperatures. Molecular simulation computing technology was also used to explore the impacts of these changes on the interaction between biochar and soil substances. The statistical results from the peer-reviewed papers indicated that biochar derived from wood-based feedstock exhibits superior physical characteristics, such as increased porosity and specific surface area. Conversely, biochar derived from straw-based feedstock was found to contain excellent element content, such as O, N, and H, and biochar derived from straw and produced at low pyrolysis temperatures contains a significant number of functional groups that enhance the charge transfer potential and adsorption stability by increasing surface charge density, charge distribution and bonding orbitals. However, it should be noted that this enhancement may also activate certain recalcitrant C compounds and promote biochar decomposition. Taken together, these results have significant implications for biochar practitioners when selecting suitable feedstock and pyrolysis temperatures based on agricultural needs and increasing their understanding of the interaction mechanism between biochar and soil substances.

Plasma‐oxidized 2D MXenes subnanochannel membrane for high‐performance osmotic energy conversion

AbstractNanofluidic channels inspired by electric eels open a new era of efficient harvesting of clean blue osmotic energy from salinity gradients. Limited by less charge and weak ion selectivity of the raw material itself, energy conversion through nanofluidic channels is still facing considerable challenges. Here, a facile and efficient strategy to enhance osmotic energy harvesting based on drastically increasing surface charge density of MXenes subnanochannels via oxygen plasma is proposed. This plasma could break Ti–C bonds in the MXenes subnanochannels and effectively facilitate the formation of more Ti–O, C═O, O–OH, and rutile with a stronger negative charge and work function, which leads the surface potential of MXenes membrane to increase from 205 to 430 mV. This significant rise of surface charge endows the MXenes membrane with high cation selectivity, which could make the output power density of the MXenes membrane increase by 248.2%, reaching a high value of 5.92 W m−2 in the artificial sea‐river water system. Furthermore, with the assistance of low‐quality heat at 50°C, the osmotic power is enhanced to an ultrahigh value of 9.68 W m−2, which outperforms those of the state‐of‐the‐art two‐dimensional (2D) nanochannel membranes. This exciting breakthrough demonstrates the enormous potential of the facile plasma‐treated 2D membranes for osmotic energy harvesting.

Ion correlation-driven like-charge attraction in multivalent salt solutions.

The electrostatic double layer force is key to determining the stability and self-assembly of charged colloids and many other soft matter systems. Fully understanding the attractive force between two like-charged surfaces remains a great challenge. Here, we apply the modified Gaussian renormalized fluctuation theory to study ion correlation-driven like-charge attraction in multivalent salt solutions. The effects of spatially varying ion correlations on the structure of overlapping double layers and their free energy are self-consistently accounted for. In the presence of multivalent salts, increasing surface charge or counterion valency leads to a short-range attraction. We demonstrate that although both overcharging and like-charge attraction are outcomes of ion correlation, there is no causal relationship between them. Our theory also captures the non-monotonic dependence of like-charge attraction on multivalent salt concentration. The reduction of attraction at high salt concentrations could be a contributing factor toward the reentrant stability of charged colloidal suspensions. Our theoretical predictions are consistent with the observations reported in experiments and simulations.

Starch nanoparticles containing phenolic compounds from green propolis: Characterization and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and digestibility properties

This study investigated the production of nanoparticles through nanoprecipitation using cassava and potato starches as carriers to stabilize phenolic compounds (PC) from green propolis extract (PE). Additionally, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of PC stabilized with starch nanoparticles (SNPs), as well as their release under gastrointestinal conditions were investigated. PE exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial properties, especially PE3 (PE produced using sonication by 20 min and stirring at 30 °C for 24 h) had the highest concentrations of p-coumaric acid, rutin, kaempferol and quercetin. SNPs displayed bimodal distribution with particle size lower than 340 nm. The stabilization of PC increased surface charge and hydrophobicity in SNPs. Moreover, SNPs containing PC from PE exhibited antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, at a concentration of 750 mg/mL. Low release of PC was observed from the nanoparticles when exposed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. These nanomaterials could be used as natural ingredients with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Effect of surface acetylation of chitin nanocrystals on the preparation and viscoelasticity of sunflower seed oil-in-water Pickering emulsions

Acetylated chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) were used as stabilizer in this work to prepare sunflower seed oil-in-water emulsions for the morphological and rheological studies. The results revealed that the acetylation with moderate degree of substitution (0.38) reduced hydrophilicity and increased surface charge level of rod-like ChNCs, and as a result, significantly improved the emulsifying ability of ChNCs. At the same oil/water ratio and particle loading, the emulsions stabilized with the acetylated ChNCs had far smaller droplet size (∼3 μm) as compared to the emulsions stabilized with the pristine ChNCs (5–7 μm). The increased droplets numbers and improved surface coating level resulted in the enhanced viscous resistance and yield stress level, which improved the physical stability of the acetylated ChNC-stabilized emulsions as a result. In addition, the droplet clusters easily formed in this system, contributing to weak strain overshoot and decreased large-deformation sensitivity during dynamic shear flow. Therefore, the acetylated ChNC-stabilized system showed enhanced transient stress overshoot during startup flow and weakened thixotropy during cyclic ramp shear flow as compared to the pristine ChNC-stabilized system. The relationships between surface acetylation of ChNCs and flow behavior of emulsions were then established, which provide valuable information on the modulation of the ChNC-stabilized Pickering emulsions.

Core-shell nanoparticles from fucoidan neoglycans: Synthesis, characterization with capability of glycomimetic ligands for Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacteriosis produced by Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and the binding of this pathogen to fucosylated glycoconjugates expressed on host cells is a determining factor for the infection. The aim of this work was to synthesize and characterize core-shell nanoparticles from fucoidan neoglycans as potential glycomimetic ligands for Campylobacter jejuni. Fucoidan oligosaccharides (OFuc) were obtained by mild hydrolysis of fucoidan. OFuc were separated by ultrafiltration, characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis and lectin recognition. The OFuc1 were then conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by controlled glycation. The formation of fucosylated BSA (BSA-OFuc1) was confirmed by FTIR, increased surface charge, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and Ulex europaeus I lectin recognition. Afterwards core-shell BSA/BSA-OFuc1 nanoparticles were obtained by crosslinking. These nanoparticles presented hemispherical form with size and charge distribution of 312.1 ± 3.2 nm and -34.4 ± 0.3 mV respectively and were selectively recognized by C. jejuni by an ELISA-like lectin assay (ELLA). These results revel the potential of core-shell nanoparticles from fucoidan neoglycans as glycomimetic ligands for Campylobacter jejuni and open further opportunities to explore potential applications in the pharmaceutic industry.

Facile Modification of Medical-Grade Silicone for Antimicrobial Effectiveness and Biocompatibility: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy against Bacterial Biofilms.

A one-step modification of biomedical silicone tubing with N,N-dimethyltetradecylamine, C14, results in a composition designated WinGard-1 (WG-1, 1.1 wt % C14). A surface-active silicon-amine phase (SAP) is proposed to account for increased wettability and increased surface charge. To understand the mechanism of antimicrobial effectiveness, several procedures were employed to detect whether C14 leaching occurred. An immersion-growth (IG) test was developed that required knowing the bacterial Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Biocidal Concentrations (MBCs). The C14 MIC and MBC for Gm- uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), commonly associated with catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), were 10 and 20 μg/mL, respectively. After prior immersion of WG-1 silicone segments in a growth medium from 1 to 28 d, the IG test for the medium showed normal growth for UPEC over 24 h, indicating that the concentration of C14 must be less than the MIC, 10 μg/mL. GC-MS and studies of the medium inside and outside a dialysis bag containing WG-1 silicone segments supported de minimis leaching. Consequently, a 5 log UPEC reduction (99.999% kill) in 24 h using the shake flask test (ASTM E2149) cannot be due to leaching and is ascribed to contact kill. Interestingly, although the MBC was greater than 100 μg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, WG-1 silicone affected an 80% reduction via a 24 h shake flask test. For other bacteria and Candida albicans, greater than 99.9% shake flask kill may be understood by proposing increased wettability and concentration of charge illustrated in the TOC. De minimis leaching places WG-1 silicone at an advantage over conventional anti-infectives that rely on leaching of an antibiotic or heavy metals such as silver. The facile process for preparation of WG-1 silicone combined with biocidal effectiveness comprises progress toward the goals of device designation from the FDA for WG-1 and clearance.

Thermal-Induced Performance Decay of the State-of-the-Art Polymer: Non-Fullerene Solar Cells and the Method of Suppression.

Improving thermal stability is of great importance for the industrialization of polymer solar cells (PSC). In this paper, we systematically investigated the high-temperature thermal annealing effect on the device performance of the state-of-the-art polymer:non-fullerene (PM6:Y6) solar cells with an inverted structure. Results revealed that the overall performance decay (19% decrease) was mainly due to the fast open-circuit voltage (VOC, 10% decrease) and fill factor (FF, 10% decrease) decays whereas short circuit current (JSC) was relatively stable upon annealing at 150 °C (0.5% decrease). Pre-annealing on the ZnO/PM6:Y6 at 150 °C before the completion of cell fabrication resulted in a 1.7% performance decrease, while annealing on the ZnO/PM6:Y6/MoO3 films led to a 10.5% performance decay, indicating that the degradation at the PM6:Y6/MoO3 interface is the main reason for the overall performance decay. The increased ideality factor and reduced built-in potential confirmed by dark J - V curve analysis further confirmed the increased interfacial charge recombination after thermal annealing. The interaction of PM6:Y6 and MoO3 was proved by UV-Vis absorption and XPS measurements. Such deep chemical doping of PM6:Y6 led to unfavorable band alignment at the interface, which led to increased surface charge recombination and reduced built-in potential of the cells after thermal annealing. Inserting a thin C60 layer between the PM6:Y6 and MoO3 significantly improved the cells' thermal stability, and less than 2% decay was measured for the optimized cell with 3 nm C60.

Engineering Polymer Interfaces: A Review toward Controlling Triboelectric Surface Charge

AbstractContact electrification and triboelectric charging are areas of intense research. Despite their low ability to accept or donate electrons, polymer insulator based triboelectric nanogenerators have emerged as highly efficient mechanical‐to‐electrical conversion devices. Here, it is reviewed the structure–property–performance of polymer insulators in triboelectric nanogenerators and focus on tools that can be used to directly enhance charge generation, via altering a polymer's mechanical, thermal, chemical, and topographical properties. In addition to the discussion of these fundamental properties, the use of additives to locally manipulate the polymer surface structure is discussed. The link between each property and the underlying charging mechanism is discussed, in the context of both increasing surface charge and predicting the polarity of surface charge, and pathways to engineer triboelectric charging are highlighted. Key questions facing the field surrounding data reporting, the role of water, and synergy between mass, electron, and ion transfer mechanisms are highlighted with aspirational goals of a holistic model for triboelectric charging proposed.

Characteristics of rabbit hapten-specific and germline-based BCR repertoires following repeated immunization

The rabbit is well known for producing diverse antibodies against various antigens including small molecules such as drugs and toxins, due to a robust immune response. Elucidating how hapten repeated immunization shapes the rabbit B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire is crucial to understanding rabbit immune response to small molecules and assisting rare antibody discovery/engineering. In this study, we enriched and sequenced chloramphenicol (CAP)-specific rabbit B cells following repeated immunization, and analyzed both CAP-specific repertoires combined with the structure and affinity features of V1S69/V1S37 germline-based BCRs. The length of rabbit complementarity-determining region 3 of heavy chain (CDRH3) increased after hapten immunization. Repeated immunization significantly reduced the diversity of CAP-specific rabbit BCR clonotypes, and changed the frequency of VDJ usage and the type of V(D)J recombination. The average number of mutations among VL is notably higher than that of VH genes in rabbits, however, they are both not changed along with repeated immunization. Moreover, repeated immunization resulted in an increase surface charge and a decrease in solvent accessible surface area, leading to improvement in the stability of the most abundant V1S69/V1S37 germline-based BCR, along with an affinity increase from an IC50 of 898.2 ng mL−1 at the 1st immunization to 4.16 ng mL−1 at the 6th immunization. The study provides a benchmark for rabbit repertoire-scale analyses and offers a method for antibody discovery of small molecules.