Increasing Salt Levels Research Articles

Varietal differences in physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress in six finger millet plants.

Finger millet is an important cereal that is grown in semi-arid and arid regions of East-Africa. Salinity stress is a major environmental impediment for the crop growth and production. This study aimed to understand the physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress of six Kenyan finger millet varieties (GBK043137, GBK043128, GBK043124, GBK043122, GBK043094, GBK043050) grown across different agroecological zones under NaCl-induced salinity stress (100, 200 and 300mM NaCl). Seeds were germinated on the sterile soil and treated using various concentrations of NaCl for 2weeks. Early-seedling stage of germinated plants were irrigated with the same salt concentrations for 60days. The results indicated depression in germination percentage, shoot and root growth rate, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, leaf K+ concentration, and leaf K+/Na+ ratios with increased salt levels and the degree of increment differed among the varieties. On the contrary, the content of proline, malonaldehyde, leaf total proteins, and reduced sugar increased with increasing salinity. At the same time, the leaf Na+ and Cl- amounts of all plants increased substantially with increasing stress levels. Clustering analysis placed GBK043094 and GBK043137 together and these varieties were identified as salt-tolerant based on their performance. Taken together, our findings indicated a significant varietal variability for most of the parameters analysed. The superior varieties identified could be used as promising genetic resources in future breeding programmes directed towards development of salt-tolerant finger millet hybrids. Further analysis at genomic level needs to be undertaken to better understand the genetic factors that promote salinity tolerance in finger millet.

Evaluation of physicochemical and textural properties of chicken breast sausages containing various combinations of salt and sodium tripolyphosphate.

This study was to investigate the effect of salt alone or in combination with phosphate on physicochemical and textural properties, and chemical interactions of low-fat model sausages. pH, color, expressible moisture (EM), cooking loss (CL), proximate analysis, textural profile analysis and low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy were performed. As salt content increased, color tended to decrease, as did EM and CL parameters, indicating that the ability to retain moisture was improved with increased salt levels (p < 0.05). In addition, textural hardness, gumminess and chewiness all increased with increasing salt (p < 0.05). Sausages with 0.3% salt showed the lowest cohesiveness compared to those with salt levels higher than 0.3% (p < 0.05). Addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) increased pH of sausages. Increasing salt and STPP did not affect lightness (p > 0.05), but did increase redness and yellowness (p < 0.05). The moisture content was higher when the salt and STPP contents were increased (p < 0.05), but no differences in the fat and protein contents (%) were observed (p > 0.05). EM and CL tended to decrease with increasing salt and STPP. In textural properties, the combination of 1.8% salt and 0.3% STPP was the best among other treatment (p < 0.05). Surface microstructure showed a flat and dense structure with increasing salt and STPP. Since the addition of salt and phosphate improved the functionality, textural and physicochemical properties of meat products in this study, meat products will need to be developed in line with consumer’s preference.

Correlation between Detergency of Different Oily and Solid Non‐Particulate Soils and Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Deviation

AbstractThis research examined the correlation between the detergency of soils with varying equivalent alkane carbon numbers (EACN) and hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) values. The detergency of oily soils with EACN ranging from 5.2 to 16.6 was evaluated using C10‐4PO‐SO4Na as a primary surfactant system and a 1:1 binary mixture of C10‐4PO‐SO4Na and AOT as a confirmatory surfactant system (with 65/35 polyester/cotton at 25°C). These surfactant systems were characterized using HLD concepts which showed that C10‐4PO‐SO4Na was more hydrophilic (had a higher negative Cc value) than that of the mixed surfactant system. Detergency of the selected soils was evaluated at different salinities corresponding to HLD ranging from negative to positive values. The results showed that detergency of all soils increased with increasing salinity (starting with an HLD = −3.0 (Winsor Type I microemulsion)), reached the maximum at widely different optimum salinity (S*) but at an identical HLD value of zero (optimum Type III), and then decreased with further increasing salt levels corresponding to positive HLD values (Type II). The preferred HLD range from −3.0 to 0.0 showed detergency levels exceeding 80% removal with interfacial tension values (IFT) below 1 mN m−1 for all oily soils studied. Detergency of octadecane (EACN = 18, solid at 25°C) was further conducted and demonstrated that performing detergency at HLD = −3.0 to 0.0 likewise revealed superior soil removal (over 80%) versus systems with HLD values outside this range. Thus, this work highlighted the utility of using the HLD approach in designing surfactant formulations for detergency of soils with widely varying EACN.

A hybrid catalytic hydrogenation/membrane distillation process for nitrogen resource recovery from nitrate-contaminated waste ion exchange brine

Ion exchange is widely used to treat nitrate-contaminated groundwater, but high salt usage for resin regeneration and management of waste brine residuals increase treatment costs and add environmental burdens. Development of palladium-based catalytic nitrate treatment systems for brine treatment and reuse has showed promising activity for nitrate reduction and selectivity towards the N2 over the alternative product ammonia, but this strategy overlooks the potential value of nitrogen resources. Here, we evaluated a hybrid catalytic hydrogenation/membrane distillation process for nitrogen resource recovery during treatment and reuse of nitrate-contaminated waste ion exchange brines. In the first step of the hybrid process, a Ru/C catalyst with high selectivity towards ammonia was found to be effective for nitrate hydrogenation under conditions representative of waste brines, including expected salt buildup that would occur with repeated brine reuse cycles. The apparent rate constants normalized to metal mass (0.30 ± 0.03 mM min−1 gRu−1 under baseline condition) were comparable to the state-of-the-art bimetallic Pd catalyst. In the second stage of the hybrid process, membrane distillation was applied to recover the ammonia product from the brine matrix, capturing nitrogen as ammonium sulfate, a commercial fertilizer product. Solution pH significantly influenced the rate of ammonia mass transfer through the gas-permeable membrane by controlling the fraction of free ammonia species (NH3) present in the solution. The rate of ammonia recovery was not affected by increasing salt levels in the brine, indicating the feasibility of membrane distillation for recovering ammonia over repeated reuse cycles. Finally, high rates of nitrate hydrogenation (apparent rate constant 1.80 ± 0.04 mM min−1 gRu−1) and ammonia recovery (overall mass transfer coefficient 0.20 m h−1) with the hybrid treatment process were demonstrated when treating a real waste ion exchange brine obtained from a drinking water utility. These findings introduce an innovative strategy for recycling waste ion exchange brine while simultaneously recovering potentially valuable nitrogen resources when treating contaminated groundwater.

Tuz Stresinin Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) ve Bezelyede (Pisum sativum L.) Tohum Çimlenmesi Üzerine Etkileri

Salinity is one of the most severe environmental factors limiting the productivity of agricultural crops. This study was conducted to determine the effect of salt stress on seed germination in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) and pea ( Pisum sativum L.). For this purpose, 4 different pea (Utrillo, Serge, Jof and Bolero) and 4 different chickpea (Kanada, Inci, Azkan and Cagatay) cultivars were used. Four different salt concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) were applied to determine and the effects on seed germination (germination percentage, germination speed, mean daily germination, peak value and germination value) were investigated. In the study, there was a significant decrease in germination parameters in both species with increasing salt level. Seed germination of pea cultivars did not occur on 150 (except Jof) and 200 mM salt stress, while chickpea cultivars didn't germinate on 200 mM (except Cagatay) salt stress. In general, it can be said the critical limit for germination in both species to be 100 mM. Jof cultivar have the highest (46%) germination percentage in 100 mM. In chickpea, the maximum germination percentage at 100 mM (63%) and 150 mM (20%) NaCl was determined in Cagatay. Our findings support that there are differences in tolerance to salt stress between different species or varieties of the same species.

Evaluation of Pork Myofibrillar Protein Gel with Pork Skin Gelatin on Rheological Properties at Different Salt Concentrations.

This study was performed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) gels containing pork skin gelatin at different salt concentrations. MP gels were prepared to the different salt levels (0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 M) with or without 1.0% of pork skin gelatin. Cooking yield (CY), gel strength, shear stress were measured to determine the physical properties, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, sulfhydryl group and protein surface hydrophobicity was performed to figure out the structural changes among the proteins. The addition of gelatin into MP increased CYs and shear stress. MP at 0.45 M salt level had the highest CY and shear stress, as compared to MPs at lower salt concentrations. As the salt concentration of MP gels increased, the microstructure became the compact and wet structures, and decreased the amount of α-helix/unordered structures and β-sheet. MP with gelatin showed a decreased amount of α-helix/unordered structures and β-sheet compared to MP without gelatin. The addition of gelatin to MP did not affect the sulfhydryl group, but the sulfhydryl group decreased as increased salt levels. MP mixtures containing gelatin showed a higher hydrophobicity value than those without gelatin, regardless of salt concentration. Based on these results, the addition of gelatin increased viscosity of raw meat batter and CY of MP gels for the application to low salt meat products.

Deicing Salt Pollution Affects the Foliar Traits and Arthropods' Biodiversity of Lime Trees in Riga's Street Greeneries

Street greeneries and other green spaces within the urban matrix can potentially reduce air pollution and increase urban biodiversity. Yet, these services can be negatively affected by anthropogenic stress factors. In the boreo-nemoral zone, large amounts of salts are spread each year for deicing the pavement. To address the effect of deicing salt on street lines of lime trees and how this cascades up to influence the surrounding arthropod biodiversity, we compared heavily salt-polluted and less polluted sites in the city of Riga, Latvia. We analyzed the impairment of foliar functions and development of aphids’ colonies using a common garden experiment. We found marked variation in the soil physico-chemical properties in polluted versus unpolluted sites. The overall abundance of arthropods, including that of the lime tree aphid specialist, was decreased and, as a consequence, less biotic injury was observed in foliage. The exposure to increased salt levels in the soil caused functional as well as structural injuries within foliage and slowed down the development of aphid colonies. The effects of de-icing salts thus appeared to cascade up through the trophic chain and to negatively affect not only the trees but also the associated arthropod biota. These findings point at the necessity of a wider screening of plant species and cultivars that not only better tolerate anthropogenic stress but also promote the biodiversity in cities.

Salt stress vs. salt shock - the case of sugar beet and its halophytic ancestor

BackgroundSugar beet is a highly salt-tolerant crop. However, its ability to withstand high salinity is reduced compared to sea beet, a wild ancestor of all beet crops. The aim of this study was to investigate transcriptional patterns associated with physiological, cytological and biochemical mechanisms involved in salt response in these closely related subspecies. Salt acclimation strategies were assessed in plants subjected to either gradually increasing salt levels (salt-stress) or in excised leaves, exposed instantly to salinity (salt-shock).ResultThe majority of DEGs was down-regulated under stress, which may lead to certain aspects of metabolism being reduced in this treatment, as exemplified by lowered transpiration and photosynthesis. This effect was more pronounced in sugar beet. Additionally, sugar beet, but not sea beet, growth was restricted. Silencing of genes encoding numerous transcription factors and signaling proteins was observed, concomitantly with the up-regulation of lipid transfer protein-encoding genes and those coding for NRTs. Bark storage protein genes were up-regulated in sugar beet to the level observed in unstressed sea beet. Osmotic adjustment, manifested by increased water and proline content, occurred in salt-shocked leaves of both genotypes, due to the concerted activation of genes encoding aquaporins, ion channels and osmoprotectants synthesizing enzymes. bHLH137 was the only TF-encoding gene induced by salt in a dose-dependent manner irrespective of the mode of salt treatment. Moreover, the incidence of bHLH-binding motives in promoter regions of salinity-regulated genes was significantly greater than in non-regulated ones.ConclusionsMaintaining homeostasis under salt stress requires deeper transcriptomic changes in the sugar beet than in the sea beet. In both genotypes salt shock elicits greater transcriptomic changes than stress and it results in greater number of up-regulated genes compared to the latter. NRTs and bark storage protein may play a yet undefined role in salt stress-acclimation in beet. bHLH is a putative regulator of salt response in beet leaves and a promising candidate for further studies.

Quantitative effects of soil salinity on the symbiosis of wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and Bradyrhizobium in Costa Rica

Global climate change and local anthropogenic activities are increasing soil salinization with permanent negative effects on agricultural and ecosystem productivity. While salt stress is known to affect plant performance, its effects on the association with key microbial plant symbionts, such as legume-associated nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, are less understood. In this field study conducted in Costa Rica (Puntarenas), we used sympatrically-occurring wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and Bradyrhizobium to quantify biomass production of unfertilized rhizobial (R+) and fertilized rhizobia-free (R-) plants at different levels of experimentally manipulated salinity in native soil. In response to salt stress, nodulation was significantly reduced even at slightly increased salt levels. Plants growing at soil salinity levels of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mS/cm showed a mean reduction of nodules by 60.22, 76.52, 83.98, and 92.5% compared to the controls. Similarly, we also observed a significant decline in plant biomass at elevated salinity. However, biomass accumulation of R- plants was significantly less impacted compared to R+ plants, suggesting that the plant-microbe symbiosis is more salt-sensitive than the plant host itself. We suggest that the search for more salt-tolerant, crop plant-compatible rhizobial strains may provide a sustainable approach to maintain agricultural productivity on low to moderately saline soils.

EFFECT OF SILICA ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHARACTERS IN BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) PLANT UNDER SALT STRESS

Salt stress is one of several major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and development, and there are many evidences that silicon can ameliorate the injuries caused by high salinity. This study presents the results of an assay concerning: (1) the effect of NaCl induced salt stress in barely plant (cultivar Giza 123) and (2) the possible mitigating effect of silicon in saline conditions. In these study, different concentrations of NaCl (200 & 300 mM) used singly or in combination with silicon (0.5&1.0 mM potassium silicate). Morphological characters of shoot and roots, membrane stability index, relative water content, sodium, potassium, silica, photosynthetic pigments content and some antioxidant enzymes, as well as leaf electron microscope were evaluated. The results showed that, all parameters analyzed decreased except antioxidant enzymes and sodium content were drastically increased by increased salt levels. The supply of silicon (1mM) has successfully mitigated the effect of salinity at 300 mM NaCl. In conclusion, we affirmed that, salt stress is harmful for cape barley plants and the addition of silicon showed effective in mitigating the saline effects.

Effect of salinity on Echinochloa crus-galli germination as affected by herbicide resistance

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that may affect yield and quality of crops. Salinization, in combination with the presence of aggressive weeds, such as barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.), can be considered one of the factors responsible for reducing yield in rice fields. The aims of the study were to evaluate the salt effect on germination and first seedling growth of six different Italian common barnyard grass (E. crus-galli) populations (three sensitive and three resistant to ALS-inhibitor herbicides) and to verify the presence of differences in salt response between populations sensitive and resistant to the ALS-inhibitor herbicides. Germination tests were conducted under nine different NaCl concentrations (from 0 mM to 400 mM). Significant differences in germination capacity were found between sensitive and resistant populations from 0 mM to 250 mM NaCl; in particular, germination capacity of the sensitive populations was higher (up to 90%) than that of the resistant ones (about 70%). The increase in salinity over 250 mM reduced progressively the germination capacity: from 300 mM onwards, no significant differences were found between sensitive and resistant populations and the germination resulted inhibited for two of them (one sensitive and one resistant). Speed of germination and root and shoot length of seedlings were also inversely related to salt concentration. Time required for achieving 50% of final germination capacity was extended from about three days at 0 mM NaCl up to about 10-12 days at 400 mM NaCl. Root length and shoot length ranged from 9.88 cm and 6.16 cm, at 0 mM NaCl, to 0.36 cm and 0.41 cm, at 400 mM NaCl. According to the results, there is no a clear evidence that response to saline conditions was related to resistance towards ALS-inhibitor herbicides, as in some cases significant differences were found between populations showing a similar herbicide sensitivity. Responses of barnyard grass to salinity are may play a role in the importance of this weed in future scenarios of salt intrusion: for example, a lower speed of germination at increasing salt levels could suggest a delayed emergence of this weed during crop establishment and first growth. To evaluate the real consequences in terms of competitions towards the crop, future studies are needed for assessing the response to salinity of the main rice varieties cultivated in the environment in which the E. crus-galli populations tested in this study were collected.

Piriformospora indica inoculation alleviates the adverse effect of NaCl stress on growth, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Salinity is now an increasingly serious environmental issue that affects the growth and yield of many plants. In the present work, the influence of inoculation with the symbiotic fungus, Piriformospora indica, on gas exchange, water potential, osmolyte content, Na/K ratio and chlorophyll fluorescence of tomato plants under three salinity levels (0, 50, 100 and 150mm NaCl) and three time periods (5, 10 and 15days after exposure to salt) was investigated. Results indicate that P.indica inoculation improved growth parameters of tomato under salinity stress. This symbiotic fungus significantly increased photosynthetic pigment content under salinity, and more proline and glycine betaine accumulated in inoculated roots than in non-inoculated roots. P.indica further significantly improved K+ content and reduced Na+ level under salinity treatment. After inoculation with the endophytic fungus, leaf physiological parameters, such as water potential, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration, were all higher under the salt concentrations and durations compared with controls without P.indica. With increasing salt level and salt treatment duration, values of F0 and qP increased but Fm , Fv /Fm , F'v /F'm and NPQ declined in the controls, while inoculation with P.indica improved these values. The results indicate that the negative effects of NaCl on tomato plants were alleviated after P.indica inoculation, probably by improving physiological parameters such as water status and photosynthesis.

Morphological and Physiological Response of Potato for Radiation and Salt Stress in vitro

The experiments were undertaken to study the response and behavior of two mutant clones of Potato genotype for salt stress by exposing it to different salt levels of sodium chloride (with electrical conductivity of 8, 10, 12 dS m-1) and compare with those in the control treatment 6 dS m-1. The morphological response was determined by measuring the morphological characteristics of vegetation, root growth, tuber formation. While the physiological response was determined by estimating some ions in the vegetative and root growth. The results showed a significant decrease in the morphological characteristics of the vegetative growth (number of shoots, plant height and dry weight) and tuber formation by increasing salt levels, while the characteristics of the root growth (number of roots, lengths and dry weight) were not affected. There is no significant difference in the behavior of the two clones under saline levels, except for the superiority of vegetative clone (C2) at comparison treatment in the number of shoots (2.00 shoot / plant), and vegetative clone (C1) at comparison treatment and 12 ds m-1 in the shoot length and the percentage of tuber formation (13.40 cm and 100% Respectively). The results also recorded that the root growth of vegetative clone (C2) was a significant accumulation of Na+ and Ca++ at 12 dS m-1 which reached 8.33 and 23.38 mg-1 gm dry weight, respectively, while the accumulation of K+ in vegetative clone (C1) was increased by the root growth in the control treatment which reached 45.03 mg -1 gm dry weight.

Phenotypic screening of rice varieties for tolerant to salt stress at seed germination, seedling and maturity stages

Salinity affects all growth stages of rice in varying degrees starting from germination up to maturation. The present study was conducted to screen the commonly cultivated rice varieties in salinity affected areas in Sri Lanka against salt stress. Screening of 21 improved rice varieties and check variety Pokkali was performed at seed germination, seedling and maturity stages in petri dishes, in a hydroponic system and in soil filled pots, respectively. Rice varieties were tested for ability to sustain seed viability, growth performance of seedling and plant survival, growth performance and grain yield reduction at maturity under salt stress. At germination stage, Bg 406 and Pokkali were identified as highly tolerant rice varieties whereas, At 402 showed the highest tolerance level followed by Pokkali, Bg 369 and At 354 at seedling stage. Based on the mean separation on survival of plants per pot at 12 dS/m and 8 dS/m, three groups (highly tolerant, tolerant and susceptible) could be identified. Percentage reduction increased with increasing salt levels for most of the parameters tested (PH, PL, RDW, SDW, PWT, PNO and YLD). Based on the phenotypic observations Pokkali was identified as high salinity tolerant variety whereas Bg 369, At 354, At 402 were identified as salinity tolerant varieties at maturity stage.

Quality Evaluation of Bakasang Processed with Variation of Salt Concentration, Temperature and Fermentation Time

Production of bakasang in North Sulawesi has not been standardized. Local people still produce it without considering the optimal conditions and the fermentation is done in a simple way. The fish viscera is traditionally fermented inside a bottle with addition of salt and incubated under the sun for a few days until it turns into a liquid. In this present study, the quality of bakasang was assessed during various fermentation condition. The viscera of fresh cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) fish was fermented under various temperatures (30, 50 and 70°C) for 5, 10 and 15 days with the addition of 10, 20 and 30% of salt. The property of quality included pH, moisture content, free fatty acid (FFA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) of the bakasang product. The results of this study indicated that moisture content ranged from 16.42-77.98%. Moisture content decreased with increasing the salinity, fermentation temperature and fermentation time. The pH of bakasang ranged from 5.66-6.73. The pH of bakasang decreased with the increasing salinity. The FFA level ranged from 1.42-5.18, it increased with increasing fermentation time but decreased with increasing fermentation temperature and increased salt level. The TBA (expressed in malondialdehyde/MDA) level varied from 0.53-4.81 g/100 g, it decreased with increasing salinity and fermentation temperature but decreased with increasing fermentation time. The data revealed that based on the property of quality, the best product was bakasang produced using salt 20-30% at 70°C which was fermented for 15 days.

Full compensation of growth in salt‐tolerant tadpoles after release from salinity stress

AbstractThe benefit of compensatory growth is to minimize the negative effects of stress experienced by organisms early in development once the conditions improve. Tadpoles of crab‐eating frog Fejervarya cancrivora are euryhaline, have the highest salt tolerance among reported anuran species and may exhibit a different pattern of compensatory growth after stress release. We examined how F. cancrivora tadpoles responded and possibly recovered from salinity stresses. Specifically, we tested whether tadpoles expressed compensatory growth, what degree of compensation they expressed after release from salinity stress and whether the stage at and duration during which they experienced salt stress influenced the size at and time to metamorphosis of tadpoles. We found that the effects of salinity stress on the growth and development of tadpoles are quite different between early and late exposure to high salinity (LHH vs. LLH). Exposure to high salinity late in development (LLH) reduced growth but not the rate of development, resulting in smaller metamorphs but a similar time to metamorphosis when compared to the control treatment (LLL). By contrast, exposure to high salinity early in development (LHH) retarded rates of growth and development of tadpoles, but the resulting prolonged larval period enabled tadpoles to catch up and reach similar metamorphic sizes to LLL treatment metamorphs. Most importantly, tadpoles released from salinity stress (LHL) exhibited similar time to and size at metamorphosis when compared to the LLL tadpoles, suggesting that they can exhibit full compensation of growth. Compensatory growth may be a useful mechanism for F. cancrivora tadpoles inhabiting brackish habitats, allowing them to overcome the effects of dramatically increased salt levels by expressing catch‐up growth when the salt stress ceases.

RESPONSE OF SOME FORAGE PEA GENOTYPES TO SALT STRESS DURING THE SEEDLING STAGE

Salinity stress is a common problem under dry climatic condition all over the world. The determination of salt tolerant genotypes has a crucial importance to alleviate this problem. Pea known as the most salt tolerant plant among legumes and seedling stage is the most sensitive to salt stress than the other growth stages. The experiment was carried out in the growth chamber to observe tolerance of the examined genotypes to different salt doses. Therefore germination rates, mean germination time (mgt), root/shoot lengths and fresh/dry seedling weights of some forage pea genotypes (Local population, Crackerjack, Golyazi, Ozkaynak, Rose, Taskent, Tore, Ulubatli) under different salt concentrations (Control, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS m-1) were determined. The results showed that salinity x genotype interaction was significant among genotypes with respect to all investigated parameters. Crackerjack had the highest germination rate and root length with the increasing salt levels and it was followed by Ozkaynak, Rose, Taskent and Tore. Ozkaynak was the fastest germinated genotype with respect to mgt with 1,92 days and the genotype had the longest shoot length. Fresh seedling weight of Crackerjack was the higher than all other genotypes but there was not a significant difference between Rose and Crackerjack. Results indicated that Taskent, Tore, Ozkaynak, cultivars could be recommended upto moderate saline areas while Crackerjack and Rose could be recommended for slightly saline areas. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/lijhls.2017.32.2437 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

ISOLATION &amp; RHIZOBIUM FROM SESBANIA PLANT MENT ASSESS AND ITS IMPACT ON SOME GROWTH INDICATORS

Two trials carried out at one laboratory and، second in field to study the activity of bacteria Rhizobium under the influence of variations of soil salinity on the growth of the plant Sesbania led the results of bacterial inoculation to an increase in the rate of plant height and the rate of dry weight and the number of formed on the roots of the plant Alcspan root ganglia and increase the readiness of the elements in the soil, especially nitrogen component. Results showed the superiority of the fertilized transactions for non-vaccinated transactions F1 and F2 in the nitrogen content in plant leaves Sesbania, with 3.042 and 2.785% recorded in the order and the results show that the vaccination a major role in increasing the number of effective root nodules formed on the roots of the plant, as was the number of nodes rate effective root formed on the inoculated plants F1,33.73 radical knots. -1 Plant, while the plants that did not add to it the vaccine F2 was 21.40 knots drastic effective. Plant -1. Showed laboratory tests for salinity there is clearly down in the preparation of bacteria Alraazoubia rate the higher the levels of salinity (EC), reaching the highest rate of the number of bacteria at the EC 2.19 dS.m-1 172 bacterial colony while the lowest number of bacteria is 6 colony when the salt level ( EC) dS.m-1 40 have attributed the decline in the number of bacteria increased salt levels to the direct effect of salinity and increased NaCl concentration increasing salinity. Increased concentrations of salt in the soil to reduce the activity Rhizobium and reduce the readiness of the elements and dry weight and the number of active root nodules formed on the plant Sesbania and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron in the leaves and seeds.

Anatomical changes induced by salinity stress in Salicornia freitagii (Amaranthaceae)

A salt-tolerant population of Salicornia freitagii Yaprak and Yurdakulol (naturally adapted) from saline soils of Bahsili village, Sungurlu, Corum, Turkey, was evaluated for root and succulent stem modifications. Salt-tolerant populations from low (2.3 dS m−1), medium (20.7 dS m−1) and highly (46.3 dS m−1) saline soils were collected for comparisons. Decreased parenchyma in roots is critical for enhancing water loss. However, the thickness of parenchyma in roots of S. freitagii collected from the edge of the stream was not more affected by the increase in salinity levels. Stem anatomical characters as thickness, length and width of water-storing tissue significantly increased in highly saline environments. The thickness of xylem and the diameter of the vessels decreased at higher salinity. There was an increase in the diameter of pith in stem with increasing salt levels. Additionally, it was observed that stomatal index was considerably reduced under high salinity. Our results report root and stem anatomical features of S. freitagii resulting from adaptation to salinity stress.

Salt stress and exogenous silicon influence physiological and anatomical features of in vitro-grown cape gooseberry

ABSTRACT: Salt stress is one of several major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and development, and there are many evidences that silicon can ameliorate the injuries caused by high salinity. This study presents the results of an assay concerning: (1) the effect of in vitro NaCl-induced salt stress in cape gooseberry plants and (2) the possible mitigating effect of silicon in saline conditions. For that, nodal segments were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under salinity (0.5 and 1.0% NaCl) with different silicic acid concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1.0g L-1). Phytotechnical characteristics, photosynthetic pigments content, and leaf anatomy were evaluated after 30 days. Shoot length, root length, number of leaves and buds, fresh and dry weight, pigment content, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness were drastically reduced by increased salt level. The supply of silicon (1.0g L-1) has successfully mitigated the effect of salinity at 0.5% NaCl for chlorophyll, carotenoids, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness. When salt stress was about 1.0%, Si was not effective anymore. In conclusion, we affirmed that, in in vitro conditions, salt stress is harmful for cape gooseberry plants and the addition of silicon showed effective in mitigating the saline effects of some features.